Advances and challenges in explaining fuel spray impingement: How much of single droplet impact research is useful?

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 554-580

  Moreira, A L N ^a   Moita, A S ^a   Panao M R ^a  

^a INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Droplet wall collision; Fuel spray; Spray wall impingement

Indexed keywords

DROPS; FLUID DYNAMICS; FUELS; INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES;

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS; FUEL SPRAYS; GOVERNING PARAMETERS; MIXTURE PREPARATIONS; SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY; SINGLE-DROPLET IMPACT; SPRAY WALL IMPINGEMENT; WALL COLLISION;

DIRECT INJECTION;

EID: 77956612922     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2010.01.002     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Abo-Serie E, Gavaises M, Arcoumanis C. Spray/wall interaction in direct injection spark ignition engines equipped with multi-hole injectors. In: ninth Int Conf Liq Atom Spray Sys, Sorrento, Italy; 2003.
2. Park SW, Lee CS. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of a fuel spray impinged on the wall. Exp Fluids 2004;37:745-62.
3. Meingast U, Staudt M, Reichelt L, Renz U, Arnd Sommerhoff P. Analysis of spray/wall interaction under diesel engine conditions, 2000 [SAE Tech Paper 2000-01-0272].
4. Ko K, Arai M. Diesel spray impinging on a flat wall, part 1: characteristics of adhered fuel film in an impingement diesel spray. Atom Sprays 2002;12(5- 6):737-51.
5. Ko K, Arai M. Diesel spray impinging on a flat wall, part 1: diesel spray impinging on a flat wall, part II: volume and average air-fuel ratio of an impingement diesel spray. Atom Sprays 2002b;12(5-6):753-67.
6. Arcoumanis C, Whitelaw DS, Whitelaw JH. Gasoline injection against surfaces and films. Atom Sprays 1997;7:437-56.
7. Senda J, Ohnishi M, Takahashi T, Fujimoto H, Utsunomiya A, Wakatabe M. Measurement and modeling on wall wetted fuel film profile and mixture preparation in intake port of SI engine; 1999 [SAE Tech Paper 1999-01-0798].
8. Stanton DW, Lippert AM, Reitz RD, Rutland CJ. Influence of spray-wall interaction and fuel films on cold starting in direct injection diesel engines; 1998 [SAE Tech Paper 982584].
9. Nhumaio GCS, Watkins AP. Simulation of electrosprays in model direct-injection spark-ignition engine in-cylinder flows. Int J Eng Res 2005;6(6):527-46.
10. Arcoumanis C, Chang J-C. Heat transfer between a heated plate and an impinging transient diesel spray. Exp Fluids 1993;16:105-19.
11. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Intermittent spray cooling: a new technology for controlling surface temperature. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2009;30:117-30.
12. Su K, Yao SC. Numerical studies of spray impacting normally on an infinite plate. Atom Sprays 1999;9:431-44.
13. Durao DF, Moreira ALN, Panao MRO. The effect of a cross-flow on secondary atomization in multipoint fuel injection systems. In: 13th Int Symp App Laser Tech Fluid Mech, Lisbon, Portugal; 2006.
14. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Visualization and analysis of spray impingement under cross-flow conditions. In: Gasoline direct injection engines 2002, SP- 1719; 2002. p. 135-45.
15. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Experimental characterization of intermittent gasoline sprays impinging under cross flow conditions. Atom Sprays 2005;15:201-22.
16. Arcoumanis C, Cutter PA. Flow and heat transfer characteristics of Impinging diesel sprays under cross-flow conditions; 1995 [SAE Tech Paper 950448].
17. Park J, Im K-S, Kim H, Lai M-C. Visualization and measurement of a narrow- cone DI gasoline spray for the impingement analysis. Int J Auto Tech 2004;5(4):221-38.
18. Weiss C. The liquid deposition fraction of sprays impinging vertical walls and flowing films. Int J Multi Flow 2005;31:115-40.
19. Hardalupas Y, Okamoto S, Taylor AMKP, Whitelaw JH. Application of a phase Doppler anemometer to a spray impinging on a disc. In: Adrian R, Durao D, Durst F, Heitor M, Maeda M, editors. Laser techniques and applications in fluid mechanics, Proc 6th Int Symp. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1992. p. 490-506.
20. Park J, Im K-S, Kim H, Lai M-C. Characteristics of wall impingement at elevated temperature conditions on GDI spray. Int J Auto Tech 2004;5(3): 155-64.
21. Mathews WS, Lee CF, Peters JE. Experimental investigations of spray/wall impingement. Atom Sprays 2003;13(2-3):223-42.
22. Trujillo MF, Mathews WS, Lee CF, Peters JE. Modelling and experiment of impingement and atomization of a liquid spray on a wall. Int J Eng Res 2000;1(1):87-105.
23. Kang J-J, Kim D-W, Choi G-M, Kim D-J. Effect of the shape of impingement plate on the vaporization and formation of fuel mixture in impinging spray. Int J Auto Tech 2006;7(5):585-93.
24. Cowart J, Cheng W. Intake valve thermal behavior during steady-state and transient engine operation ; 1999 [SAE Tech Papers 1999-01-3643].
25. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Thermo- and fluid dynamics characterization of spray cooling with pulsed sprays. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 2005;30:79-96.
26. Arcoumanis C, Chang J.-C. Flow and heat transfer characteristics of impinging transient diesel sprays; 1994 [SAE Tech Paper 940678].
27. Arcoumanis C, Cutter PA, Whitelaw DS. Heat transfer processes in diesel engines. Chem Eng Res Design 1998;76:124-32.
28. Samenfink W, Elsaper A, Dullenkopf K, Wittig S. Droplet interaction with shear-driven liquid films: analysis of deposition and secondary droplet characteristics. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 1999;20:462-9.
29. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Experimental study of the flow regimes resulting from the impact of an intermittent gasoline spray. Exp Fluids 2004;37: 834-55.
30. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Flow characteristics of spray impingement in PFI injection systems. Exp Fluids 2005;39:364-74.
31. Ko KN, Huh JC, Arai M. Distribution of fuel mass after wall impingement of Diesel spray. Int J Auto Tech 2006;7:493-500.
32. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Interpreting the influence of fuel spray impact on mixture preparation for HCCI combustion with port-fuel injection. Proc Combust Inst 2007;31:2205-13.
33. Moreira ALN, Carvalho J, Panao MRO. An experimental methodology to quantify the spray cooling event at intermittent spray impact. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2007;28:191-202.
34. Bai CX, Gosman AD. Development of a methodology for spray impingement simulation; 1995 [SAE Tech Paper 950283].
35. Rioboo R, Tropea C, Marengo M. Outcome from a drop impact on solid surfaces. Atom Sprays 2001;11:155-65.
36. Moita AS, Moreira ALN. Drop impacts onto cold and heated rigid surfaces: morphological comparisons, disintegration limits and secondary atomiza- tion. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2007;28(4):735-72.
37. Yoon SS, Desjardin PE. Modelling spray impingement using linear stability theories for droplet shattering. Int J Number Meth Fluids 2006;50(469):489.
38. Allen RF. The role of surface tension in splashing. J Col Int Sci 1975;51(2): 350-1.
39. Marmanis H, Thoroddsen ST. Scaling of the fingering pattern of an impacting drop. Phys Fluids 1996;8(6):1344-6.
40. Thoroddsen ST, Sakakibara J. Evolution of the fingering pattern of an impacting drop. Phys Fluids 1998;10(6):1359-74.
41. Yarin AL. Drop impact dynamics: splashing, spreading, receding, bouncing .... Annu Rev Fluid Mech 2006;38:159-92.
42. Mao T, Khun DCS, Tran H. Spread and rebound of liquid droplets upon impact on flat surfaces. AIChE J 1997;43:2169-79.
43. Pasandideh-Fard M, Quiao YM, Chandra S, Mostaghimi J. Capillary effects during droplet impact on a solid surface. Phys Fluids 1996;8(3):650-8.
44. Rioboo R, Marengo M, Tropea C. Time evolution of liquid drop impact onto solid, dry surfaces. Exp Fluids 2002;33(1):112-24.
45. Vignes-Adler M. Physico-chemical aspects of forced wetting. In: Rein Martin, editor. Drop-surface interactions. Wien NewYork: Springer; 2002. p. 103.
46. Fukai J, Shiiba Y, Yamamoto T, Miyatake O, Poulikakos D, Megaridis CM, et al. Wetting effects on the spreading of a liquid droplet colliding with a flat surface: experiment and modeling. Phys Fluids 1995;7(2):236-47.
47. Range K, Feuillebois F. Influence of surface roughness on liquid drop impact. J Col Int Sci 1998;203:16-30.
48. Bussman M, Chandra S, Mostaghimi J. Modeling the splash of a droplet impacting a solid surface. Phys Fluids 2000;12(12):3121-32.
49. Rein M. Phenomena of liquid drop impact on solid and liquid surfaces. Fluid Dyn Res 1993;12:61-93.
50. Xu L, Zahang WW, Nagel SR. Drop splashing onto a dry smooth surface. Phys Rev Lett 2005;94:184505.
51. Rieber M, Frohn A. A numerical study on the mechanism of splashing. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 1999;20:455-61.
52. Trujillo MF, Lee CF. Modeling crown formation due to the splashing of a droplet. Phys Fluids 2001;13:2503-16.
53. Rozhkov A, Prunet-Foch B, Vignes-Adler M. Impact of water drops on small targets. Phys Fluids 2002;14:3485-501.
54. Randy L, Vander Wal G, Berger M, Mozes SD. The splash/non-splash boundary upon a dry surface and thin fluid film. Exp Fluids 2006;40: 53-9.
55. Yarin AL, Weiss DA. Impact of drops on solid surfaces: self-similar capillary waves and splashing as a new type of kinematic discontinuity. J Fluid Mech 1995;283:141-73.
56. Roisman IV, Tropea C. Time evolution of liquid drop impact onto a wetted wall: description of crown formation and propagation. J Fluid Mech 2002; 472:373-97.
57. Blake TD. Dynamic contact angles and wetting kinetics. In: Wettability, Berg JC (ed); 1993. p. 251.
58. Moreira ALN, Moita ASO, Cossali E, Marengo M, Santini M. Secondary atomization of water and isooctane drops impinging on tilted heated surfaces. Exp Fluids 2007;43:297-313.
59. Roisman IV, Horvat K, Tropea C. Spray impact: rim transverse instability initiating fingering and splash: description of a secondary spray. Phys Fluids 2006;18:102104.
60. Stow CD, Hadfield MG. An experimental investigation of fluid flow resulting from the impact of a water drop with an unyielding dry surface. Proc R Soc Lond A 1981;373:419-41.
61. Mundo CHR, Sommerfeld M, Tropea C. Droplet-wall Collisions: experimental studies of the deformation and break-up processes. Int J Multi Flow 1995; 21(2):151-73.
62. Cossali GE, Coghe A, Marengo M. The impact of a single drop on a wetted solid surface. Exp Fluids 1997;22:463-72.
63. Han Z, Xu Z, Trugui N. Spray/wall interaction models for multidimensional engine simulation. Int J Eng Res 2000;1(1):127-46.
64. Thomas T, editor. Rough surfaces. Longman Group Limited; 1982.
65. Wu Z. Modelisation et calcul implicite multidomaine d'ecoulements dipha- siques gas-gouttelettes, Ph.D. thesis. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, Francel; 1992.
66. Stow CD, Stainer RD. The physical products of a splashing water drop. J Met Soc Japan 1977;55:518-31.
67. Mundo C, Tropea C, Sommerfeld M. On the modelling of liquid sprays impinging on surfaces. Atom Sprays 1998;8:625-52.
68. Gavaises M, Theodorakakos A, Bergeles G. Modeling wall impaction of diesel sprays. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 1996;17(2):130-8.
69. Grover Jr. RO, Assanis DN, Lippert AM, El Tahry SH, Drake MC, Fansler TD, et- al. A critical analysis of splash criteria for SIDI spray impingement. In: Proc 15th ILASS Americas, Madison, WI; 2002.
70. Randy L, Vander Wall G, Berger GM, Mozes SD. The combined influence of a rough surface and thin fluid film upon the splashing threshold and splash dynamics of a droplet impacting onto them. Exp Fluids 2006;40:23-32.
71. Naber JD, Reitz RD. Modelling engine spray/wall impingement 1988 [SAE Tech Paper No.880107].
72. Bai CX, Rusche H, Gosman AD. Modeling of gasoline spray impingement. Atom Sprays 2002;12:1-27.
73. Cheng WK, Hamrin D, Heywood JB, Hochgreb S, Min K, Norris M. An overview of hydrocarbon emissions mechanisms in spark-ignition engines 1993 [SAE Tech Paper 932708].
74. Pumphrey HC, Walton AJ. Experimental study of the sound emitted by water drops impacting on a water surface. Euro J Phys 1988;9:225-31.
75. Pumphrey HC, Elmore PA. The entrainment of bubbles by drop impacts. J Fluid Mech 1990;220:539-67.
76. Medwin H, Kurgan A, Nystuen JA. Impact and bubble sound from rain drops at normal and oblique incidence. J Acoust Soc Am 1990;88:413-8.
77. Medwin H, Nystuen JA, Jacobus PW, Ostwald LH, Snyder DE. The anatomy of underwater rain noise. J Acoust Soc Am 1992;92:1613-23.
78. Rein M. The transitional regime between coalescing and splashing drops. J Fluid Mech 1996;306:145-65.
79. Tropea C, Marengo M. The impact of drops on walls and films. Multi Sci Tech 1999;11(1):19-36.
80. Cai YK. Phenomena of a liquid drop falling to a liquid surface. Exp Fluids 1989;7:384-94.
81. Oguz HN, Prosperetti A. Surface tension effects in the contact of liquid surfaces. J Fluid Mech 1989;203:149-71.
82. Shin J, McManhon TA. The tuning of splash. Phys Fluids A 1990;2(8):1312-7.
83. Peck B, Sigurdson L. The three dimensional vortex structure of an impacting water drop. Phys Fluids 1994;6:564-76.
84. Cresswell RW, Morton BR. Drop-formed vortex rings: the generation of vorticity. Phys Fluids 1995;7:1363-70.
85. Morton D, Rudman M, Jong-Leng L. An investigation of the flow regimes resulting from splashing drops. Phys Fluids 2000;12(4):747-63.
86. Thoroddsen ST, Takehara K. The coalescence cascade of a drop. Phys Fluids 2000;13:1265-7.
87. Kersten B, Ohl CD, Prosperetti A. Transient impact of a liquid column on a miscible liquid surface. Phys Fluids 2003;15:821-4.
88. Manzello SL, Yang JC. The influence of liquid pool temperature on the critical impact Weber number for splashing. Phys Fluids 2003;15(1):257-60.
89. Prosperetti A. Drop-liquid impact phenomena. In: Rein Martin, editor. Drop- surface interactions. Wien NewYork: Springer; 2002. p. 25.
90. Manzello SL, Yang JC. An experimental study of a water droplet impinging on a liquid surface. Exp Fluids 2002;32:580-9.
91. Randy L, Vander Wal G, Berger M, Mozes SD. Droplets splashing upon films of the same fluid of various depths. Exp Fluids 2006;40:33-52.
92. Stanton D, Rutland C. Modeling Fuel film formation and wall interaction in diesel engines; 1996 [SAE Tech Paper 960628].
93. O'Rourke PJ, Amsden AA. A particle numerical model for wall film dynamics in port-injected engines; 1996 [SAE Tech Paper 969161].
94. O'Rourke PJ, Amsden AA. A spray/wall interaction submodel for the KIVA-3 wall film model; 2000 [SAE Tech Paper 2000-01-0271].
95. Wang AB, Chen CC, Hwang WC. On some new aspects of splashing impact of drop-liquid surface interactions. In: Rein Martin, editor. Drop-surface interactions. Wien, New York: Springer; 2002. p. 303.
96. Rioboo R, Bauthier C, Conti J, Voue M, De Corninck J. Experimental investigation of splash and crown formation during single drop impact onto wetted surfaces. Exp Fluids 2003;35:648-52.
97. Wang A-B, Chen C-C. Splashing impact of a single drop onto very thin liquid films. Phys Fluids 2000;12(9):2155-8.
98. Okawa T, Shiraishi T, Mori T. Production of secondary drops during the single water drop impact onto a plane water surface. Exp Fluids 2006; 41(965):974.
99. Okawa T, Shiraishi T, Mori T. Effect of impingement angle on the outcome of single water drop impact onto a plane water surface. Exp Fluids 2008;44: 331-9.
100. Cossali GE, Marengo M, Coghe A, Zhdanov S. The role oftime in single droplet splash on thin film. Exp Fluids 2004;36(6):888-900.
101. Richter B, Dullenkopf K, Bauer H-J. Investigation of secondary droplet characteristics produced by an isooctane drop chain impact onto a heated piston surface. Exp Fluids 2005;39:351-63.
102. Lindgren R, Denbratt I. Modeling gasoline spray-wall interaction-a review of current models; 2000 [SAE Tech Paper 2000-01-2808].
103. Cossali C, Marengo M, Santini M. Single-drop empirical models for spray impact on solid walls: a review. Atom Sprays 2005;15:699-736.
104. Mukherjee S, Abraham J. Crown behaviour in drop impact on wet walls. Phys Fluids 2007;19:052103.
105. Senda J, Fujimoto H. Multidimensional modeling of impinging spray on the wall in diesel engines. ASME Appl Mech Rev 1999;52(4):119-38.
106. Al-Roub M, Farrell PV, Senda J. Near wall interaction in spray impingement. SAE Trans 1996;105:1304-18.
107. Tropea C, Roisman IV. Modeling of spray impact on solid surfaces. Atom Sprays 2000;10(3-5):387-408.
108. Cossali GE, Marengo M, Santini M. Impact of single and multiple drop array on a liquid film. In: Proc 19th ILASS-Europe, Nottingham, UK; 2004.
109. Cossali GE, Marengo M, Santini M. Drop array impacts on heated surfaces: secondary atomization characteristics. In: Proc 19th ILASS-Europe, Nottingham, UK; 2004.
110. Barnes HA, Hardalupas Y, Taylor AMKP, Wilkins JH. An investigation of the interaction between two adjacent droplets. In: ILASS-Europe'99, Toulouse, France; 1999.
111. Kalb T, Kaiser H.-G., Chaves H, Obermeier F, Ebert F. Splashing due to neighbouring droplet impact. In: Proc ILASS-Europe2000, Darmstadt, Germany; 2000.
112. Roisman IV, Prunet-Foch B, Tropea C, Vignes-Adler M. Multiple drop impact onto a dry solid substrate. J Col Interf Sci 2002;256:396-410.
113. Roisman IV, Tropea C. Fluctuating flow in a liquid layer and secondary spray created by an impacting spray. Int J Multi Flow 2005;31:179-200.
114. Lee SY, Ryu SU. Recent progress of spray-wall interaction research. J Mech Sci Tech KSME 2006;20(8):1101-17.
115. Kuhnke D. Spray/wall-interaction modelling by dimensionless data analysis, Ph.D thesis; 2004.
116. Kalantari D, Tropea C. Spray impact onto flat and rigid walls: empirical characterization and modeling. Int J Multi Flow 2007;33:525-44.
117. Lee SH, Ryou HS. Development of new model and heat transfer analysis of impinging diesel sprays on a wall. Atom Sprays 2001;1(85):105.
118. Babinsky E, Sojka PE. Modeling size distributions. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2002;28:303-29.
119. Lemini E. A new methodology for modelling impinging sprays based on drop size moments, Ph.D thesis; 2004.
120. Schmehl R, Rosskamp H, Willmann M, Wittig S. CFD analysis of spray propagation and evaporation including wall film formation and spray/film interactions. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 1999;20:520-9.
121. Wu Z-N. Prediction of the size distribution of secondary ejected droplets by crown splashing of droplets impinging on a solid wall. Prob Eng Mech 2003;18:241-9.
122. Ozdemir IB, Whitelaw JH. Impingement of an unsteady two-phase jet on unheated and heated flat plates. J Fluid Mech 1993;252:499-523.
123. Sivakumar D, Tropea C. Splashing impact of a spray onto a liquid film. Phys Fluids 2002;14:L85-8.
124. Tamura Z, Tanasawa Y. Evaporation and combustion of a drop contacting with a hot surface. In: 7th Int Symp Combust; 1959.
125. Chandra S, Avedisian CT. On the collision of a droplet with a solid surface. Proc R Soc Lond A 1991;432:13-41.
126. Farad D, Landommatos N. Evaporation of hydrocarbon compounds, including gasoline and diesel fuel, on heated metal surfaces. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D 1999;213:625-45.
127. Kang BS, Lee DH. On the dynamic behavior of a liquid droplet impacting upon an inclined heated surface. Exp Fluids 2000;29:380-7.
128. Manzello SL, Yang JC. An experimental study of high Weber number impact of methoxy-nonafluorobutane C4F9OCH3 (HFE7100) and n-heptane droplets on a heated solid surface. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2002;45(3961): 3971.
129. Nukiyama S. The maximum and minimum values of the heat Q transmitted from metal to boiling water under atmospheric pressure. S J Soc Mech Eng Japan 1934;37(6):367-74 [translated by Lee C.J. in the Int J Heat Mass Trans 1966;9:1419-33].
130. Leidenfrost JG. On the fixation of water in diverse fire. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1966;9:1153-66 [Translated by Wares C. with an introduction by Bell KJ].
131. Wang AB, Lin CH, Chen CC. The critical temperature of dry impact for tiny droplet impinging onto a heated surface. Phys Fluids 2000;12:1622-5.
132. Naber JD, Farrel P. Hydrodynamics of droplet impingement on a heated surface; 1993. [SAE Tech Paper 930919].
133. Toda S. A study of mist cooling (1st report: investigation of mist cooling). Heat Transfer Japan Res 1972;1(3):39-50.
134. Bernardin JD, Mudawar I. The Leidenfrost point: experimental study and assessment of existing models. Trans ASME 1999;121:894-903.
135. Gottfried BS, Lee CJ, Bell KJ. The Leidenfrost phenomenon: film boiling of liquid droplets on a flat plate. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1966;9:1167-87.
136. Patel BM, Bell KJ. The Leidenfrost phenomenon for extended liquid masses. Chem Eng Prog Symp Ser 1966;62:62-71.
137. Makino K, Michiyoshi I. Effects of the initial size of water droplet on its evaporation on heated surfaces. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1979;22:979-81.
138. Nishio S, Hirata M. Direct contact phenomenon between a liquid droplet and high temperature solid surface. In: 6th Int Heat Trans Conf, Toronto, Canada, Hemisphere, New York; 1978;1:245:50.
139. Yao S-C, Cai KY. The dynamics and Leidenfrost temperature ofdrops impacting on a hot surface at small angles. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 1988;1:363-71.
140. Klizing WP, Rozzi JC, Mudawar I. Film and transition boiling correlations for quenching of hot surfaces with water sprays. J Heat Treating 1992;9: 91-103.
141. Labeish VG. Thermodynamic study of a drop impact against a heated surface. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 1994;8:181-4.
142. Chaves H, Kubitzek AM, Obermeier F. Dynamic processes occurring during the spreading of thin liquid film produced by drop impact on hot walls. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 1999;20:470-6.
143. Bernardin JD, Mudawar I. A Leidenfrost point model for impinging droplets and sprays. ASME J Heat Transfer 2004;126:272-8.
144. Celata GP, Cumo M, Mariani A, Zummo G. Visualization of the impact of water drops on a hot surface: effect of drop velocity and surface inclination. Heat Mass Transfer 2006;42:885-90.
145. Bernardin JD, Stebbins CJ, Mudawar I. Effects of surface roughness on water droplet impact history and heat transfer regimes. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1997;40(1):73-8.
146. Cumo M, Farrelo GE, Ferrari G. Notes on droplet heat transfer. Chem Eng Prog Symp Ser 1969;65:175-87.
147. Baumeister KJ, Henry RE, Simon FF. Role of the surface in the measurement of the Leidenfrost temperature. In: Bergles AE, Webb RL, editors. Augmentation of convective heat and mass transfer. New York: ASME; 1970. p. 91-101.
148. Avedisian CT, Koplik J. Leidenfrost boiling of methanol on hot porous/ceramic surfaces. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1987;30:379-93.
149. Bernardin JD, Stebbins CJ, Mudawar I. Mapping of impact and heat transfer regimes of water drops impinging on a polished surface. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1997;40(2):247-67.
150. Wachters LHJ, Westerling NAJ. The heat transfer from a hot wall to impinging water drops in the spheroidal state. Chem Eng Sci 1966;21:1047-56.
151. Rein M. Interactions between drops and hot surfaces. In: Rein Martin, editor. Drop-surface interactions. Wien, NewYork: Springer; 2002.
152. Cossali GE, Marengo M, Santini M. Secondary atomization produced by single drop vertical impacts onto heated surfaces. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2005;29: 937-46.
153. Kandlikar SG, Steinke ME. Effects of Weber number and surface temperature on the boiling and spreading characteristics of impinging water droplets. In: Proc NHTC'01 35th Natio Heat Transfer Conf 2001, Anaheim, California, USA.
154. Seki M, Kawamura H, Sanokawa K. Transient temperature profile of a hot wall due to an impinging liquid droplet. J Heat Transfer 1978;100:167-9.
155. Cossali GE, Marengo M, Santini M. Effects of wall effusivity on secondary atomization from single and multiple drop impact onto heated surfaces. In: Proc 20th ILASS, Orleans, France; 2005.
156. Karl A, Frohn A. Experimental investigation of interaction processes between droplets and hot walls. Phys Fluids 2000;12:785-96.
157. Ko YS, Chung SH. An experiment on the breakup of impinging droplets on a hot surface. Exp Fluids 1996;21:118-23.
158. Takeuchi K, Senda J, Yamada K. Heat transfer characteristics and the breakup behavior of small droplets impinging upon a hot surface. ASME-JSME Therm Eng Joint Conf 1983;1:165-72.
159. Akhtar SW, Yule AJ. Droplet impaction on a heated surface at high Weber numbers. In: Proc of the ILASS-Europe, Zurich, 2001.
160. Akhtar SW, Nasr AA, Yule AJ. Characteristics of water droplet impaction behaviour on a polished steel heated surface: Part I. Atom Sprays 2007;17:659-81.
161. Akhtar SW, Nasr AA, Yule AJ. Characteristics of water droplet impaction behaviour on a polished steel heated surface: part II. Atom Sprays 2007;17: 683-729.
162. Xiong TY, Yuen MC. Evaporation of a liquid droplet on a hot plate. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1991;34(7):1881-94.
163. Araki K, Moriyama A. Deformation behaviour of a liquid droplet impinging on a hot metal surface. 2nd IClass; 1982. p. 389-96.
164. Fan L, Reitz RD. Spray and combustion modelling in gasoline direct-injection engines. Atom Sprays 2000;10:219-49.
165. Tomoda T, Kubota M, Shimizu R, Nomura Y. Numerical analysis of mixture formation of a diesel injection gasoline engine. In: Fifth Int Symp Diagn Model Combust Intern Combust Eng Comodia; 2001.
166. Cossali GE, Marengo M, Santini M. Thermally induced secondary atomization produced by single drop impact onto heated surfaces. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2008;29:167-77.
167. Chen R-H, Chow LC, Navedo JE. Optimal spray characteristics in water spray cooling. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2004;47:5095-9.
168. Estes KA, Mudawar I. Correlation of Sauter mean diameter and critical heat flux for spray cooling of small surfaces. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1995;38:2985-96.
169. Rybicki JR, Mudawar I. Single-phase and two-phase cooling characteristics of upward-facing and downward-facing sprays. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2006;49:5-16.
170. Sawyer ML, Jeter SM, Abdel-Khalik SI. A critical heat flux correlation for droplet impact cooling. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1997;40:2123-31.
171. Yao SC, Cox TL. A general heat transfer correlation for impacting water sprays on high-temperature surfaces. Exp Heat Transfer 2002;15:207-19
172. Cabrera E, Gonzalez JE. Heat flux correlation for spray cooling in the nucleate boiling regime. Exp Heat Transfer 2003;16:19-44.
173. Rini DP, Chen R-H, Chow LC. Bubble behavior and nucleate boiling heat transfer in saturated FC-72 spray cooling. J Heat Transfer 2002;124:63-72.
174. Pikkula BM, Torres JH, Tunnel JW, Anvari B. Cryogen spray cooling: effects of droplet size and spray density on heat removal. Lasers Surg Med 2001;28:103-12.
175. Chen JC, Hsu KK. Heat transfer during liquid contact on superheated surfaces. J Heat Transfer 1995;117:693-7.
176. Reichelt L, Meingast U, Renz U. Calculating transient wall heat flux from measurements of surface temperature. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2002;45:579-84.
177. Panao MRO, Durao DFG, Moreira ALN. Dynamic spray/wall heat transfer correlation for "cold combustion" modes with port-fuel injection. Int Rev Mech Eng 2009;3:48-57.
178. Eckhause JE, Reitz RD. Modeling heat transfer to impinging fuel sprays in direct-injection engines. Atom Sprays 1995;5:213-42.
179. Pais MR, Chow LC, Mahefkey ET. Surface roughness and its effects on the heat transfer mechanism in spray cooling. J Heat Transfer 1992;114:211-9.
180. Ozisik MN. Heat transfer: a basic approach. McGraw-Hill; 1985. p. 278.
181. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Heat transfer at multiple-intermittent impacts of a Hollow cone spray. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2006;49:4132-51.
182. Panao MRO, Moreira ALN. Heat transfer correlation for intermittent spray impingement: a dynamic approach. Int J Therm Sci 2009;48(10):1853-62.