Infant malnutrition and chronic aflatoxicosis in Southern Africa: is there a link?

International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 127-136

  Katerere, David R ^a   Shephard, Gordon S ^a   Faber, Mieke ^a  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

aflatoxin; HIV AIDS; Kwashiorkor; malnutrition; mycotoxins

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956918614     PISSN: 14793911     EISSN: 1479392X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJFSNPH.2008.023013     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Afriyie-Gyawu, E., Ankrah, N-A., Huebner, H.J., Ofosuhene, M., Kumi, J., Johnson, N.M., Tang, L., Xu, L., Jolly, P.E., Ellis, W.O., Ofori-Adjei, D., Williams, J.H, Wang, J-S. and Phillips, T.D. (2008) ‘NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis. I. Study design and clinical outcomes’, Food Additives and Contaminants, Vol. 25, pp.76–87.
2. Bata, Á. and Lásztity, R. (1999) ‘Detoxification of mycotoxin – contaminated food and feed by microorganisms’, Trends in Food Science and Technology, Vol. 10, pp.223–228.
3. Bentley, M.E., Dickin, K.L., Mebrahtu, S., Kayode, B., Oni, G.A., Verzosa, C.C., Brown, K.H. and Idowu, J.R. (1991) ‘Development of a nutritionally adequate and culturally appropriate weaning food in Kwara State, Nigeria: an interdisciplinary approach’, Social Sciences and Medicine, Vol. 33, pp.1103–1111.
4. Bhat, R.V. and Vasanthi, C. (2003) ‘Mycotoxin food safety risks in developing countries’, Food Safety in Food Security and Food Trade. Vision 2020 for Food, Agriculture and Environment, Focus 10, brief 3 of 17, pp.1–2
5. Binder, E.M. (2007) ‘Managing the risk of mycotoxins in modern feed production’, Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol. 133, pp.149–166.
6. Black, R.E., Morris, S.S. and Bryce, J. (2003) ‘Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?’, Lancet, Vol. 361, pp.2226–2234.
7. Canet, C. (1993) ‘Importance of international cooperation in food safety’, Food Additives and Contaminants, Vol. 10, pp.97–104.
8. Center for Disease Control (CDC) (2004) ‘Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning – Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya’, January-July, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, Vol. 53, Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5334a4.htm (accessed 29 January 2008). pp.790–792.
9. Department of Health, Government of South Africa. ‘Report: aflatoxin in groundnuts and peanut products’, Results of Survey, July 2003-March 2004. Available at: www.doh.gov.za/department/foodcontrol/docs/nmp.html (accessed 29 January 2008)
10. Dutton, M.F. and Westlake, K. (1985) ‘Occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and animal feedstuffs in Natal, South Africa’, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 68, pp.839–842.
11. EMAN (European Mycotoxin Awareness Network) (2005) Basic Fact sheet 6.
12. Faber, M. (2005) ‘Complementary foods consumed by 6–12-month-old rural infants in South Africa are inadequate in micronutrients’, Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 8, pp.373–381.
13. Faber, M., Oelofse, A., Kriek, J.A. and Benadé, A.J.S. (1997) ‘Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in a low socio-economic urban and a low socio-economic rural area’, South African Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol. 9, pp.43–51.
14. Fandohan, P., Zoumenou, D., Hounhouigan, D.J., Marasas, W.F.O., Wingfield, M.J. and Hell, K. (2005) ‘Fate of aflatoxins and fumonisins during the processing of maize into food products in Berlin’, Int. J. Food Microbiology, Vol. 98, pp.249–259.
15. Gibson, R.S., Ferguson, E.L. and Lehrfeld, J. (1998) ‘Complementary foods for infant feeding in developing countries: their nutrient adequacy and improvement’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 52, pp.764–770.
16. Gong, Y.Y., Cardwell, K., Hounsa, A., Egal, S., Turner, P.C., Hall, A.J. and Wild, C.P. (2002) ‘Dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo: cross sectional study’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 325, pp.20–21.
17. Gong, Y., Egal, S., Hounsa, A., Turner, P., Hall, A., Cardwell, K. and Wild, C. (2003) ‘Determinants of aflatoxin exposure in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa: the critical role of weaning’, Int. J. Epidemiology, Vol. 32, pp.556–562.
18. Hatem, N.L., Hassab, H.M., Abd Al-Rahman, E.M., El-Deeb, S.A. and El-Sayed Ahmed, R.L. (2005) Prevalence of aflatoxins in blood and urine of Egyptian infants with protein-energy malnutrition’, Food Nutrition Bulletin, Vol. 26, pp.49–56.
19. Hendrickse, R.G. (1984) ‘The influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics with particular reference to kwashiorkor’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 78, pp.427–435.
20. Hendrickse, R.G. (1997) ‘Of sick turkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics’, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. 91, pp.787–793.
21. Househam, K.C. and Hundt, H.K. (1991) ‘Aflatoxin exposure and its relationship to kwashiorkor in African children’, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Vol. 37, pp.300–302.
22. Hotz, C. and Gibson, R.S. (2001) ‘Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complementary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 55, pp.841–849.
23. Huwig, A., Freimund, S., Kappeli, O. and Dutler, H. (2001) ‘Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents’, Toxicology Letters, Vol. 122, pp.179–188.
24. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1993) ‘Monograph on Aflatoxin’, IARC. Lyon, France: World Health Organization.
25. 1 adsorption by clays from water and corn meal’, Applied Clay Science, Vol. 36, pp.197–205.
26. Jolly, P., Jiang, Y., Williams, E., Awuah, R., Nnedu, O., Phillips, T., Wang, J-S., Afriyie-Gyawu, E., Tang, L., Person, S., Williams, J. and Jolly, C. (2006) ‘Determinants of aflatoxin levels in Ghanaians: sociodemographic factors, knowledge of aflatoxin and food handling and consumption practices’, Int. J. Hygiene and Environmental Health, Vol. 209, pp.345–358.
27. Labadarios, D., Steyn, N., Maunder, E., MacIntyre, U., Swart, R., Gericke, G., Huskisson, J., Dannhauser, A., Voster, H.H. and Nesamvuni, A.E. (2000) ‘The national food consumption survey (NFCS): children aged 1–9 years, South Africa, 1999’, Department of Health: Directorate of Nutrition, Pretoria.
28. Lartey, A., Manu, A., Brown, K.H., Peerson, J.M. and Dewey, K.G. (1999) ‘A randomized, community-based trial of the effects of improved, centrally processed complementary foods on growth and micro-nutrient status of Ghanaian infants from 6 to 12 month of age’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 70, pp.391–404.
29. Lestienne, I., Icard-Vernière, C., Mouquet, C., Picq, C. and Trèche, S. (2005) ‘Effects of soaking whole cereal and legume seeds on iron, zinc and phytate contents’, Food Chemistry, Vol. 89, pp.421–425.
30. Lewis, L., Onsongo, M., Njapau, H., Shurz-Rogers, H., Luber, G., Kieszak, S., Nyamongo, J., Backer, L., Dahiye, A.M., Misore, A., DeCock, K., Rubin, C. and the Kenya Aflatoxicosis Investigation Group (2005) ‘Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acure aflatoxicosis in Eastern and Central Kenya’, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 113, pp.1763–1767.
31. Lewit, E.M. and Kerrebrock, N. (1997) ‘Population-based growth stunting. Future of Children’, Children and Poverty, Vol. 7, pp.149–156.
32. Li, H., DiGirolamo, A.M., Barnhart, H.X., Stein, A.D. and Martorell, R. (2004) ‘Relative importance of birth size and postnatal growth for women’s educational achievement’, Early Human Development, Vol. 76, pp.1–16.
33. Mwanda, O.W., Otieno, C.F. and Omonge, E. (2005) ‘Acute aflatoxicosis: case report’, East African Medical Journal, Vol. 82, pp.320–324.
34. Onyango, A.W. (2003) ‘Dietary diversity, child nutrition and health in contemporary African communities’, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Vol. 136, pp.61–69.
35. Onyango, A., Koski, K.G. and Tucker, K.L. (1998) ‘Food diversity versus breastfeeding choice in determining anthropometric status in rural Kenyan toddlers’, Int. J. Epidemiology, Vol. 27, pp.484–489.
36. Oswald, I.P., Marin, D.E., Bouhet, S., Pinton, P., Taranu, I. and Accensi F. (2005) ‘Immunotoxicological risk of mycotoxins for domestic animals’, Food Additives and Contaminants, Vol. 22, pp.354–360.
37. Park, L. (1993) ‘Perspectives on mycotoxin decontamination procedures’, Food Additives and Contaminants, Vol. 10, pp.49–60.
38. Proctor, A.D., Ahmedna, M., Kumar, J.V. and Goktepe, I. (2004) ‘Degradation of aflatoxins in peanut kernels/flour by gaseous ozonation and mild heat treatment’, Food Additives and Contaminants, Vol. 21, pp.786–93.
39. Rice, A.L., West, K.P. and Black, R.E. (2004) ‘Vitamin A deficiency’, in M. Ezzati, A.D. Lopez, A. Rodgers and C.J.L. Murray (Eds), Comparative Quantification of Health Risks. Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
40. Rowland, R.G.M. and Rowland, S.G.J. (1988) ‘Impact of infection on the growth of children from 0–12 years in an urban West African community’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 47, pp.138–140.
41. Rustom, I.Y.S. (1997) ‘Aflatoxin in food and feed: occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods’, Food Chemistry, Vol. 59, pp.57–67.
42. Shephard, G.S. (2005) ‘Aflatoxin and food safety: recent African perspectives’, in H.K. Abbas (Ed.), Aflatoxin and Food Safety. Florida: Taylor and Francis.
43. Sibanda, L., Marovatsanga L.T. and Pestka, J.J. (1997) ‘Review of mycotoxin research in Southern Africa’, Food Control, Vol. 8, pp.21–29.
44. Shrimpton, R., Victora, C.G., de Onis, M., Lima, R.C., Blossner, M. and Clugston, G. (2001) ‘Worldwide timing of growth faltering: Implications for nutritional interventions’, Pediatrics, Vol. 107, p.E75.
45. Steyn, N.P., Badenhorst, C.J., Nel, J.H. and Ladzani, R. (1993) ‘Breast-feeding and weaning practices of Pedi mothers and dietary intakes of their preschool children’, South African Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, Vol. 5, pp.10–13.
46. Steyn, N.P., Nel, J.H., Nantel, G., Kennedy, G. and Labadarios, D. (2006) ‘Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?’, Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 9, pp.644–650.
47. Turner, P.C., Moore, S.E., Hall, A.J., Prentice, A.M. and Wild, C.P. (2003) ‘Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children’, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 111, pp.217–220.
48. Turner, P., Sylla, A., Gong, Y., Diallo, M., Sutcliffe, A., Hall, A. and Wild, C. (2005) ‘Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by postharvest intervention measures in west Africa: a community-based intervention study’, The Lancet, Vol. 365, pp.1950–1956.
49. Van Rensburg, S.J., Van der Watt, J.J., Purchase, I.A.H., Coutinho, L.P. and Markham, R. (1974) ‘Primary liver cancer rate and aflatoxin intake in a high cancer area’, South African Medical Journal, Vol. 48, pp.2508a–2508d.
50. Van Rensburg, S.J., Cook-Mozaffari, P., Van Schalkwyk, D.J., Van Der Watt, J.J., Vencent, T.J. and Purchase, I.F. (1985) ‘Hepatocellular carcinoma and dietary aflatoxin in Mozambique and Transkei’, British Journal of Cancer, Vol. 51, pp.713–726.
51. West, K.P. (2002) ‘Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age, Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 132, pp.2857S –2866S
52. Williams, J.H., Phillips, T.D., Jolly, P.E., Stiles, J.K., Jolly, C.M. and Aggarwal, D. (2004) ‘Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 80, pp.1106–1122.
53. WHO/NUT/98.1 (1998) Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries: a Review of Current Scientific Knowledge (pp.160–161). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
54. WHO/NHD/00.6 (2000) Nutrition for Health and Development. A Global Agenda for Combating Malnutrition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
55. WHO (2002) The World Health Report : Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
56. WHO/UNICEF (2003) Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.