Effects of metal-on-metal wear on the host immune system and infection in hip arthroplasty

Acta Orthopaedica

Volumn 81, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 526-534

  Hosman, Anton H ^a   Van Der Mei, Henny C ^a   Bulstra, Sjoerd K ^a   Busscher, Henk J ^a   Neut, Daniëlle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOY; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; BONE CEMENT; CARBON; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CHROMIUM; CIPROFLOXACIN; COBALT; IRON; LEAD; MANGANESE; METAL ION; MOLYBDENUM; NICKEL; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; SILICON; SILVER; TETRACYCLINE; HEAVY METAL; ION; METAL;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ASEPTIC LYMPHOCYTE DOMINATED VASCULITIS ASSOCIATED LESION; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BIOFILM; CARCINOGENESIS; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DNA DAMAGE; HARDNESS; HEAVY METAL POISONING; HIP ARTHROPLASTY; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMPLANT; INFECTION RISK; LIVER; METAL IMPLANTATION; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; PROSTHESIS INFECTION; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SPLEEN; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; DRUG EFFECT; HIP PROSTHESIS; IMMUNOLOGY; INFECTION; MICROBIOLOGY; PROSTHESIS; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RISK FACTOR;

ALLOYS; ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP; BIOFILMS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; HIP PROSTHESIS; HUMANS; IONS; METALS; METALS, HEAVY; PARTICLE SIZE; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77957907908     PISSN: 17453674     EISSN: 17453682     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2010.519169     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Amstutz H C, Grigoris P. Metal on metal bearings in hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop (Suppl) 1996; (329): S11-S34.
2. Amstutz H C, Campbell P, McKellop H, Schmalzreid T P, Gillespie W J, Howie D, Jacobs J, Medley J, Merritt K. Metal on metal total hip replacement workshop consensus document. Clin Orthop (Suppl) 1996; (329): S297-S303.
3. Anwar H A, Aldam C H, Visuvanathan S, Hart A J. The effect of metal ions in solution on bacterial growth compared with wear particles from hip replacements. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2007; 89: 1655-1659
4. Baker-Austin C, Wright M S, Stepanauskas R, McArthur J V. Co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14: 176-182
5. Basle M F, Bertrand G, Guyetant S, Chappard D, Lesourd M. Migration of metal and polyethylene particles from articular prostheses may generate lymphadenopathy with histiocytosis. J Biomed Mater Res 1996; 30: 157-163
6. Bhabra G, Sood A, Fisher B, Cartwright L, Saunders M, Evans W H, Surprenant A, Lopez-Castejon G, Mann S, Davis S A, Hails L A, Ingham E, Verkade P, Lane J, Heesom K, Newson R, Case C P. Nanoparticles can cause DNA damage across a cellular barrier. Nat Nanotechnol 2009; 4: 876-883
7. Bozic K J, Ries M D. The impact of infection after total hip arthroplasty on hospital and surgeon resource utilization. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2005; 87: 1746-1751
8. Bozic K J, Kurtz S, Lau E, Ong K, Chiu V, Vail T P, Rubash H E, Berry D J. The epidemiology of bearing surface usage in total hip arthroplasty in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2009; 91: 1614-1620
9. Brien W W, Salvati E A, Betts F, Bullough P, Wright T, Rimnac C, Buly R, Garvin K. Metal levels in cemented total hip arthroplasty. A comparison of well-fixed and loose implants. Clin Orthop 1992; (276): 66-74.
10. Brown S R, Davies W A, DeHeer D H, Swanson A B. Long-term survival of McKee-Farrar total hip prostheses. Clin Orthop 2002; (5): 157-163
11. Brown C, Williams S, Tipper J L, Fisher J, Ingham E. Characterisation of wear particles produced by metal on metal and ceramic on metal hip prostheses under standard and microseparation simulation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18) 819-827
12. Bryant M J, Mollan R A, Nixon J R. Survivorship analysis of the Ring hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty (6 Suppl) 1991: S5-10.
13. Buscher R, Tager G, Dudzinski W, Gleising B, Wimmer M A, Fischer A. Subsurface microstructure of metal-on-metal hip joints and its relationship to wear particle generation. J Biomed Mater Res Part B-Applied Biomaterials 2005; 72B: 206-214
14. Caccavo F, Jr., Lonergan D J, Lovley D R, Davis M, Stolz J F, McInerney M J. Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60: 3752-3759
15. Caicedo M, Jacobs J J, Reddy A, Hallab N J. Analysis of metal ion-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and necrosis in human (Jurkat) T-cells demonstrates Ni2+ and V3+ are more toxic than other metals: Al3+, Be2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Mo5+, Nb5+, Zr2+. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 86: 905-913
16. Caicedo M S, Desai R, McAllister K, Reddy A, Jacobs J J, Hallab N J. Soluble and particulate Co-Cr-Mo alloy implant metals activate the inflammasome danger signaling pathway in human macrophages: A novel mechanism for implant debris reactivity. J Orthop Res 2009; 27: 847-854
17. Callaghan J J, Albright J C, Goetz D D, Olejniczak J P, Johnston R C. Charnley total hip arthroplasty with cement. Minimum twenty-five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2000; 82: 487-497
18. Callaghan J J, Templeton J E, Liu S S, Pedersen D R, Goetz D D, Sullivan P M, Johnston R C. Results of Charnley total hip arthroplasty at a minimum of thirty years. A concise follow-up of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2004; 86: 690-695
19. Campbell P, Doorn P, Dorey F, Amstutz H C. Wear and morphology of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear particles from total hip replacements. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H ] 1996; 210: 167-174
20. Carr A M, DeSteiger R. Osteolysis in patients with a metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. ANZ J Surg 2008; 78: 144-147
21. Catelas I, Bobyn J D, Medley J B, Krygier J J, Zukor D J, Petit A, Huk O L. Effects of digestion protocols on the isolation and characterization of metal-metal wear particles. I. Analysis of particle size and shape. J Biomed Mater Res 2001; 55: 320-329 (Pubitemid 32240168)
22. Cervantes C, Campos-Garcia J, Devars S, Gutierrez-Corona F, Loza-Tavera H, Torres-Guzman J C, Moreno-Sanchez R. Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2001; 25: 335-347
23. Charnley J. The long-term results of low-friction arthroplasty of the hip performed as a primary intervention. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1972; 54: 61-76.
24. Cobb A G, Schmalzreid T P. The clinical significance of metal ion release from cobalt-chromium metal-on-metal hip joint arthroplasty. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H ] 2006; 220: 385-398
25. Davies A P, Sood A, Lewis A C, Newson R, Learmonth I D, Case C P. Metal-specific differences in levels of DNA damage caused by synovial fluid recovered at revision arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2005a; 87: 1439-1444
26. Davies A P, Willert H G, Campbell P A, Learmonth I D, Case C P. An unusual lymphocytic perivascular infiltration in tissues around contemporary metal-on-metal joint replacements. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2005b; 87: 18-27.
27. Delaunay C P, Bonnomet F, Clavert P, Laffargue P, Migaud H. THA using metal-on-metal articulation in active patients younger than 50 years. Clin Orthop 2008; (466): 340-346
28. Dobbs H S, Minski M J. Metal ion release after total hip replacement. Biomaterials 1980; 1: 193-198
29. Doorn P F, Campbell P A, Amstutz H C. Metal versus polyethylene wear particles in total hip replacements. A review. Clin Orthop (Suppl) 1996; (329): S206-S216.
30. Doorn P F, Campbell P A, Worrall J, Benya P D, McKellop H A, Amstutz H C. Metal wear particle characterization from metal on metal total hip replacements: transmission electron microscopy study of periprosthetic tissues and isolated particles. J Biomed Mater Res 1998; 42: 103-111
31. Dorr L D, Bloebaum R, Emmanual J, Meldrum R. Histologic, biochemical, and ion analysis of tissue and fluids retrieved during total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1990; (261): 82-95.
32. Dumbleton J H, Manley M T. Metal-on-Metal total hip replacement: what does the literature say? J Arthroplasty 2005; 20: 174-188
33. Evans E M, Freeman M A, Miller A J, Vernon-Roberts B. Metal sensitivity as a cause of bone necrosis and loosening of the prosthesis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1974; 56-: 626-642
34. Ferreira M E, de Lourdes P M, Garcia e Costa, Sousa J P, de Carvalho G S. Comparative study of metallic biomaterials toxicity: a histochemical and immunohistochemical demonstration in mouse spleen. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2003; 17: 45-49
35. Firkins P J, Tipper J L, Saadatzadeh M R, Ingham E, Stone M H, Farrar R, Fisher J. Quantitative analysis of wear and wear debris from metal-on-metal hip prostheses tested in a physiological hip joint simulator. Biomed Mater Eng 2001; 11: 143-157
36. Fisher J, Jin Z, Tipper J, Stone M, Ingham E. Tribology of alternative bearings. Clin Orthop 2006; (453): 25-34.
37. Garrett R, Wilksch J, Vernon-Roberts B. Effects of cobalt-chrome alloy wear particles on the morphology, viability and phagocytic activity of murine macrophages in vitro. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1983; 61 (Pt 3): 355-369
38. Germain M A, Hatton A, Williams S, Matthews J B, Stone M H, Fisher J, Ingham E. Comparison of the cytotoxicity of clinically relevant cobalt-chromium and alumina ceramic wear particles in vitro. Biomaterials 2003; 24: 469-479 (Pubitemid 35287518)
39. Goodman S B. Wear particles, periprosthetic osteolysis and the immune system. Biomaterials 2007a; 28: 5044-5048
40. Goodman S B. Wear particles, periprosthetic osteolysis and the immune system. Biomaterials 2007b; 28: 5044-5048
41. Granchi D, Cenni E, Ciapetti G, Savarino L, Stea S, Gamberini S, Gori A, Pizzoferrato A. Cell death induced by metal ions: necrosis or apoptosis? J Mater Sci Mater Med 1998; 9: 31-37
42. Graves S, Davidson D, de Steiger R, Tomkins A, Ryan P, Griffith L, McDermott B, Pratt N, Miller L, Stanford T. Australian Orthopaedic Association, National Joint Replacement Registry, Anual Report 2008, Hip and Knee Arthroplasty, September 1999 to December 2007.
43. Hallab N J, Mikecz K, Jacobs J J. A triple assay technique for the evaluation of metal-induced, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in patients with or receiving total joint arthroplasty. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 53: 480-489
44. Hallab N J, Caicedo M, Epstein R, McAllister K, Jacobs J J. In vitro reactivity to implant metals demonstrates a person-dependent association with both T-cell and B-cell activation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92: 667-682
45. Hart A J, Hester T, Sinclair K, Powell J J, Goodship A E, Pele L, Fersht N L, Skinner J. The association between metal ions from hip resurfacing and reduced T-cell counts. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2006; 88: 449-454
46. Holzwarth U, Thomas P, Kachler W, Goske J, Schuh A. Metallurgical differentiation of cobalt-chromium alloys for implants. Orthopade 2005; 34: 1046-1051
47. Hosman A H, van der Mei H C, Bulstra S K, Busscher H J, Neut D. Metal-on-metal bearings in total hip arthroplasties: Influence of cobalt and chromium ions on bacterial growth and biofilm formation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88: 711-716
48. Howie D W. Tissue response in relation to type of wear particles around failed hip arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 1990; 5: 337-348
49. Huber M, Reinisch G, Trettenhahn G, Zweymuller K, Lintner F. Presence of corrosion products and hypersensitivity-associated reactions in periprosthetic tissue after aseptic loosening of total hip replacements with metal bearing surfaces. Acta Biomater 2009; 5: 172-180
50. Huk O L, Catelas I, Mwale F, Antoniou J, Zukor D J, Petit A. Induction of apoptosis and necrosis by metal ions in vitro. J Arthroplasty 2004; 19: 84-87
51. Jacobs J J, Campbell P A, Konttinen T. How has the biologic reaction to wear particles changed with newer bearing surfaces? J Am Acad Orthop Surg (Suppl 1) 2008; 16: S49-S55.
52. Jakobsen S S, Danscher G, Stoltenberg M, Larsen A, Bruun J M, Mygind T, Kemp K, Soballe K. Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy causes metal accumulation and metallothionein up-regulation in rat liver and kidney. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101: 441-446
53. Jones D A, Lucas H K, O'Driscoll M, Price C H, Wibberley B. Cobalt toxicity after McKee hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1975; 57: 289-296
54. Kamaludeen S P, Megharaj M, Juhasz A L, Sethunathan N, Naidu R. Chromium-microorganism interactions in soils: remediation implications. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2003; 178: 93-164.
55. Keegan G M, Learmonth I D, Case C P. Orthopaedic metals and their potential toxicity in the arthroplasty patient: A review of current knowledge and future strategies. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2007; 89: 567-573
56. Komeda H, Kobayashi M, Shimizu S. A novel transporter involved in cobalt uptake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 36-41.
57. Korovessis P, Petsinis G, Repanti M, Repantis T. Metallosis after contemporary metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Five to nine-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2006; 88: 1183-1191
58. Kothamasi D, Kothamasi S. Cobalt interference in iron-uptake could inhibit growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. World J Microbiol Biotech 2004; 20: 755-758
59. Ladon D, Doherty A, Newson R, Turner J, Bhamra M, Case C P. Changes in metal levels and chromosome aberrations in the peripheral blood of patients after metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004; 19: 78-83.
60. Lazennec J Y, Boyer P, Poupon J, Rousseau M A, Roy C, Ravaud P, Catonne Y. Outcome and serum ion determination up to 11 years after implantation of a cemented metal-on-metal hip prosthesis. Acta Orthop 2009; 80: 168-173
61. Leslie I, Williams S, Brown C, Isaac G, Jin Z, Ingham E, Fisher J. Effect of bearing size on the long-term wear, wear debris, and ion levels of large diameter metal-on-metal hip replacements-An in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 87: 163-172
62. Leslie I J, Williams S, Brown C, Anderson J, Isaac G, Hatto P, Ingham E, Fisher J. Surface engineering: A low wearing solution for metal-on-metal hip surface replacements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009; 90B: 558-565
63. Levy S B. Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol 2002; (31): 65S-71S.
64. Lloyd J R, Lovley D R. Microbial detoxification of metals and radionuclides. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2001; 12: 248-253
65. Lundborg M, Falk R, Johansson A, Kreyling W, Camner P. Phagolysosomal pH and dissolution of cobalt oxide particles by alveolar macrophages. Environ Health Perspect 1992; 97: 153-157
66. Mabilleau G, Kwon Y M, Pandit H, Murray D W, Sabokbar A. Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty: a review of periprosthetic biological reactions. Acta Orthop 2008; 79: 734-747
67. MacDonald S J, Brodner W, Jacobs J J. A consensus paper on metal ions in metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 2004; 19: 12-16
68. McKee G K, Watson-Farrar J. Replacement of arthritic hips by the McKee-Farrar prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1966; 48: 245-259
69. Milosev I, Remskar M. In vivo production of nanosized metal wear debris formed by tribochemical reaction as confirmed by high-resolution TEM and XPS analyses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 91: 1100-1110
70. Minoda Y, Kobayashi A, Sakawa A, Aihara M, Tada K, Sugama R, Iwakiri K, Ohashi H, Takaoka K. Wear particle analysis of highly crosslinked polyethylene isolated from a failed total hip arthroplasty. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 86B: 501-505
71. Mnatsakanov S T. Effect of cobalt chloride on the antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus. Antibiotiki 1967; 12: 161-162
72. Muthukumar N, Rajasekar A, Ponmariappan S, Mohanan S, Maruthamuthu S, Muralidharan S, Subramanian P, Palaniswamy N, Raghavan M. Microbiologically influenced corrosion in petroleum product pipelines-a review. Indian J Exp Biol 2003; 41: 1012-1022
73. Nies D H. The cobalt, zinc, and cadmium efflux system CzcABC from Alcaligenes eutrophus functions as a cation-proton antiporter in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1995; 177: 2707-2712
74. Nies D H. Efflux-mediated heavy metal resistance in prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003; 27: 313-339
75. Nies D H, Nies A, Chu L, Silver S. Expression and nucleotide sequence of a plasmid-determined divalent cation efflux system from Alcaligenes eutrophus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 7351-7355
76. Nyren O, McLaughlin J K, Gridley G, Ekbom A, Johnell O, Fraumeni J F, Jr., Adami H O. Cancer risk after hip replacement with metal implants: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 28-33.
77. Ogunwale B, Schmidt-Ott A, Meek R M, Brewer J M. Investigating the immunologic effects of CoCr nanoparticles. Clin Orthop 2009; (467): 3010-3016
78. Onda K, Nagoya S, Kaya M, Yamashita T. Cup-neck Impingement Due to the Malposition of the Implant as a Possible Mechanism for Metallosis in Metal-on-metal Total Hip Arthroplasty. Orthopedics 2008; 31: 396.
79. Oparaugo P C, Clarke I C, Malchau H, Herberts P. Correlation of wear debris-induced osteolysis and revision with volumetric wear-rates of polyethylene: a survey of 8 reports in the literature. Acta Orthop Scand 2001; 72: 22-28
80. Papageorgiou I, Yin Z, Ladon D, Baird D, Lewis A C, Sood A, Newson R, Learmonth I D, Case C P. Genotoxic effects of particles of surgical cobalt chrome alloy on human cells of different age in vitro. Mutat Res 2007; 619: 45-58.
81. Pollard T C, Baker R P, Eastaugh-Waring S J, Bannister G C. Treatment of the young active patient with osteoarthritis of the hip. A five- to seven-year comparison of hybrid total hip arthroplasty and metal-on-metal resurfacing. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2006; 88: 592-600.
82. Postel M, Langlais F. The wear and tear of stellite total hip prostheses: in vivo studies and clinical results. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1977; (63 Suppl 2): 84-94.
83. Pourzal R, Theissmann R, Morlock M, Fischer A. Micro-structural alterations within different areas of articulating surfaces of a metal-on-metal hip resurfacing system. Wear 2009; 267: 689-694
84. Rae T. A study on the effects of particulate metals of orthopaedic interest on murine macrophages in vitro. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1975; 57: 444-450
85. Reinisch G, Judmann K P, Lhotka C, Lintner F, Zweymuller K A. Retrieval study of uncemented metal-metal hip prostheses revised for early loosening. Biomaterials 2003; 24: 1081-1091
86. Ring P A. Complete replacement arthroplasty of the hip by the ring prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1968; 50: 720-731
87. Rothwell A G, Hobbs T, Frampton C. New Zealand Orthopaedic Association, The New Zealand Joint Registry, Nine Year Report, January 1999 to December 2007.
88. Ruiz N, Montero T, Hernandez-Borrell J, Vinas M. The role of Serratia marcescens porins in antibiotic resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2003; 9: 257-264
89. Savarino L, Stea S, Granchi D, Visentin M, Ciapetti G, Donati M E, Rollo G, Zinghi G, Pizzoferrato A, Montanaro L, Toni A. Sister chromatid exchanges and ion release in patients wearing fracture fixation devices. J Biomed Mater Res 2000; 50: 21-26
90. Savarino L, Padovani G, Ferretti M, Greco M, Cenni E, Perrone G, Greco F, Baldini N, Giunti A. Serum ion levels after ceramic-on-ceramic and metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty: 8-year minimum follow-up. J Orthop Res 2008; 26: 1569-1576
91. Scales J T, Wilson J N. Some aspects of the development of the Stanmore total hip joint prosthesis. Reconstr Surg Traumatol 1969; 11: 20-39.
92. Scales J T, Winter G D, Shirley H T. Corrosion of orthopaedic implants. Smith-Petersen type hip nails. Br Med J 1961; 2: 478-482
93. Schmalzried T P, Peters P C, Maurer B T, Bragdon C R, Harris W H. Long-duration metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties with low wear of the articulating surfaces. J Arthroplasty 1996; 11: 322-331
94. Shanbhag A, Yang J, Lilien J, Black J. Decreased neutrophil respiratory burst on exposure to cobalt-chrome alloy and polystyrene in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 1992; 26: 185-195
95. Shimmin A, Beaule P E, Campbell P. Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2008; 90: 637-654
96. Sieber H P, Rieker C B, Kottig P. Analysis of 118 second-generation metal-on-metal retrieved hip implants. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 1999; 81: 46-50.
97. Silva M, Heisel C, Schmalzried T P. Metal-on-metal total hip replacement. Clin Orthop 2005; (430): 53-61.
98. Silver S, Misra T K. Plasmid-mediated heavy metal resistances. Annu Rev Microbiol 1988; 42: 717-743
99. Silver S, Phung L T. Bacterial heavy metal resistance: new surprises. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996; 50: 753-789
100. Sivash K M. The development of a total metal prosthesis for the hip joint from a partial joint replacement. Reconstr Surg Traumatol 1969; 11: 53-62.
101. Smethurst E, Waterhouse R B. Causes of failure in total hip prostheses. J Mater Sci 1977; 12: 1781-1792
102. Stilling M, Nielsen K A, Soballe K, Rahbek O. Clinical comparison of polyethylene wear with zirconia or cobalt-chromium femoral heads. Clin Orthop 2009; (467): 2644-2650
103. Tipper J L, Firkins P J, Ingham E, Fisher J, Stone M H, Farrar R. Quantitative analysis of the wear and wear debris from low and high carbon content cobalt chrome alloys used in metal on metal total hip replacements. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1999; 10: 353-362
104. Trampuz A, Widmer A F. Infections associated with orthopedic implants. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006; 19: 349-356
105. Ug A, Ceylan O. Occurrence of resistance to antibiotics, metals, and plasmids in clinical strains of Staphylococcus spp. Arch Med Res 2003; 34: 130-136
106. Urban R M, Jacobs J J, Tomlinson M J, Gavrilovic J, Black J, Peoc'h M. Dissemination of wear particles to the liver, spleen, and abdominal lymph nodes of patients with hip or knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2000; 82: 457-476
107. Urban R M, Tomlinson M J, Hall D J, Jacobs J J. Accumulation in liver and spleen of metal particles generated at nonbearing surfaces in hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004; 19: 94-101.
108. Vendittoli P A, Ganapathi M, Lavigne M. Blood and urine metal ion levels in young and active patients after Birmingham hip resurfacing arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2007; 89: 989-990
109. Vincent K R, Vincent H K, Lee L W, Weng J, Alfano A P. Outcomes after inpatient rehabilitation of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87: 1026-1032
110. Virtanen S. Metal release mechanisms in hip replacement. Acta Orthop 2006; 77: 695-6.
111. Visuri T, Pukkala E, Paavolainen P, Pulkkinen P, Riska E B. Cancer risk after metal on metal and polyethylene on metal total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop (Suppl) 1996; 329: S280-S289.
112. Wagner M, Wagner H. Medium-term results of a modern metal-on-metal system in total hip replacement. Clin Orthop 2000; (379): 123-133
113. Weightman B O, Zarek J M, Bingold A C. Corrosion of a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum orthopaedic implant. A preliminary report. Med Biol Eng 1969; 7: 679.
114. Willert H G, Buchhorn G H, Gobel D, Koster G, Schaffner S, Schenk R, Semlitsch M. Wear behavior and histopathology of classic cemented metal on metal hip endoprostheses. Clin Orthop (Suppl) 1996; (329): S160-S186. (Pubitemid 26274638)
115. Willert H G, Buchhorn G H, Fayyazi A, Flury R, Windler M, Koster G, Lohmann C H. Metal-on-metal bearings and hypersensitivity in patients with artificial hip joints. A clinical and histomorphological study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 2005; 87: 28-36.
116. Williams S, Hardaker C, Leslie I J, Foughran F, Isaac G, Fisher J. Validation of ion level analysis as method to assess in vitro total hip replacement wear. Tribology 2008a; 2: 104-108
117. Williams S, Leslie I, Isaac G, Jin Z, Ingham E, Fisher J. Tribology and wear of metal-on-metal hip prostheses: influence of cup angle and head position. J Bone Joint Surg Am (Suppl 3) 2008b; 90: 111-117
118. Wright M S, Loeffler P G, Stepanauskas R, McArthur J V. Bacterial tolerances to metals and antibiotics in metal-contaminated and reference streams. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 58: 293-302.
119. Wroblewski B M. Osteolysis due to particle wear debris following total hip arthroplasty: the role of high-density polyethylene. Instr Course Lect 1994; 43: 289-294
120. Wroblewski B M, Siney P D, Fleming P A. Charnley low-friction arthroplasty: survival patterns to 38 years. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2007; 89: 1015-1018
121. Yan Y, Neville A, Dowson D. Understanding the role of corrosion in the degradation of metal-on-metal implants. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H ] 2006; 220: 173-181
122. Yan Y, Neville A, Dowson D, Williams S, Fisher J. Effect of metallic nanoparticles on the biotribocorrosion behaviour of Metal-on-Metal hip prostheses. Wear 2009; 267: 683-768
123. Zimmerli W, Waldvogel F A, Vaudaux P, Nydegger U E. Pathogenesis of foreign body infection: description and characteristics of an animal model. J Infect Dis 1982; 146: 487-497
124. Zimmerli W, Lew P D, Waldvogel F A. Pathogenesis of foreign body infection. Evidence for a local granulocyte defect. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 1191-1200
125. Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Ochsner P E. Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1645-1654