Testing Covariates of Type 2 Diabetes-Cognition Associations in Older Adults: Moderating or Mediating Effects?

Neuropsychology

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 547-562

  McFall, G Peggy ^a   Geall, Bonnie P ^a   Fischer, Ashley L ^b   Dolcos, Sanda ^a   Dixon, Roger A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aging; Cognition; Mediator; Moderator; Type II diabetes

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; GAIT; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REFERENCE VALUES; SELF CONCEPT; SELF-ASSESSMENT;

EID: 77956556541     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019246     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Akisaki T., Sakurai T., Takata T., Umegaki H., Araki A., Mizuno S., Ito H. Cognitive dysfunction associates with white matter hyperintensities and subcortical atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging of the elderly diabetes mellitus Japanese elderly diabletes intervention trial (J-EDIT). Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2006, 22:376-384.
2. Anderson R.J., Freedland K.E., Clouse R.E., Lustman P.J. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:1069-1078.
3. Andrés P., Van der Linden M. Age-related differences in supervisory attentional system functions. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 2000, 55B:P373-P380.
4. Anstey K.J., Mack H.A., von Sanden C. The relationship between cognition and mortality in patients with stroke, coronary heart disease, or cancer. European Psychologist 2006, 11:182-195.
5. Anstey K.J., Smith G.A. Interrelationships among biological markers of aging, health, activity, acculturation, and cognitive performance in late adulthood. Psychology and Aging 1999, 14:605-618.
6. Arvanitakis Z., Wilson R.S., Bennett D.A. Diabetes mellitus, dementia, and cognitive function in older persons. Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging 2006, 10:287-291.
7. Arvanitakis Z., Wilson R.S., Bienias J.L., Evans D.A., Bennett D.A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Archives of Neurology 2004, 61:661-666.
8. Arvanitakis Z., Wilson R.S., Li Y., Aggarwal N.T., Bennett D.A. Diabetes and function in different cognitive systems in older individuals without dementia. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:560-565.
9. Awad N., Gagnon M., Messier C. The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2004, 26:1044-1080.
10. Baron R.M., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1173-1182.
11. Benjamins M.R., Hummer R.A., Eberstein I.W., Nam C.B. Self-reported health and adult mortality risk: An analysis of cause-specific mortality. Social Science & Medicine 2004, 59:1297-1306.
12. Bielak A.A.M., Mansueti L., Strauss E., Dixon R.A. Performance on the Hayling and Brixton tests in older adults: Norms and correlates. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2006, 21:141-149.
13. Bjorner J.B., Söndergaard-Kristensen T., Orth-Gomer K., Tibblin G., Sullivan M., Westerholm P. Self-rated health: A useful concept in research, prevention and clinical medicine 1996, Council for Planning and Coordination of Research, Stockholm.
14. Bonin-Guillaume S., Blin O., Hasbroucq T. An additive factor analysis of the effect of depression on the reaction time of old patients. Acta Psychologica 2004, 117:1-11.
15. Bradburn N.M. The structure of psychological well-being 1969, Aldine, Oxford, England.
16. Brands A.M.A., Biessels G.J., Kappelle L.J., de Haan E.H.F., de Valk H.W., Algra A., Kessels R.P.C. Cognitive functioning and brain MRI in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comparative study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2007, 23:343-350. Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy Study.
17. Buchman A.S., Schneider J.A., Wilson R.S., Bienias J.L., Bennett D.A. Body mass index in older persons is associated with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 2006, 67:1949-1954.
18. Burgess P.W., Shallice T. The Hayling and Brixton tests 1997, Thames Valley Test Company, Thurston, Suffolk, England.
19. Ciechanowski P.S., Katon W.J., Russo J.E. The association of depression and perceptions of interpersonal relationships in patients with diabetes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2005, 58:139-144.
20. Coates V., Rae G. Commentary on Whittemore R, Melkus GD & Grey, M. (2005). Journal of Clinical Nursing 2006, 15:234-236.
21. Connell C.M. Psychosocial contexts of diabetes and older adulthood: Reciprocal effects. The Diabetes Educator 1991, 17:364-371.
22. Connell C.M., Fisher E.B., Houston C.A. Relationships among social support, diabetes outcomes, and morale for older men and women. Journal of Aging and Health 1992, 4:77-100.
23. Darlington C.L., Erasmus J., Nicholson M., King J., Smith P.F. Comparison of visual-vestibular interaction in insulin-dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. NeuroReport 2000, 11:487-490.
24. de Frias C.M., Dixon R.A., Strauss E. Structure of four executive functioning tests in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology 2006, 20:206-214.
25. de Frias C.M., Dixon R.A., Strauss E. Characterizing executive functioning in older special populations: From cognitively elite to cognitively impaired. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:778-791.
26. den Heijer T., Vermeer S.E., van Dijk E.J., Prins N.D., Koudstaal P.J., Hofman A., Breteler M.M. Type 2 diabetes and atrophy of medial temporal lobe structures on brain MRI. Diabetologia 2003, 46:1604-1610.
27. Dixon R.A., de Frias C.M. The Victoria Longitudinal Study: From characterizing cognitive aging to illustrating changes in memory compensation. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 2004, 11:346-376.
28. Dixon R.A., Garrett D.D., Bäckman L. Principles of compensation in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Cognitive neurorehabilitation 2008, 22-38. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2nd ed. D.T. Stuss, G. Winocur, I.H. Robertson (Eds.).
29. Dixon R.A., Garrett D.D., Lentz T.L., MacDonald S.W.S., Strauss E., Hultsch D.F. Neurocognitive markers of cognitive impairment: Exploring the roles of speed and inconsistency. Neuropsychology 2007, 21:381-399.
30. Dixon R.A., Wahlin Å., Maitland S.B., Hultsch D.F., Hertzog C., Bäckman L. Episodic memory change in late adulthood: Generalizability across samples and performance indices. Memory & Cognition 2004, 32:768-778.
31. D'Elia L.F., Satz P., Uchiyama C.L., White T. Color Trails Test: Professional manual 1996, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
32. Ekstrom R.B., French J.E.W., Harman H.H., Dermen D. Manual for the kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests 1976, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ.
33. Elias P.K., Elias M.F., D'Agostino R.B., Cupples L.A., Wilson P.W., Silbershatz H., Wold P.A. NIDDM and blood pressure as risk factors for poor cognitive performance: The Framingham Study. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:1388-1395.
34. Fischer A.L., de Frias C.M., Yeung S.E., Dixon R.A. Short-term longitudinal trends in cognitive performance in older adults with Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2009, 31:809-822.
35. Fisher L., Skaff M.M., Mullan J.T., Arean P., Mohr D., Masharani U., Laurencin G. Clinical depression versus distress among patients with type 2 diabetes: Not just a question of semantics. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:542-548.
36. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975, 12:189-198.
37. Fontbonne A., Berr C., Ducimetiere P., Alperovitch A. Changes in cognitive abilities over a 4-year period are unfavorably affected in elderly diabetic subjects: Results of the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Study. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:366-370.
38. Ford M.E., Tilley B.C., McDonald P.E. Social support among African-American adults with diabetes, Pt. 2. Journal of the National Medical Association 1998, 90:425-432.
39. Frier B., Yang P., Taylor A.W. Diabetes, aging and physical activity. European Review of Aging Physical Activity 2006, 3:63-73.
40. Gispen W.H., Biessels G.-J. Cognition and synaptic plasticity in diabetes mellitus. Trends in Neurosciences 2000, 23:542-549.
41. Goldman N., Glei D.A., Chang M.-C. The role of clinical risk factors in understanding self-rated health. Annals of Epidemiology 2004, 14:49-57.
42. Gregg E.W., Brown A. Cognitive and physical disabilities and aging-related complications of diabetes. Clinical Diabetes 2003, 21:113-118.
43. Gregg E.W., Yaffe K., Cauley J.A., Rolka D.B., Blackwell T.L., Narayan K.M.V., Cummings S.R. Is diabetes associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline among older women?. Archive of Internal Medicine 2000, 160:174-180.
44. Grimley E.J., Areosa S.A. Effect of the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, 1. Art. No.: CD003804.
45. Hanes D.A., McCollum G. Cognitive-vestibular interactions: A review of patient difficulties and possible mechanisms. Journal of Vestibular Research 2006, 16:75-91.
46. Hassing L.B., Hofer S.M., Nilsson S.E., Berg S., Pedersen N.L., McClearn G., Johansson B. Comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension exacerbates cognitive decline: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Age and Ageing 2004, 33:355-361.
47. Hassing L.B., Johansson B., Pedersen N.L., Nilsson S.E., Berg S., McClearn G. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive performance in a population-based sample of the oldest old. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 2003, 10:99-107.
48. Hausdorff J.M., Yogev G., Springer S., Simon E.S., Giladi N. Walking is more like catching than tapping: Gait in the elderly as a complex cognitive task. Experimental Brain Research 2005, 164:541-548.
49. Hayes A.J., Clarke P.M., Glasziou P.G., Simes R.J., Drury P.L., Keech A.C. Can self-rated health scores be used for risk prediction in patients with type 2 diabetes?. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:795-797.
50. Hendrickx H., McEwen B.S., van der Ouderaa F. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, mood and cognition in aging: Lifestyle and dietary intervention. Neurobiology of Aging 2005, 26S:S1-S5.
51. Holzer R., Verghese J., Xue X., Lipton R.B. Cognitive processes related to gait velocity: Results from the Einstein aging study. Neuropsychology 2006, 20:215-223.
52. Horak F.B., Hlavacka F. Somatosensory loss increases vestibulospinal sensitivity. Journal of Neurophysiology 2001, 86:575-585.
53. Hultsch D.F., Hammer M., Small B.J. Age differences in cognitive performance in later life: Relationships to self-reported health and activity life style. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 1993, 48:P1-P11.
54. Hultsch D.F., Hertzog C., Dixon R.A., Small B.J. Memory change in the aged 1998, Cambridge University Press, New York.
55. Hultsch D.F., Hertzog C., Small B.J., Dixon R.A. Use it or lose it: Engaged lifestyle as a buffer of cognitive decline in aging?. Psychology and Aging 1999, 14:245-263.
56. Ingram M., Gallegos G., Elenes J. Diabetes is a community issue: The critical elements of a successful outreach and education model on the U.S.-Mexico border. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy 2005, January, 2. Article 15. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/jan/toc.htm.
57. Jonas B.S., Lando J.F. Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000, 62:188-196.
58. Jylhä M., Volpato S., Guralnik J.M. Self-rated health showed a graded association with frequently used biomarkers in a large population sample. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006, 59:465-471.
59. Kanaya A.M., Barrett-Connor E., Gildengorin G., Yaffe K. Change in cognitive function by glucose tolerance status in older adults: A 4-year prospective study on the Rancho Bernardo study cohort. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004, 164:1327-1333.
60. Kenny D.A. Mediation 2008, September 18, Retrieved from http://davidakenny.net/cm/mediate.htm.
61. Kodl C.T., Seaquist E.R. Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Endocrine Reviews 2008, 29:494-511.
62. Kressin N.R., Spiro A., Skinner K.M. Negative affectivity and health-related quality of life. Medical Care 2000, 38:858-867.
63. Kumari M., Brunner E., Fuhrer R. Mechanisms by which the metabolic syndrome and diabetes impair memory. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 2000, 55:228-232.
64. Kuo Y.-F., Raji M.A., Peek M.K., Goodwin J.S. Health-related social disengagement in elderly diabetic patients: Association with subsequent disability and survival. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1630-1637.
65. Lekander M., Elofsson S., Neve I.-M., Hansson L.-O., Unden A.-L. Self-rated health is related to levels of circulating cytokines. Psychosomatic Medicine 2004, 66:559-563.
66. Liang J., Bennett J., Whitelaw N., Maeda D. The structure of self-reported physical health among the aged in the United States and Japan. Medical Care 1991, 29:1161-1180.
67. Lövdén M., Schaefer S., Pohlmeyer A.E., Lindenberger U. Walking variability and working-memory load in aging. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 2008, 63B:P121-P128.
68. Lu F.-P., Lin K.-P., Kuo H.-K. Diabetes and the risk of multi-system aging phenotypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e4144. Retrieved from www.plosone.org.
69. Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.-X., Stern Y., Shea S., Mayeux R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 2001, 154:635-641.
70. Ludman E.J., Katon W., Russo J., Von Korff M., Simon G., Ciechanowski P., Young B. Depression and diabetes symptom burden. General Hospital Psychiatry 2004, 26:430-436.
71. Lustman P.J., Clouse R.E. Depression in diabetes: The chicken or the egg?. Psychosomatic Medicine 2007, 69:297-299.
72. MacDonald S.W.S., Dixon R.A., Cohen A.-L., Hazlitt J.E. Biological age and 12-year cognitive change in older adults: Findings from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. Gerontology 2004, 50:64-81.
73. Maitland S.B., Dixon R.A., Hultsch D.F., Hertzog C. Well-being as a moving target: Measurement equivalence of the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 2001, 56B:P69-P77.
74. Manschot S.M., Biessels G.J., de Valk H., Algra A., Rutten G.E.H.M., van der Grond J., Kappelle L.J. Metabolic and vascular determinants of impaired cognitive performance and abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007, 50:2388-2397.
75. Manschot S.M., Brands A.M.A., van der Grond J., Kessels R.P.C., Algra A., Kappelle L.J., Biessels G.J. Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006, 55:1106-1113.
76. Mansueti L., de Frias C.M., Bub D., Dixon R.A. Exploring cognitive effects of self-reported mild stroke in older adults: Selective but robust effects on story memory. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 2008, 15:545-573.
77. McEwen B.S. Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: Allostasis and allostatic load. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental Clinical and Experimental 2006, 55:S20-S23.
78. Messier C. Impact of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes on cognitive aging. Neurobiology of Aging 2005, 26S:S26-S30.
79. Meyer J.M., Nasrallah H.A., McEvoy J.P., Goff D.C., Davis S.M., Chakos M., Lieberman J.A. The clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial: Clinical comparison of subgroups with and without the metabolic syndrome. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 80:9-18.
80. Moor C., Zimprich D., Schmitt M., Kliegel M. Personality, aging self-perceptions, and subjective health: A mediation model. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 2006, 63:241-257.
81. Moskowitz J.T., Epel E.S., Acree M. Positive affect uniquely predicts lower risk of mortality in people with diabetes. Health Psychology 2008, 27:S73-S82.
82. Mulsant B.H., Ganguli M., Seaberg E.C. The relationship between self-rated health and depressive symptoms in an epidemiological sample of community-dwelling older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997, 45:954-958.
83. Naor M., Steingrüber H.J., Westhoff K., Schottenfeld-Naor Y., Gries A.F. Cognitive function in elderly non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients before and after inpatient treatment for metabolic control. Journal of Diabetes Complications 1997, 11:40-46.
84. National diabetes statistics, 2007 fact sheet 2008, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
85. Nelson T.O., Narens L. Norms of 300 general-information questions: Accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1980, 19:338-368.
86. Nilsson, E. (2006). Diabetes and cognitive functioning: The role of age and comorbidity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
87. Nilsson E., Fastbom J., Wahlin Å. Cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of very old non-demented and non-depressed persons: The impact of diabetes. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2002, 35:95-105.
88. Nilsson E., Wahlin Å. Diabetes and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin: Episodic memory and utilisation of cognitive support. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2009, 21:388-405.
89. Okereke O.I., Kang J.H., Cook N.R., Gaziano J.M., Manson J.E., Buring J.E., Grodstein F. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cognitive decline in two large cohorts of community-dwelling older adults. Journal American Geriatrics Society 2008, 56:1028-1036.
90. Padgett D., Mumford E., Hynes M., Carter R. Meta-analysis of the effects of educational and psychosocial interventions on management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1988, 41:1007-1030.
91. Pedhazur E.J. Multiple regression in behavioral research 1982, Holt, Reinehart, & Winston, New York. 2nd ed.
92. Perlmuter L.C., Nathan D.M., Goldfinger S.H., Russo P.A., Yates J., Larkin M. Triglyceride levels affect cognitive function in noninsulin-dependent diabetics. The Journal of Diabetic Complications 1988, 2:210-213.
93. Petrofsky J., Lee S., Bweir S. Gait characteristics in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 93:640-647.
94. Preacher K.J., Leonardelli G.J. Calculation of the Sobel Test 2003, Retrieved from http://www.people.ku.edu/~preacher/sobel/sobel.htm.
95. Radloff L.S. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977, 1:385-401.
96. Regard, M. (1981). Cognitive rigidity and flexibility: A neuropsychological study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria, Victoria BC, Canada.
97. Reynolds S.L., Silverstein M. Observing the onset of disability in older adults. Social Science & Medicine 2003, 57:1875-1889.
98. Roriz-Filho J.S., Roriz S.T.S., Foss M.P., Foss-Freitas M.C., Ferriolli E., Lima N.K.C., Moriguti J.C. Correlation between Alzheimer's disease, pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus evaluated by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Alzheimer's and Dementia 2009, 5:49.
99. Ryan C.M., Geckle M. Why is learning and memory dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes limited to older adults?. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews 2000, 16:308-315.
100. Sargent-Cox K.A., Anstey K.J., Luszcz M.A. Determinants of self-rated health items with different points of reference: Implications for health measurement of older adults. Journal of Aging and Health 2008, 20:739-761.
101. Sommerfield A.J., Deary I.J., Frier B.M. Acute hyperglycemia alters mood state and impairs cognitive performance in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2335-2340.
102. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve: Theory and applications 2007, Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
103. Stewart R., Liolitsa D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabetic Medicine 1999, 16:93-112.
104. Strachan M.W.J., Frier B.M., Deary I.J. Cognitive assessment in diabetes: The need for consensus. Diabetic Medicine 1997, 14:421-422.
105. Svedberg P., Gatz M., Pedersen N.L. Genetic and environmental mediation of the associations between self-rated health and cognitive abilities. Experimental Aging Research 2009, 35:178-201.
106. Taylor C., Keim K.S., Sparrer A., Van Delinder J., Parker S. Social and cultural barriers to diabetes prevention in Oklahoma American Indian women. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy 2004, April, 1. Article 06. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2004/apr/toc.htm.
107. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003, 26(Suppl. 1):S5-S20. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus.
108. Thornton W.L., Deria S., Gelb S., Shapiro R.J., Hill A. Neuropsychological mediators of the links among age, chronic illness, and everyday problem solving. Psychology and Aging 2007, 22:470-481.
109. Tomten S.E., Høstmark A.T. Self-rated health showed a consistent association with serum HDL-cholesterol in the cross-sectional Oslo health study. International Journal of Medical Sciences 2007, 4:278-287.
110. Undén A.-L., Elofsson S., Andréasson A., Hillered E., Eriksson I., Brismar K. Gender differences in self-rated health, quality of life, quality of care, and metabolic control in patients with diabetes. Gender Medicine 2008, 5:162-180.
111. Vakil E., Blachstein H. Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test: Structure analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1993, 49:883-890.
112. van den Berg E., Kloppenborg R.P., Kessels R.P.C., Kappelle L.J., Biessels G.J. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity: A systematic comparison of their impact on cognition. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 2009, 1792:470-481.
113. Van der Does F.E., De Neeling J.N., Snoek F.J., Kostense P.J., Grootenhuis P.A., Bouter L.M., Heine R.J. Symptoms and well-being in relation to glycemic control in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996, 19:204-210.
114. van Iersel M.B., Kessels R.P.C., Bloem B.R., Verbeek A.L.M., Olde Rikkert M.G.M. Special section: Executive functions are associated with gait and balance in community-living elderly people. Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2008, 63:1344-1349.
115. Verghese J., Lipton R.B., Hall C.B., Kuslansky G., Katz M.J., Buschke H. Abnormality of gait as a predictor of non-alzheimer's dementia. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002, 347:1761-1768.
116. Votey S.R., Peters A.L. Diabetes mellitus, type 2-A review 2009, Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/766143-overview.
117. Wahlin Å. Health, disease, and cognitive functioning in old age. New frontiers in cognitive aging 2004, 279-302. Oxford University Press, New York. R.A. Dixon, L. Bäckman, L.-G. Nilsson (Eds.).
118. Wahlin Å., MacDonald S.W.S., de Frias C.M., Nilsson L.-G., Dixon R.A. How do health and biological age influence chronological age and sex differences in cognitive aging: Moderating, mediating, or both?. Psychology and Aging 2006, 21:318-332.
119. Waldstein S.R., Giggey P.P., Thayer J.F., Zonderman A.B. Nonlinear relations of blood pressure to cognitive function. Hypertension 2005, 45:374-379.
120. Watari K., Letamendi A., Elderkin-Thompson V., Haroon E., Miller J., Darwin C., Kumar A. Cognitive function in adults with type 2 diabetes and major depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2006, 21:787-796.
121. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-revised 1991, Psychological Corporation, New York.
122. Whittemore R., Melkus G.D., Grey M. Metabolic control, self-management and psychosocial adjustment in women with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005, 14:195-203.
123. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:1047-1053.
124. Xu W.L., Qiu C.X., Wahlin Å., Winblad B., Fratiglioni L. Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project. Neurology 2004, 63:1181-1186.
125. Yeung S.E., Fischer A.L., Dixon R.A. Exploring effects of Type 2 diabetes on cognitive functioning in older adults. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:1-9.