Abdominal adhesion prevention: Still a sticky subject?

Digestive Surgery

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 347-358

  Lauder, Chris I W ^a   Garcea, Giuseppe ^a   Strickland, Andrew ^a   Maddern, Guy J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Abdominal surgery; Adhesion barrier; Adhesion prevention; Adhesions; Peritoneum

Indexed keywords

ABDOMEN; ABDOMINAL SURGERY; ANIMAL; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERITONEUM; REVIEW; TISSUE ADHESION;

ABDOMEN; ANIMALS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SURGICAL PROCEDURES; HUMANS; PERITONEUM; TISSUE ADHESIONS;

EID: 77956582158     PISSN: 02534886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000314805     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Menzies D, Ellis H: Intestinal obstruction from adhesions - how big is the problem? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1990;72:60-63
2. Gutt CN, Oniu T, Schemmer P, et al: Fewer adhesions induced by laparoscopic surgery? Surg Endosc 2004;18:898-906.
3. Ray NF, Denton WG, Thamer M, et al: Abdominal adhesiolysis: inpatient care and expenditures in the United States in 1994. J Am Coll Surg 1998;186:1-9.
4. Beck DE, Opelka FG, Bailey HR, et al: Incidence of small-bowel obstruction and adhesiolysis after open colorectal and general surger y. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:241-248;
5. erratum in Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:578.
6. Ellis H: The clinical significance of adhesions: focus on intestinal obstruction. Eur J Surg Suppl 1997;577:5-9.
7. Sulaiman H, Gabella G, Davis C, et al: Presence and distribution of sensory nerve fibers in human peritoneal adhesions. Ann Surg 2001;234:256-261.
8. Van der Krabben AA, Dijkstra FR, Nieuwenhuijzen M, et al: Morbidity and mortality of inadvertent enterotomy during adhesiotomy. Br J Surg 2000;87:467-471.
9. Beck DE, Ferguson MA, Opelka FG, et al: Effect of previous surgery on abdominal opening time. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1749-1753.
10. Coleman MG, McLain AD, Moran BJ: Impact of previous surgery on time taken for incision and division of adhesions during laparotomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1297-1299.
11. Marana R, Rizzi M, Muzii L, et al: Correlation between the American Fertility Society classifications of adnexal adhesions and distal tubal occlusion and reproductive outcome in tubal surgery. Fertil Steril 1995;64:924-929.
12. Stovall TG, Elder RF, Ling FW: Predictors of pelvic ad hesions. J Reprod Med 1989;34:345-348.
13. Liakakos T, Thomakos N, Fine PM, et al: Peritoneal Adhesions: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Significance. Dig Surg 2001;18:260-273.
14. Duffy DM, diZerega GS: Adhesion controversies: pelvic pain as a cause of adhesions, crystalloids in preventing them. J Reprod Med 1996;41:19-26.
15. Howard FM: The role of laparoscopy in chronic pelvic pain: promise and pitfalls. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1993;48:357-387.
16. Thompson JS, DiBaise JK, Iyer KR, et al: Postoperative short bowel syndrome. J Am Coll Surg 2005;201:85-89.
17. van Goor H: Consequences and complications of peritoneal adhesions. Colorectal Dis 2007;9(suppl 2):25-34.
18. Cheong YC, Laird SM, Li TC, et al: Peritoneal healing and adhesion formation/reformation. Hum Reprod Update 2001;7:556-566.
19. Yu SL, Singh S, Chen HW, et al: Intra-abdominal adhesion formation induces antioxidative injury, enhances cell proliferation, and prevents complement-mediated lysis. Wound Repair Regen 2008;16:388-398.
20. Chegini N, Rong H, Bennett B, et al: Peritoneal fluid cytokine and eicosanoid levels and their relation to the incidence of peritoneal adhesion. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1999;6:153-157.
21. Hoshino A, Kawamura YI, Yasuhara M, et al: Inhibition of CCL1-CCR8 interaction prevents aggregation of macrophages and development of peritoneal adhesions. J Immunol 2007;178:5296-5304.
22. Chegini N, Kotseos K, Zhao Y, et al: Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of MMP in serosal tissue of intraperitoneal organs and adhesions. Fertil Steril 2001;76:1212-1219. (Pubitemid 33116389)
23. Cahill RA, Wang JH, Soohkai S, Redmond HP: Mast cells facilitate local VEGF release as an early event in the pathogenesis of postoperative peritoneal adhesions. Surgery 2006;140:108-112.
24. Kovacs EJ, DiPietro LA: Fibrogenic cytokines and connective tissue production. FASEB J 1994;8:854-861.
25. Zeyneloglu HB, Senturk LM, Seli E, et al: The role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in intraperitoneal adhesion formation. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1194-1199. (Pubitemid 28279169)
26. Kovacs EJ: Fibrogenic cytokines: the role of immune mediators in the development of scar tissue. Immunol Today 1991;12:17-23.
27. Parker MC, Wilson MS, Menzies D, et al: The SCAR-3 study: 5-year adhesion-related readmission risk following lower abdominal surgical procedures. Colorectal Dis 2005;7:551-558.
28. Lower AM, Hawthorn RJ, Ellis H, et al: The impact of adhesions on hospital readmissions over ten years after 8, 849 open gynaecological operations: an assessment from the Surgical and Clinical Adhesions Research Study. BJOG 2000;107:855-862.
29. Molinas CR, Mynbaev O, Pauwels A, et al: Peritoneal mesothelial hypoxia during pneumoperitoneum is a cofactor in adhesion formation in a laparoscopic mouse model. Fertil Steril 2001;76:560-567.
30. 2 pneumoperitoneum alter the ultra-structuture of the mesothelium? J Surg Res 2006;133:84-88.
31. Höckel M, Ott S, Siemann U, et al: Prevention of peritoneal adhesions in the rat with sustained intraperitoneal dexamethasone delivered by a novel therapeutic system. Ann Chir Gy naecol 1987;76:306-313.
32. LeGrand EK, Rodgers KE, Girgis W, et al: Efficacy of tolmetin sodium for adhesion prevention in rabbit and rat models. J Surg Res 1994;56:67-71.
33. Guvenal T, Cetin A, Ozdemir H, et al: Prevention of postoperative adhesion formation in rat uterine horn model by nimesulide: a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1732-1735.
34. De Leon F, Toledo A, Sanfilippo J, et al: The prevention of adhesion formation by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an animal study comparing ibuprofen and indomethacin. Fertil Steril 1984;41:639-642.
35. De La Portilla F, Ynfante I, Bejarano D, et al: Prevention of peritoneal adhesions by intraperitoneal administration of vitamin E: an experimental study in rats. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;47:2157-2161.
36. Lucas P, Warejcka D, Young H, et al: Formation of abdominal adhesions is inhibited by antibodies to transforming growth factorbeta1. J Surg Res 1996;65:135-138.
37. Avsar F, Sahin M, Aksoy F, et al: Effects of diphenhydramine HCl and methylprednisolone in the prevention of abdominal adhesions. Am J Surg 2001;181:512-515.
38. Replogle RL, Johnson R, Gross RE: Prevention of postoperative intestinal adhesions with combined promethazine and dexamethasone therapy: experimental and clinical studies. Ann Surg 1966;163:580-588.
39. Chowdhury SM, Hubbell JA: Adhesion prevention with ancrod released via a tissue-adherent hydrogel. J Surg Res 1996;61:58-64.
40. Hill-West JL, Dunn RC, Hubbell JA: Local release of fibrinolytic agents for adhesion prevention. J Surg Res 1995;59:759-763.
41. Liu Y, Li H, Shu XZ, SD, et al: Crosslinked hyaluronan hydrogels containing mitomycin C reduce postoperative abdominal adhesions. Fertil Steril 2005;83(suppl 1):1275-1283.
42. Cubukcu A, Alponat A, Gonullu N: An experimental study evaluating the effect of Mitomycin C on the prevention of postoperative intraabdominal adhesions. J Surg Res 2001;96:163-166.
43. Berkkanoglu M, Zhang L, Ulukus M, et al: Inhibition of chemokines prevents intraperitoneal adhesions in mice. Hum Reprod 2005;20:3047-3052.
44. Hoshino A, Kawamura YI, Yasuhara M, et al: Inhibition of CCL1-CCR8 interaction prevents aggregation of macrophages and development of peritoneal adhesions. J Immunol 2007;178:5296-5304.
45. Ansaloni L, Catena F, Coccolini F, et al: Peritoneal adhesions to prosthetic materials: An experimental comparative study of treated and untreated polypropylene meshes placed in the abdominal cavity. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2009;19:369-374.
46. Yeo Y, Ito T, Bellas E, et al: In situ cross-linkable hyaluronan hydrogels containing polymeric nanoparticles for preventing postsurgical adhesions. Ann Surg 2007;245:819-824.
47. Oncel M, Remzi FH, Senagore AJ, et al: Liquid antiadhesive product (Adcon-p) prevents post-operative adhesions within the intraabdominal organs in a rat model. Int J Colorecta l Dis 2003;18:514-517.
48. Oncel M, Remzi FH, Senagore AJ, et al: Application of Adcon-P or Seprafilm in consecutive laparotomies using a murine model. Am J Surg 2004;187:304-308.
49. Leach RE, Henry RL: Reduction of postoperative adhesions in the rat uterine horn model with poloxamer 407. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:1317-1319.
50. Steinleitner A, Lambert H, Kazensky C, et al: Poloxamer 407 as an intraperitoneal barrier material for the prevention of postsurgical adhesion formation and reformation in rodent models for reproductive surgery. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:48-52.
51. Hill-West JL, Chowdhury SM, Sawhney AS, et al: Prevention of postoperative adhesions in the rat by in situ photopolymerization of bioresorbable hydrogel barriers. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:59-64.
52. Zhou J, Elson C, Lee TD: Reduction in postoperative adhesion formation and re-formation after an abdominal operation with the use of N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan. Surgery 2004;135:307-312.
53. Kennedy R, Costain DJ, McAlister VC, et al: Prevention of experimental postoperative peritoneal adhesions by N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan. Surgery 1996;120:866-870.
54. Avital S, Bollinger TJ, Wilkinson JD, et al: Preventing intra-abdominal adhesions with polylactic acid film: an animal study. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:153-157.
55. Chen MD, Teigen GA, Reynolds HT, et al: Laparoscopy versus laparotomy: an evaluation of adhesion formation after pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy in a porcine model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:499-503.
56. Moore RG, Partin AW, Adams JB, et al: Adhesion formation after transperitoneal nephrectomy: laparoscopic vs open approach. J Endourol 1995;9:277-280.
57. Jacob BP, Hogle NJ, Durak E, et al: Tissue ingrowth and bowel adhesion formation in an animal comparative study: polypropylene versus Proceed versus Parietex Composite. Surg Endosc 2007;21:629-633.
58. Krähenbühl L, Schäfer M, Kuzinkovas V, et al: Experimental study of adhesion formation in open and laparoscopic fundoplication. Br J Surg 1998;85:826-830.
59. Zhang ZL, Xu SW, Zhou XL: Preventive effects of chitosan on peritoneal adhesion in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:4572-4577.
60. Bellón JM, Rodríguez M, García-Honduvilla N, et al: Peritoneal effects of prosthetic meshes used to repair abdominal wall defects: monitoring adhesions by sequential laparoscopy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2007;17:160-166.
61. Adhesion Scoring Group. Improvement of interobserver reproducibility of adhesion scoring system. Fertil Steril 1994;62:984-988.
62. American Fertility Society. The AFS classification of adnexal adhesions, distal tubal occlusion, tubal occlusion secondary to tub - al ligation, tubal pregnancies, Müllerian anomalies and intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril 1988;49:944-955.
63. Corson SL, Batzer FR, Gocial B, et al: Intraobserver and inter-observer variability in scoring laparoscopic diagnosis of pelvic adhesions. Hum Reprod 1995;10:161-164.
64. Johns DA, Ferland R, Dunn R: Initial feasibility study of a sprayable hydrogel adhesion barrier system in patients undergoing laparoscopic ovarian surgery. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10:334-338.
65. Diamond MP, Luciano A, Johns DA, et al: Reduction of postoperative adhesions by N, O-carboxymethylchitosan: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2003;80:631-636.
66. Hulka JF: Adnexal adhesions, a prognostic staging and classification system based on a 5-year survey of fertility surgery results at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Am J Obstet and Gynecol 1982;144:141-148.
67. Linsky CB, Diamond MP, Cunningham T, et al: Adhesion reduction in the rabbit uterine horn model using an absorbable barrier, TC-7. J Reprod Med 1987;32:17-20.
68. Leach RE, Burns JW, Dawe EJ, et al: Reduction of postsurgical adhesion formation in the rabbit uterine horn model with use of hyaluronate/ carboxymethylcellulose gel. Fertil Steril 1998;69:415-418.
69. Wilson MS: Practicalities and costs of adhesions. Colorectal Dis 2007;9(suppl 2):60-65.
70. Tjandra JJ, Chan MK: A sprayable hydrogel adhesion barrier facilitates closure of defunctioning loop ileostomy: a randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:956-960.
71. Takeuchi H, Kitade M, Kikuchi I, et al: Adhesion prevent ion effects of fibrin sealants after laparoscopic myomectomy as determined by second look laparoscopy: a prospective randomised, controlled study. J Reprod Med 2005;50:571-577.
72. Hellebrekers BW, Trimbos-Kemper TC, Boesten L, et al: Preoperative predictors of postsurgical adhesion formation and the Prevention of Adhesions with Plasminogen Activator (PAPA-study): results of a clinical pilot study. Fertil Steril 2009;91:1204-1214.
73. Mercorio F, Mercorio A, Di Spiezio Sardo A, et al: Evaluation of ovarian adhesion formation after laparoscopic ovarian drilling by second-look minilaparoscopy. Fertil Steril 2008;89:1229-1233.
74. Montgomery TC, Sharp JB, Bellina JH, et al: Comparative gross and histological study of the effects of scalpel, electric knife, and carbon dioxide laser on skin and uterine incisions in dogs. Lasers Surg Med 1983;3:9-22.
75. Bellina JH, Hemmings R, Voros JI, et al: Carbon dioxide laser and electrosurgical wound study with an animal model: a comparison of tissue damage and healing patterns in peritoneal tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:327-334.
76. Filmar S, Jetha N, McComb P, et al: A comparative histologic study on the healing process after tissue transection. I. Carbon dioxide laser and electromicrosurgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1062-1067. (Pubitemid 19144459)
77. Filmar S, Jetha N, McComb P, et al: A comparative histologic study on the healing process after tissue transection. II. Carbon dioxide laser and surgical microscissors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1068-1072. (Pubitemid 19144460)
78. Forestier D, Slim K, Joubert-Zakeyh J, et al: Do bipolar scissors increase postoperative adhesions? An experimental double-blind randomized trial. Ann Chir 2002;127:680-684.
79. Weaver FA, Lew W, Granke K, et al: A comparison of recombinant thrombin to bovine thrombin as a hemostatic ancillary in patients undergoing peripheral arterial bypass and arteriovenous graft procedures. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:1266-1273.
80. Chapman WC, Lockstadt H, Slngla N, et al: Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical evaluation of recombinant human thrombin in mu lt iple surg ica l i nd icat ions. J Th romb Haemost 2006;4:2083-2085.
81. Doria C, Fischer CP, Wood CG, et al: Phase 3, randomized, double-blind study of plasma-derived human thrombin versus bovine thrombin in achieving hemostasis in patients undergoing surgery. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:785-794.
82. Levy O, Martinowitz U, Oran A, et al: The use of fibrin tissue adhesive to reduce blood loss and the need for blood transfusion after total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized, multicenter study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:1580-1588.
83. Wang GJ, Goldthwaite CA Jr, Burks S, et al: Fibrin sealant reduces perioperative blood loss in total hip replacement. J Long Term Eff Med Implants 2003;13:399-411.
84. Milne AA, Murphy WG, Reading SJ, et al: Fibrin sealant reduces suture line bleeding during carotid endarterectomy: a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995;10:91-94.
85. Schäfer M, Krähenb L, Büchler MW: Comparison of adhesion formation in open and laparoscopic surgery. Dig Surg 1998;15:148-152.
86. Garrard CL, Clements RH, Nanney L, et al: Adhesion formation is reduced after laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 1999;13:10-13.
87. 2 or helium pneumoperitoneum is a co-factor in adhesion formation in rabbits. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1758-1763.
88. Kopernik G, Avinoach E, Grossman Y, et al: The effect of a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide environment on metabolism and immune functions of human peritoneal cells-relevance to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1503-1510.
89. Sajid MS, Mallick AS, Rimpel J, et al: Effect of heated and humidified carbon dioxide on patients after laparoscopic procedures: a meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2008;18:539-546.
90. Savel RH, Balasubramanya S, Lasheen S, et al: Beneficial effects of humidified, warmed carbon dioxide insufflation during laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Obes Surg 2005;15:64-69.
91. Farley DR, Greenlee SM, Larson DR, et al: Double-blind, prospective, randomized study of warmed, humidified carbon dioxide insufflation vs standard carbon dioxide for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 2004;139:739-743; discus sion 743-744.
92. Flora ED, Wilson TG, Martin IJ, O'Rourke NA, Maddern GJ: A review of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) for intra-abdominal surgery: experimental models, techniques, and applicability to the clinical setting. Ann Surg 2008;247:583-602.
93. Maddern GJ: NOTES: progress or marketing? ANZ J Surg 2009;79:318-319.
94. Kucukozkan T, Ersoy B, Uygur D, et al: Prevention of adhesions by sodium chromoglycate, dexamethasone, saline and aprotinin after pelvic surgery. ANZ J Surg 2004;74:1111-1115. (Pubitemid 40006997)
95. Nishimura K, Nakamura R, diZerega G: Ibuprofen inhibition of postsurgical adhesion formation: a time and dose response biochemical evaluation in rabbits. J Surg Res 1984;36:115-124.
96. Holtz G: Failure of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ibuprofen) to inhibit peritoneal adhesion reformation after lysis. Fertil Steril 1982;37:582-583.
97. Binda MM, Molinas CR, Koninckx PR: Reactive oxygen species and adhesion formation: clinical implications in adhesion prevention. Hum Reprod 2003;18:2503-2507.
98. Portz D, Elkins T, White R, et al: Oxygen free radicals and pelvic adhesions formation: I. Blocking oxygen free radical toxicity to prevent adhesion formation in an endometriosis model. Int J Fertil 1991;36:39-42.
99. Reid RL, Lie K, Spence JE, et al: Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of heparin-saturated interceed for prevention of adhesion reformation in the pelvic sidewall of the human; in Diamond MP, diZerega GS, Linsky CB, et al (eds): Gynecologic Surgery and Adhesion Prevention. New York, Wiley, 1993, pp 261-264.
100. Dunn RC, Mohler M: Effect of vary ing days of tissue plasminogen activator therapy on the prevention of postsurgical adhesions in a rabbit model. J Surg Res 1993;54:242-245.
101. Orita H, Fukasawa M, Girgis W, diZerega GS: Inhibition of postsurgical adhesions in a standardized rabbit model: intraperitoneal treatment with tissue plasminogen activator. Int J Fertil 1991;36:172-177.
102. Menzies D, Ellis H: The role of plasminogen activator in adhesion prevention. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991;172:362-366.
103. Dunn RC, Mohler M: Effect of varying days of tissue plasminogen activator therapy on the prevention of post-surgical adhesions in a rabbit model. J Surg Res 1993;54:242-245.
104. Holmdahl LE, Al-Jabreen M, Risberg B: Role of f ibrinolysis in t he formation of postoperative adhesions. Wound Repair Regen 1994;2:171-176.
105. Flessner MF: The transport barrier in intraperitoneal therapy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005;288:F433-F442.
106. Mahdy T, Mohamed G, Elhawary A: Effect of methylene blue on intra-abdominal adhesion formation in rats. Int J Surg 2008;6:452-455.
107. Chalela JA, Katzan I, Liebeskind DS, et al: Safety of intra-arterial thrombolysis in the postoperative period. Stroke 2001;32:1365-1369.
108. Wiseman DM, Trout JR, Diamond MP: The rates of adhesion development and the effects of crystalloid solutions on adhesion development in pelvic surgery. Fertil Steril 1998;70:702-711.
109. Menzies D, Pascual MH, Walz MK, et al: Use of icodextrin 4% solution in t he prevention of adhesion formation following general surgery: from the multicentre ARIEL Registry. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2006;88:375-382.
110. diZerega GS, Verco SJ, Young P, et al: A randomized, controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of 4% icodextrin solution in the reduction of adhesions following laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1031-1038.
111. Ong SY, Wu J, Moochhala SM, et al: Development of a chitosan-based wound dressing with improved hemostatic and antimicrobial properties. Biomaterials 2008;29:4323-4332.
112. Gustafson SB, Fulkerson P, Bildfell R, et al: Chitosan dressing provides hemostasis in swine femoral arterial injury model. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007;11:172-178.
113. Rabea EI, Badawy ME, Stevens CV, et al: Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 2003;4:1457-1465.
114. Haney A, Hesla J, Hurst B, et al: Expanded polytetrafluororethylene (Gore-Tex Surgical Membrane) is superior to oxidized regenerated cellulose (Interceed TC7+) in preventing adhesions. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1021-1026.
115. Haney A, Hesla J, Hurst B, et al: Prevention of pelvic side wall adhesion reformation using surgical barriers: expanded polytetrafluororethylene (Gore-Tex Surgical Membrane) is superior to oxidized regenerated cellulose (Interceed TC7+) (abstract). Fertil Steril 1994;S210:265.
116. Korell M: Reduction of adhesion by INTERCEED Barrier and Gortex Surgical Membrane after laparoscopic myomectomy; presented at 'Möglichkeiten der Adhäsionsprophylaxe', Munich, April 1994.
117. Schreinemacher MH, Emans PJ, Gijbels MJ, et al: Degradation of mesh coatings and intraperitoneal adhesion formation in an experimental model. Br J Surg 2009;96:305-313.
118. Diamond MP: Reduction of adhesions after uterine myomectomy by Seprafilm membrane (HAL-F): a blinded, prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical study. Seprafilm Adhesion Study Group. Fertil Steril 1996;66:904-910.
119. Beck DE, Cohen Z, Fleshman JW, et al: A prospective, randomised, multicenter, controlled study of the safety of seprafilm adhesion barrier in abdominopelvic surgery of the intestine. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:1310-1319.
120. Becker JM, Dayton MT, Fazio VW, et al: Prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions by a sodium hyaluronate based bioresorbable membrane: a prospective, randomised, double-blind multicenter study. J Am Coll Surg 1996;183:297-306.
121. Cohen Z, Senagore A, Dayton M, et al: Prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions by a novel, glycerol/sodium hyaluronate/ carboxymethylcellulose-based bioresorbable membrane: a prospective, randomised, evaluator-blinded multicenter study. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1130-1139.
122. Fazio VW, Cohen Z, Fleshman JW, et al: Reduction in adhesive small-bowel obstruction by seprafilm ahesion barrier after intestinal resection. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1-11.
123. Kusunoki M, Ikeuchi H, Yanagi H, et al: Bioresorbable hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose membrane (Seprafilm) in surgery for rectal carcinoma: a prospective randomised cl inical tria l. Surg Today 2005;35:940-945.
124. Tang CL, Seow-Choen F, Fook-Chong S, et al: Bioresorbable adhesion barrier facilitates early closure of the defunctioning ileostomy after rectal excision: a prospective, randomised trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:1200-1207.
125. Tang CL, Jayne DG, Seow-Choen F, et al: A randomised controlled trial of 0.5% ferric hyaluronate gel (Intergel) in the prevention of adhesions following abdominal surgery. Ann Surg 2006;243:449-455.
126. Vrijland WW, Tseng L N L, Eijkman H J M, et al: Fewer intraperitoneal adhesions with use of hyaluronic acid-carboxymethylcellulose membrane: a randomised clinical trial. Ann Surg 2002;235:193-199.
127. Kumar S, Wong PF, Leaper DJ: Intra-peritoneal prophylactic agents for preventing adhesions and adhesive intestinal obstruction after non-gynaecological abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; CD005080.
128. Perlitz Y, Oettinger M, Karam K, et al: Anaphylactic shock during hysteroscopy using Hyskon solution: case report and review of adverse reactions and their treatment. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1996;41:67-69.
129. Johns DB, Keyport GM, Hoehler F, et al: Reduction of postsurgical adhesions with Intergel adhesion prevention solution: a multicenter study of safety and efficacy after conservative gynecologic surgery. Fertil Steril 2001;76:595-604.
130. DeCherney AH, diZerega GS: Clinical problem of intraperitoneal postsurgical adhesion formation following general surgery and the use of adhesion prevention barriers. Surg Clin North Am 1997;77:671-688.
131. Ellis H: Medicolegal consequences of adhesions. Hosp Med 2004;65:348-350.
132. Gauwerky JF, Heinrich D, Kubli F: Complications of intraperitoneal dextran application for prevention of adhesions. Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol 1986;7:93-97.
133. Larsson B, Lalos O, Marsk L, et al: Effect of intraperitoneal instillation of 32% dextran 70on postoperative adhesion formation after tubal surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1985;64:437-441.
134. Sites CK, Jensen BA, Glock JL, et al: Transvaginal ultrasonographic assessment of transvaginal ultrasonographic assessment of Hyskon or lactated Ringer's solution instillation after laparoscopy: randomized, controlled study. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:195-199.
135. Haney AF, Doty E: A barrier composed of chemically cross-linked hyaluronic acid (Incert) reduces postoperative adhesion formation. Fertil Steril 1998;70:145-151.
136. * for prevention of reformation of postoperative adhesions on ovaries, fallopian tubes, and fimbriae in microsurgical operations for fertility: a multicenter study. Fertil Steril 1995;63:709-714.
137. Adhesion Barrier Study Group. Prevention of postsurgical adhesions by INTERCEED (TC7), an absorbable adhesion barrier: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical study. Fertil Steri l 1989;51:933-938.
138. Wiseman DM: Possible intergel reaction syndrome (pIRS). Ann Surg 2006;244:630-632.
139. Okuyama N, Rodgers KE, Wang CY, et al: Prevention of retrosternal adhesion formation in a rabbit model using bioresorbable films of polyethylene glycol and polylactic acid. J Surg Res 1998;78:118-122.
140. Rodgers K, Cohn D, Hotovely A, et al: Evaluation of polyethylene glycol/polylactic acid films in the prevention of adhesions in the rabbit adhesion formation and reformation sidewall models. Fertil Steril 1998;69:403-408.
141. Diamond MP: Reduction of de novo postsurgical adhesions by intraoperative precoating with Sepracoat (HAL-C) solution: a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled multicenter study. The Sepracoat Adhesion Study Group. Fertil Steril 1998;69:1067-1074.