Calcium channel blockers: Their use in normal tension glaucoma

Expert Review of Ophthalmology

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 617-625

  Mozaffarieh, Maneli ^a   Konieczka, Katarzyna ^a   Flammer, Josef ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

autoregulation; calcium channel blockers; glaucomatous optic neuropathy; ocular blood flow; primary vascular dysregulation

Indexed keywords

BENZOTHIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIHYDROPYRIDINE; DILTIAZEM; MAGNESIUM; NIFEDIPINE; PHENYLALKYLAMINE; VERAPAMIL;

AUTOREGULATION; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; EYE BLOOD FLOW; EYE DISEASE; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LOW TENSION GLAUCOMA; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIMARY VASCULAR DYSREGULATION; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 77957903778     PISSN: 17469899     EISSN: 17469902     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.54     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Flammer J. Normal-pressure glaucoma. Fortschr. Ophthalmol. 87(Suppl.), S187-S189 (1990).
2. Mozaffarieh M, Flammer J. Is there more to glaucoma treatment than lowering IOP? Surv. Ophthalmol. 52(Suppl. 2), S174-S179 (2007).
3. Flammer J, Pache M, Resink T. Vasospasm, its role in the pathogenesis of diseases with particular reference to the eye. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 20, 319-349 (2001).
4. Flammer J, Haefliger IO, Orgul S et al. Vascular dysregulation: a principal risk factor for glaucomatous damage? J. Glaucoma 8, 212-219 (1999).
5. Haufschild T, Shaw SG, Kesselring J et al. Increased endothelin-1 plasma levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroophthalmol. 21, 37-38 (2001).
6. Pache M, Kaiser HJ, Akhalbedashvili N et al. Extraocular blood flow and endothelin-1 plasma levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur. Neurol. 49, 164-168 (2003).
7. Pache M, Schwarz HA, Kaiser HJ et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels and vascular dysregulation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Med. Sci. Monit. 8, CR616-CR619 (2002).
8. Flammer J, Mozaffarieh M. Autoregulation, a balancing act between supply and demand. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 43, 317-321 (2008).
9. Flammer J. Glaukom. Hans Huber, Bern, Switzerland (2009).
10. Teuchner B, Orgul S, Ulmer H et al. Reduced thirst in patients with a vasospastic syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 82, 738-740 (2004).
11. Pache M, Krauchi K, Cajochen C et al. Cold feet and prolonged sleep-onset latency in vasospastic syndrome. Lancet 358, 125-126 (2001).
12. Wunderlich K, Zimmerman C, Gutmann H et al. Vasospastic persons exhibit differential expression of ABC-transport proteins. Mol. Vis. 9, 756-761 (2003).
13. Gass A, Flammer J, Linder L et al. Inverse correlation between endothelin-1-induced peripheral microvascular vasoconstriction and blood pressure in glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 235, 634-638 (1997).
14. Haufschild T, Prunte C, Messerli J et al. Increased endothelin-1 plasma level in young adults with retinal vascular occlusive diseases. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 221, 357-359 (2004).
15. Flammer J, Kaiser H, Haufschild T. Susac syndrome: a vasospastic disorder? Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 11, 175-179 (2001).
16. Shimada Y, Imai D, Ota Y et al. Retinal adaptability loss in serous retinal detachment with central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51(6), 3210-3215 (2010).
17. Prunte C, Flammer J. Choroidal capillary and venous congestion in central serous chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 121, 26-34 (1996). (Pubitemid 26026078)
18. Ulrich C, Helm W, Ulrich A et al. [Disordered peripapillary microcirculation in glaucoma patients]. Ophthalmologe 90, 45-50 (1993).
19. Zetlan SR, Sponsel WE, Stodtmeister R. Retinal capillary hemodynamics, visual-evoked potentials, and pressure tolerance in normal human eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 1857-1863 (1992).
20. Kremmer S, Stodtmeister R, Tolksdorf A et al. Averaged steady-state visual evoked cortical potentials at artificially raised intraocular pressure. Doc. Ophthalmol. 81, 189-196 (1992).
21. Pillunat LE, Stodtmeister R, Wilmanns I. Pressure compliance of the optic nerve head in low tension glaucoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 71, 181-187 (1987).
22. Zeitz O, Galambos P, Wagenfeld L et al. Glaucoma progression is associated with decreased blood flow velocities in the short posterior ciliary artery. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 90, 1245-1248 (2006).
23. Vanderburg D, Drance SM. Studies of the effects of artificially raised intraocular pressure on retinal differential thresholds of the Bjerrum area. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 62, 1049-1063 (1966).
24. Gherghel D, Hosking SL, Cunliffe IA. Abnormal systemic and ocular vascular response to temperature provocation in primary open-angle glaucoma patients: a case for autonomic failure? Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 3546-3554 (2004).
25. Flammer J, Drance SM. Effect of acetazolamide on the differential threshold. Arch. Ophthalmol. 101, 1378-1380 (1983).
26. Pillunat LE, Lang GK, Harris A. The visual response to increased ocular blood flow in normal pressure glaucoma. Surv. Ophthalmol. 38(Suppl.), S139-S147 (1994).
27. Zeitz O, Mayer J, Hufnagel D et al. Neuronal activity influences hemodynamics in the paraoptic short posterior ciliary arteries: a comparison etween healthy and glaucomatous subjects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 5846-5850 (2009).
28. Kochkorov A, Gugleta K, Zawinka C et al. Short-term retinal vessel diameter variability in relation to the history of cold extremities. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 4026-4033 (2006).
29. Gugleta K, Kochkorov A, Katamay R et al. On pulse-wave propagation in the ocular circulation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 4019-4025 (2006).
30. Zeitz O, Mayer J, Hufnagel D et al. Neuronal activity influences hemodynamics in the paraoptic short posterior ciliary arteries: a comparison between healthy and glaucomatous subjects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 5846-5850 (2009).
31. Gugleta K, Zawinka C, Rickenbacher I et al. Analysis of retinal vasodilation after flicker light stimulation in relation to vasospastic propensity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 4034-4041 (2006).
32. Gugleta K, Orgul S, Hasler PW et al. Choroidal vascular reaction to hand-grip stress in subjects with vasospasm and its relevance in glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 1573-1580 (2003).
33. Guthauser U, Flammer J, Mahler F. The relationship between digital and ocular vasospasm. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 226, 224-226 (1988).
34. Gherghel D, Orgul S, Dubler B et al. Is vascular regulation in the central retinal artery altered in persons with vasospasm? Arch. Ophthalmol. 117, 1359-1362 (1999).
35. Gherghel D, Orgul S, Gugleta K et al. Relationship between ocular perfusion pressure and retrobulbar blood flow in patients with glaucoma with progressive damage. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 130, 597-605 (2000).
36. Flammer J, Orgul S, Costa VP et al. The impact of ocular blood flow in glaucoma. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 21, 359-393 (2002).
37. Mozaffarieh M, Grieshaber MC, Flammer J. Oxygen and blood flow: players in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Mol. Vis. 14, 224-233 (2008). (Pubitemid 351223391)
38. Orgul S, Zawinka C, Gugleta K et al. Therapeutic strategies for normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 219, 317-323 (2005).
39. Grieshaber MC, Terhorst T, Flammer J. The pathogenesis of optic disc splinter haemorrhages: a new hypothesis. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 84, 62-68 (2006).
40. Grieshaber MC, Flammer J. Does the blood-brain barrier play a role in glaucoma? Surv. Ophthalmol. 52(Suppl. 2), S115-S121 (2007).
41. Nicolela MT. Clinical clues of vascular dysregulation and its association with glaucoma. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 43, 337-341 (2008).
42. Logan JF, Chakravarthy U, Hughes AE et al. Evidence for association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in subjects with glaucoma and a history of migraine. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 3221-3226 (2005).
43. Sugiyama T, Moriya S, Oku H et al. Association of endothelin-1 with normal tension glaucoma: clinical and fundamental studies. Surv. Ophthalmol. 39(Suppl. 1), S49-S56 (1995).
44. Haefliger IO, Flammer J, Luscher TF. Nitric oxide and endothelin-1 are important regulators of human ophthalmic artery. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 2340-2343 (1992).
45. Meyer P, Flammer J, Luscher TF. Endothelium-dependent regulation of the ophthalmic microcirculation in the perfused porcine eye: role of nitric oxide and endothelins. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34, 3614-3621 (1993).
46. Schmetterer L, Findl O, Strenn K et al. Effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on ocular hemodynamics. Curr. Eye Res. 16, 687-692 (1997).
47. Stokely ME, Yorio T, King MA. Endothelin-1 modulates anterograde fast axonal transport in the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. 79, 598-607 (2005).
48. Taniguchi T, Shimazawa M, Sasaoka M et al. Endothelin-1 impairs retrograde axonal transport and leads to axonal injury in rat optic nerve. Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 3, 81-88 (2006).
49. Prasanna G, Krishnamoorthy R, Clark AF et al. Human optic nerve head astrocytes as a target for endothelin-1. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43, 2704-2713 (2002).
50. Haque MS, Sugiyama K, Taniguchi T et al. Effects of BQ-123, an ETA recepterselective antagonist, on changes of intraocular pressure, blood-aqueous barrier and aqueous prostaglandin concentrations caused by endothelin-1 in rabbit. Jpn J. Ophthalmol. 40, 26-32 (1996).
51. Meyer P, Lang MG, Flammer J et al. Effects of calcium channel blockers on the response to endothelin-1, bradykinin and sodium nitroprusside in porcine ciliary arteries. Exp. Eye Res. 60, 505-510 (1995).
52. Gasser P, Flammer J. Short- and long-term effect of nifedipine on the visual field in patients with presumed vasospasm. J. Int. Med. Res. 18, 334-339 (1990).
53. Guthauser U, Flammer J, Niesel P. The relationship between the visual field and the optic nerve head in glaucomas. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 225, 129-132 (1987).
54. Strenn K, Matulla B, Wolzt M et al. Reversal of endothelin-1-induced ocular hemodynamic effects by low-dose nifedipine in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 63, 54-63 (1998).
55. Lee KS, Tsien RW. Mechanism of calcium channel blockade by verapamil, D600, diltiazem and nitrendipine in single dialysed heart cells. Nature 302, 790-794 (1983).
56. Soe NN, Ishida T, Ishida M et al. Nifedipine interferes with migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via inhibition of Pyk2-Src axis. J. Atheroscler. Thromb. 16, 230-238 (2009).
57. Arnman K, Ryden L. Comparison of metoprolol and verapamil in the treatment of angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol. 49, 821-827 (1982).
58. Tang C, To WK, Meng F et al. A role for receptor operated Ca(2+) entry in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in response to hypoxia. Physiol. Res. (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
59. Zhang S, Zhou Z, Gong Q et al. Mechanism of block and identification of the verapamil binding domain to HERG potassium channels. Circ. Res. 84, 989-998 (1999).
60. Benarroch EE. Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels: brief overview of their function and clinical implications in neurology. Neurology 74, 1310-1315 (2010).
61. 2+ signaling, cell activation and cell survival in immune cells. Mol. Immunol. 47, 640-648 (2010).
62. Chi XX, Schmutzler BS, Brittain JM et al. Regulation of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav2.2) and transmitter release by collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) in sensory neurons. J. Cell Sci. 122, 4351-4362 (2009).
63. 2+ channel current and lowers blood pressure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 298, H1472-H1483 (2010).
64. Lang MG, Zhu P, Meyer P et al. Amlodipine and benazeprilat differently affect the responses to endothelin-1 and bradykinin in porcine ciliary arteries: effects of a low and high dose combination. Curr. Eye Res. 16, 208-213 (1997).
65. 2+ channel blocker, on the normal and endothelin-1- disturbed circulation in the optic nerve head of rabbits. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 17, 131-149 (2001).
66. Tamaki Y, Araie M, Tomita K et al. Time-course of changes in nicardipine effects on microcirculation in retina and optic nerve head in living rabbit eyes. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 40, 202-211 (1996).
67. Noguchi S, Kimura Y, Nitta A et al. Blood flow in the optic nervehead following intravenous administration of calcium antagonist. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 96, 967-972 (1992).
68. Gasser P, Flammer J, Mahler F. The use of calcium antagonists in the treatment of ocular circulation symptoms in the framework of a vasospastic syndrome. Schweiz Med. Wochenschr. 118, 201-202 (1988).
69. Geyer O, Neudorfer M, Kessler A et al. Effect of oral nifedipine on ocular blood flow in patients with low tension glaucoma. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 80, 1060-1062 (1996). (Pubitemid 27010840)
70. Koseki N, Araie M, Tomidokoro A et al. A placebo-controlled 3-year study of a calcium blocker on visual field and ocular circulation in glaucoma with low-normal pressure. Ophthalmology 115, 2049-2057 (2008).
71. Tomita G, Niwa Y, Shinohara H et al. Changes in optic nerve head blood flow and retrobular hemodynamics following calcium-channel blocker treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Int. Ophthalmol. 23, 3-10 (1999).
72. Flammer J, Drance SM, Zulauf M. Differential light threshold. Short- and long-term fluctuation in patients with glaucoma, normal controls, and patients with suspected glaucoma. Arch. Ophthalmol. 102, 704-706 (1984).
73. Flammer J, Drance SM, Fankhauser F et al. Differential light threshold in automated static perimetry. Factors influencing short-term fluctuation. Arch. Ophthalmol. 102, 876-879 (1984).
74. Brandl H, Lachenmayr B. [Dependence of the sensitivity of the central visual field on hemoglobin-oxygen saturation]. Ophthalmologe 91, 151-155 (1994).
75. Gasser P, Flammer J. Influence of vasospasm on visual function. Doc. Ophthalmol. 66, 3-18 (1987).
76. Gaspar AZ, Flammer J, Hendrickson P. Influence of nifedipine on the visual fields of patients with optic-nerve-head diseases. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 4, 24-28 (1994).
77. 2(+)-antagonist on visual field in low-tension glaucoma. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 227, 408-412 (1989).
78. Niwa Y, Yamamoto T, Harris A et al. Relationship between the effect of carbon dioxide inhalation or nilvadipine on orbital blood flow in normal-tension glaucoma. J. Glaucoma 9, 262-267 (2000).
79. Netland PA, Chaturvedi N, Dreyer EB. Calcium channel blockers in the management of low-tension and open-angle glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 115, 608-613 (1993). (Pubitemid 23137645)
80. Harris A, Evans DW, Cantor LB et al. Hemodynamic and visual function effects of oral nifedipine in patients with normal-tension glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 124, 296-302 (1997).
81. Boehm AG, Breidenbach KA, Pillunat LE et al. Visual function and perfusion of the optic nerve head after application of centrally acting calcium-channel blockers. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 241, 34-38 (2003).
82. Bose S, Piltz JR, Breton ME. Nimodipine, a centrally active calcium antagonist, exerts a beneficial effect on contrast sensitivity in patients with normal-tension glaucoma and in control subjects. Ophthalmology 102, 1236-1241 (1995).
83. Santafe J, Martnez de Ibarreta MJ, Segarra J et al. A long-lasting hypotensive effect of topical diltiazem on the intraocular pressure in conscious rabbits. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 355, 645-650 (1997).
84. Toba A, Kuwajima I. Calcium antagonists: current and future applications based on new evidence. Calcium channel blockers and EBM. Clin. Calcium 20, 9-15 (2010).
85. Kloner RA, Neutel J, Roth EM et al. Blood pressure control with amlodipine add-on therapy in patients with hypertension and diabetes: results of the Amlodipine Diabetic Hypertension Efficacy Response Evaluation Trial. Ann. Pharmacother. 42, 1552-1562 (2008).
86. Mizuno Y, Jacob RF, Mason RP. Effects of calcium channel and renin-angiotensin system blockade on intravascular and neurohormonal mechanisms of hypertensive vascular disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 21, 1076-1085 (2008).
87. Boehm AG, Breidenbach KA, Pillunat LE et al. Visual function and perfusion of the optic nerve head after application of centrally acting calcium-channel blockers. Graefes Arch Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 241, 34-38 (2003).
88. Michalk F, Michelson G, Harazny J et al. Single-dose nimodipine normalizes impaired retinal circulation in normal tension glaucoma. J. Glaucoma 13, 158-162 (2004).
89. 2+ channel blocker, on the normal and endothelin-1- disturbed circulation in the optic nerve head of rabbits. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 17, 131-149 (2001).
90. Yamamoto T, Niwa Y, Kawakami H et al. The effect of nilvadipine, a calciumchannel blocker, on the hemodynamics of retrobulbar vessels in normal-tension glaucoma. J. Glaucoma 7, 301-305 (1998).
91. Riva CE, Cranstoun SD, Petrig BL. Effect of decreased ocular perfusion pressure on blood flow and the flicker-induced flow response in the cat optic nerve head. Microvasc. Res. 52, 258-269 (1996).
92. Iseri LT, French JH. Magnesium: nature's physiologic calcium blocker. Am. Heart J. 108, 188-193 (1984).
93. 2+ entry. Am. J. Physiol. 270, L469-L474 (1996).
94. 2+ in isolated human cerebral arteries. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 229, 83-89 (1992).
95. Altura BM, Altura BT. Magnesium ions and contraction of vascular smooth muscles: relationship to some vascular diseases. Fed. Proc. 40, 2672-2679 (1981).
96. Farago M, Szabo C, Dora E et al. Contractile and endothelium-dependent dilatory responses of cerebral arteries at various extracellular magnesium concentrations. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 161-164 (1991).
97. Satake K, Lee JD, Shimizu H et al. Effects of magnesium on prostacyclin synthesis and intracellular free calcium concentration in vascular cells. Magnes. Res. 17, 20-27 (2004).
98. Dettmann ES, Luscher TF, Flammer J et al. Modulation of endothelin-1-induced contractions by magnesium/calcium in porcine ciliary arteries. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 236, 47-51 (1998).
99. Gaspar AZ, Gasser P, Flammer J. The influence of magnesium on visual field and peripheral vasospasm in glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 209, 11-13 (1995).
100. Aydin B, Onol M, Hondur A et al. The effect of oral magnesium therapy on visual field and ocular blood flow in normotensive glaucoma. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 20, 131-135 (2010).
101. Mozaffarieh M, Grieshaber MC, Orgul S et al. The potential value of natural antioxidative treatment in glaucoma. Surv. Ophthalmol. 53, 479-505 (2008).
102. Mozaffarieh M, Flammer J. A novel perspective on natural therapeutic approaches in glaucoma therapy. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs 12, 195-198 (2007).
103. Gherghel D, Orgül S, Gugleta K, Gekkieva M, Flammer. Relationship between ocular perfusion pressure and retrobulbar blood flow in patients with glaucoma with progressive damage. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 130(5), 597-605 (2000).