Can we explain the higher prevalence of autoimmune disease in women?

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 691-694

  Kivity, Shaye ^a   Ehrenfeld, Michael ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

androgens; autoimmune disease; estrogen; prevalence; women; X chromosome

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; CD40 LIGAND; ESTROGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; EDITORIAL; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MICROCHIMERISM; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; WOMEN'S HEALTH; X CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHIMERISM; FEMALE; GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY; HUMANS; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; IMMUNITY, MATERNALLY-ACQUIRED; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREVALENCE; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 77956554851     PISSN: 1744666X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.60     Document Type: Editorial

References (48)

1. Gleicher N, Barad DH. Gender as risk factor for autoimmune diseases. J. Autoimmun. 28(1), 1\6 (2007).
2. Whitacre CC. Sex differences in autoimmune disease. Nat. Immunol. 2(9), 777\780 (2001).
3. Alvarez F. Autoimmune hepatitis. In: Liver Disease in Children (2nd Edition). Suchy F, Sokol R, Baliestreri W (Eds). Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA (2001).
4. Beland K, Lapierre P, Alvarez F. Infuence of genes, sex, age and environment on the onset of autoimmune hepatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 15(9), 1025\1034 (2009).
5. Amadori A, Zamarchi R, De Silvestro G et al. Genetic control of the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio in humans. Nat. Med. 1(12), 1279-1283 (1995).
6. Cutolo M, Capellino S, Sulli A et al. Estrogens and autoimmune diseases. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1089, 538-547 (2006).
7. Lleo A, Battezzati PM, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Podda M. Is autoimmunity a matter of sex? Autoimmun. Rev. 7(8), 626-630 (2008).
8. Grimaldi CM, Jeganathan V, Diamond B. Hormonal regulation of B cell development: 17 b-estradiol impairs negative selection of high-affnity DNA-reactive B cells at more than one developmental checkpoint. J. Immunol. 176(5), 2703-2710 (2006).
9. Gilmore W, Weiner LP, Correale J. Effect of estradiol on cytokine secretion by proteolipid protein-specifc T cell clones isolated from multiple sclerosis patients and normal control subjects. J. Immunol. 158(1), 446-451 (1997).
10. Prabhala RH, Wira CR. Sex hormone and IL-6 regulation of antigen presentation in the female reproductive tract mucosal tissues. J. Immunol. 155(12), 5566-5573 (1995).
11. + T cells under the infuence of ovarian steroid hormones. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 128(1), 10-20 (2002).
12. Jansson L, Holmdahl R. Estrogen-mediated immunosuppression in autoimmune diseases. Infamm. Res. 47(7), 290-301 (1998).
13. Gubbels Bupp MR, Jorgensen TN, Kotzin BL. Identifcation of candidate genes that infuence sex hormone-dependent disease phenotypes in mouse lupus. Genes Immun. 9(1), 47-56 (2008).
14. Lahita RG. The role of sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 11(5), 352-356 (1999).
15. McMurray RW, Ndebele K, Hardy KJ, Jenkins JK. 17-b-estradiol suppresses IL-2 and IL-2 receptor. Cytokine 14(6), 324-333 (2001).
16. Polanczyk M, Zamora A, Subramanian S et al. The protective effect of 17b-estradiol on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated through estrogen receptor-a. Am. J. Pathol. 163(4), 1599-1605 (2003).
17. Selmi C. The X in sex: how autoimmune diseases revolve around sex chromosomes. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 22(5), 913-922 (2008).
18. Holroyd CR, Edwards CJ. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Climacteric 12(5), 378-386 (2009).
19. Guballa N, Sammaritano L, Schwartzman S, Buyon J, Lockshin MD. Ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis 43(3), 550-556 (2000).
20. Petri M, Kim MY, Kalunian KC et al. Combined oral contraceptives in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl. J. Med. 353(24), 2550-2558 (2005).
21. Reichlin M. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy J. Reprod. Med. 43(4), 355-360 (1998).
22. Confavreux C, Hutchinson M, Hours MM, Cortinovis-Tourniaire P, Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 339(5), 285-291 (1998).
23. Palaszynski KM, Liu H, Loo KK, Voskuhl RR. Estriol treatment ameliorates disease in males with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications for multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 149(1-2), 84-89 (2004).
24. Rubtsov AV, Rubtsova K, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Genetic and hormonal factors in female-biased autoimmunity Autoimmun. Rev. 9(7), 494-498 (2010).
25. Jarvinen P, Aho K. Twin studies in rheumatic diseases. Semin. Arthritis 24(1), 19-28 (1994).
26. Smerdel-Ramoya A, Finholt C, Lilleby V et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the extended major histocompatibility complex-evidence for several predisposing loci. Rheumatology 44(11), 1368-1373 (2005).
27. Barnetche T, Constantin A, Cantagrel A, Cambon-Thomsen A, Gourraud PA. New classifcation of HLA-DRB1 alleles in rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility: a combined analysis of worldwide samples. Arthritis Res. Ther. 10(1), R26 (2008).
28. Brown MA. Genetics of ankylosing spondylitis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 22(2), 126-132 (2010).
29. Wildin RS, Freitas A. IPEX and FOXP3: clinical and research perspectives. J. Autoimmun. 25(Suppl.), 56-62 (2005).
30. Leonard WJ. Cytokines and immunodefciency diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1(3), 200-208 (2001).
31. O'Shea JJ, Holland S, Candotti F. Primary immunodefciencies and the rheumatologist. Curr. Opin Rheumatol. 15(4), 413-416 (2003).
32. Ochs HD, Gambineri E, Torgerson TR. IPEX, FOXP3 and regulatory T-cells: a model for autoimmunity. Immunol. Res. 38(1-3), 112-121 (2007).
33. + cells leads to induction of autoimmunity by specifc ablation of regulatory T cells in genetically targeted mice. J. Immunol. 183(12), 7631-7634 (2009).
34. Gulino AV, Notarangelo LD. Hyper IgM syndromes. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 15(4), 422-429 (2003).
35. Schurman SH, Candotti F. Autoimmunity in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Curr. Opin Rheumatol. 15(4), 446-453 (2003).
36. Puel A, Picard C, Ku CL, Smahi A, Casanova JL. Inherited disorders of NF-KB-mediated immunity in man. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16(1), 34-41 (2004).
37. Cunningham-Rundles C, Ponda PP. Molecular defects in T-and B-cell primary immunodefciency diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5(11), 880-892 (2005).
38. Larizza D, Calcaterra V, Martinetti M. Autoimmune stigmata in Turner syndrome: when lacks an X chromosome. J. Autoimmun. 33(1), 25-30 (2009).
39. Mortensen KH, Cleemann L, Hjerrild BE et al. Increased prevalence of autoimmunity in Turner syndrome-infuence of age. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 156(2), 205-210 (2009).
40. Invernizzi P, Miozzo M, Battezzati PM et al. Frequency of monosomy X in women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 363(9408), 533-535 (2004).
41. Invernizzi P, Miozzo M, Selmi C et al X chromosome monosomy: a common mechanism for autoimmune diseases. J. Immunol. 175(1), 575-578 (2005).
42. Brooks WH. X chromosome inactivation and autoimmunity. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 39(1), 20-29 (2009).
43. Ozbalkan Z, Bagislar S, Kiraz S et al Skewed X chromosome inactivation in blood cells of women with scleroderma. Arthritis 52(5), 1564-1570 (2005).
44. Brix TH, Knudsen GP, Kristiansen M, Kyvik KO, Orstavik KH, Hegedus L. High frequency of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in females with autoimmune thyroid disease: a possible explanation for the female predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(11), 5949-5953 (2005).
45. Chitnis S, Monteiro J, Glass D et al The role of X-chromosome inactivation in female predisposition to autoimmunity Arthritis Res. 2(5), 399-406 (2000).
46. Nelson JL, Furst DE, Maloney S et al Microchimerism and HLA-compatible relationships of pregnancy in scleroderma. Lancet 351(9102), 559-562 (1998).
47. Murata H, Nakauchi H, Sumida T Microchimerism in Japanese women patients with systemic sclerosis. Lancet 354(9174), 220 (1999).
48. Reed AM, McNallan K, Wettstein P, Vehe R, Ober C. Does HLA-dependent chimerism underlie the pathogenesis of juvenile dermatomyositis? J. Immunol. 172(8), 5041-5046 (2004).