메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 136, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 740-767

The efficacy of violence prediction: A meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools

Author keywords

Meta analysis; Multilevel models; Risk assessment; Violent outcome

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; REPRODUCIBILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; STANDARD; VIOLENCE;

EID: 77956536832     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0020473     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (539)

References (143)
  • 1
    • 85041145235 scopus 로고
    • UCL Press, London
    • Adams J. Risk 1995, UCL Press, London.
    • (1995) Risk
    • Adams, J.1
  • 4
    • 0003085115 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of criminal conduct and effective treatment
    • Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom, J. McGuire (Ed.)
    • Andrews D.A. The psychology of criminal conduct and effective treatment. What works: Reducing reoffending, guidelines from research and practice 1995, 3-34. Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom. J. McGuire (Ed.).
    • (1995) What works: Reducing reoffending, guidelines from research and practice , pp. 3-34
    • Andrews, D.A.1
  • 10
    • 84973839490 scopus 로고
    • Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology
    • Andrews D.A., Bonta J., Hoge R.D. Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior 1990, 17:19-52.
    • (1990) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 19-52
    • Andrews, D.A.1    Bonta, J.2    Hoge, R.D.3
  • 11
    • 30344448597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment
    • doi: 10.1177/0011128705281756
    • Andrews D.A., Bonta J., Wormith J.S. The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime and Delinquency 2006, 52:7-22. doi: 10.1177/0011128705281756.
    • (2006) Crime and Delinquency , vol.52 , pp. 7-22
    • Andrews, D.A.1    Bonta, J.2    Wormith, J.S.3
  • 12
    • 77956517057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Level of Service (LS) assessment of adults and older adolescents
    • Springer, Routledge, NY, R.K. Otto, K.S. Douglas (Eds.)
    • Andrews D.A., Bonta J., Wormith J.S. The Level of Service (LS) assessment of adults and older adolescents. Handbook of violence risk assessment 2009, 199-225. Springer, Routledge, NY. R.K. Otto, K.S. Douglas (Eds.).
    • (2009) Handbook of violence risk assessment , pp. 199-225
    • Andrews, D.A.1    Bonta, J.2    Wormith, J.S.3
  • 13
    • 84984364515 scopus 로고
    • Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01330.x
    • Andrews D.A., Zinger I., Hoge R.D., Bonta J., Gendreau P., Cullen F.T. Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis. Criminology 1990, 28:369-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01330.x.
    • (1990) Criminology , vol.28 , pp. 369-404
    • Andrews, D.A.1    Zinger, I.2    Hoge, R.D.3    Bonta, J.4    Gendreau, P.5    Cullen, F.T.6
  • 14
    • 0034507282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future for risk research
    • doi: 10.1080/09585180010002696
    • Arboleda-Florez J., Stuart H. The future for risk research. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 2000, 11:506-509. doi: 10.1080/09585180010002696.
    • (2000) Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , vol.11 , pp. 506-509
    • Arboleda-Florez, J.1    Stuart, H.2
  • 15
    • 0034081508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of violence using the HCR-20: A prospective study in two maximum-security correctional institutions
    • doi: 10.1080/095851800362445
    • Belfrage H., Fransson G., Strand S. Prediction of violence using the HCR-20: A prospective study in two maximum-security correctional institutions. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 2000, 11:167-175. doi: 10.1080/095851800362445.
    • (2000) Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , vol.11 , pp. 167-175
    • Belfrage, H.1    Fransson, G.2    Strand, S.3
  • 17
    • 21844500104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prediction of recidivism among federally sentenced offenders: A re-validation of the SIR scale
    • Retrieved from
    • Bonta J., Harman W.G., Hann R.G., Cormier R.B. The prediction of recidivism among federally sentenced offenders: A re-validation of the SIR scale. Canadian Journal of Criminology 1996, 38:61-79. Retrieved from http://www.ccja-acjp.ca/en/cjc.html.
    • (1996) Canadian Journal of Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 61-79
    • Bonta, J.1    Harman, W.G.2    Hann, R.G.3    Cormier, R.B.4
  • 18
    • 0030238715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the clinical practice of violence risk assessment: Technology, guidelines, and training
    • doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.945; PMID:8819363
    • Borum R. Improving the clinical practice of violence risk assessment: Technology, guidelines, and training. American Psychologist 1996, 51:945-956. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.945; PMID:8819363.
    • (1996) American Psychologist , vol.51 , pp. 945-956
    • Borum, R.1
  • 19
    • 85047685809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of violence by psychiatric patients: Beyond the "actuarial versus clinical" assessment debate
    • doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.2.184
    • Buchanan A. Risk of violence by psychiatric patients: Beyond the "actuarial versus clinical" assessment debate. Psychiatric Services 2008, 59:184-190. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.59.2.184.
    • (2008) Psychiatric Services , vol.59 , pp. 184-190
    • Buchanan, A.1
  • 20
    • 65749120522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prediction of violence in adult offenders: A meta-analytic comparison of instruments and methods of assessment
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854809333610
    • Campbell M., French S., Gendreau P. The prediction of violence in adult offenders: A meta-analytic comparison of instruments and methods of assessment. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2009, 36:567-590. doi: 10.1177/0093854809333610.
    • (2009) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.36 , pp. 567-590
    • Campbell, M.1    French, S.2    Gendreau, P.3
  • 25
    • 0027673240 scopus 로고
    • The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program
    • doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.10.1013; PMID:8256874
    • Coie J.D., Watt N.F., West S.G., Hawkins J.D., Asarnow J.R., Markman H.J., Ramey S.L., Shure M.B., Long B. The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. American Psychologist 1993, 48:1013-1022. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.10.1013; PMID:8256874.
    • (1993) American Psychologist , vol.48 , pp. 1013-1022
    • Coie, J.D.1    Watt, N.F.2    West, S.G.3    Hawkins, J.D.4    Asarnow, J.R.5    Markman, H.J.6    Ramey, S.L.7    Shure, M.B.8    Long, B.9
  • 26
    • 0034976504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refining the concept of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model
    • doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.171;PMID:11433793
    • Cooke D.J., Michie C. Refining the concept of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment 2001, 13:171-188. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.171;PMID:11433793.
    • (2001) Psychological Assessment , vol.13 , pp. 171-188
    • Cooke, D.J.1    Michie, C.2
  • 28
    • 0040579291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Offender Group Reconviction Scale: The statistical reconviction score for use by probation officers
    • doi: 10.1111/1467-9876.00104
    • Copas J., Marshall P. The Offender Group Reconviction Scale: The statistical reconviction score for use by probation officers. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 1998, 47(C):159-171. doi: 10.1111/1467-9876.00104.
    • (1998) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , vol.47 , Issue.C , pp. 159-171
    • Copas, J.1    Marshall, P.2
  • 29
    • 33645500263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-validation of the Risk Matrix 2000 Sexual and Violent scales
    • doi: 10.1177/0886260506286876; PMID:16574636
    • Craig L.A., Beech A., Browne K.D. Cross-validation of the Risk Matrix 2000 Sexual and Violent scales. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2006, 21:612-633. doi: 10.1177/0886260506286876; PMID:16574636.
    • (2006) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.21 , pp. 612-633
    • Craig, L.A.1    Beech, A.2    Browne, K.D.3
  • 30
    • 2442533853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does treatment really make psychopaths worse? A review of the evidence
    • D'Silva K., Duggan C., McCarthy L. Does treatment really make psychopaths worse? A review of the evidence. Journal of Personality Disorders 2004, 18:163-177.
    • (2004) Journal of Personality Disorders , vol.18 , pp. 163-177
    • D'Silva, K.1    Duggan, C.2    McCarthy, L.3
  • 31
    • 33748206345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strengths and limitations of actuarial prediction of criminal reoffence in a German prison sample: A comparative study of LSI-R, HCR-20 and PCL-R
    • doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2006.03.001; PMID:16780950
    • Dahle K.P. Strengths and limitations of actuarial prediction of criminal reoffence in a German prison sample: A comparative study of LSI-R, HCR-20 and PCL-R. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2006, 29:431-442. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2006.03.001; PMID:16780950.
    • (2006) International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , vol.29 , pp. 431-442
    • Dahle, K.P.1
  • 32
    • 0024981793 scopus 로고
    • Clinical versus actuarial judgment
    • doi: 10.1126/science.2648573; PMidID:2648573
    • Dawes R., Faust D., Meehl P. Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science 1989, 243:1668-1674. doi: 10.1126/science.2648573; PMidID:2648573.
    • (1989) Science , vol.243 , pp. 1668-1674
    • Dawes, R.1    Faust, D.2    Meehl, P.3
  • 33
    • 85016326615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type of discharge and risk of recidivism measured by the HCR-20: A retrospective study in a Dutch sample of treated forensic psychiatric patients
    • Retrieved from
    • de Vogel V., de Ruiter C., de Hildebrand M., Bos B., van de Ven P. Type of discharge and risk of recidivism measured by the HCR-20: A retrospective study in a Dutch sample of treated forensic psychiatric patients. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 2004, 3:149-165. Retrieved from http://www.iafmhs.org.
    • (2004) International Journal of Forensic Mental Health , vol.3 , pp. 149-165
    • de Vogel, V.1    de Ruiter, C.2    de Hildebrand, M.3    Bos, B.4    van de Ven, P.5
  • 34
    • 77956502282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (2006, June). Dynamic risk assessment: A pilot study comparing the VRS to the HCR-20. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
    • De Vries Robbe, M., Weenink, A., & de Vogel, V. (2006, June). Dynamic risk assessment: A pilot study comparing the VRS to the HCR-20. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
    • De Vries Robbe, M.1    Weenink, A.2    de Vogel, V.3
  • 36
    • 34547672822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of the Violence Risk Scale second edition (VRS-2) in a British forensic inpatient sample
    • doi: 10.1080/14789940701489390: PMCID:1443148
    • Dolan M., Fullam R. The validity of the Violence Risk Scale second edition (VRS-2) in a British forensic inpatient sample. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2007, 18:381-393. doi: 10.1080/14789940701489390: PMCID:1443148.
    • (2007) Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 381-393
    • Dolan, M.1    Fullam, R.2
  • 37
    • 85137521350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) violence risk assessment scheme: Rationale, application, and empirical overview
    • Routledge, New York, R.K. Otto, K.S. Douglas (Eds.)
    • Douglas K.S., Reeves K.A. Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) violence risk assessment scheme: Rationale, application, and empirical overview. Handbook of violence risk assessment 2009, 147-185. Routledge, New York. R.K. Otto, K.S. Douglas (Eds.).
    • (2009) Handbook of violence risk assessment , pp. 147-185
    • Douglas, K.S.1    Reeves, K.A.2
  • 38
    • 27344438604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence risk assessment: Getting specific about being dynamic
    • doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.11.3.347
    • Douglas K., Skeem J. Violence risk assessment: Getting specific about being dynamic. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2005, 11:347-383. doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.11.3.347.
    • (2005) Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , vol.11 , pp. 347-383
    • Douglas, K.1    Skeem, J.2
  • 39
    • 0032743929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing risk for violence among psychiatric patients: The HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening version
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.917; PMID:10596513
    • Douglas K.S., Ogloff J.R.P., Nicholls T.L., Grant I. Assessing risk for violence among psychiatric patients: The HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening version. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999, 67:917-930. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.917; PMID:10596513.
    • (1999) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 917-930
    • Douglas, K.S.1    Ogloff, J.R.P.2    Nicholls, T.L.3    Grant, I.4
  • 40
    • 26444568173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative validity analysis of multiple measures of violence risk in a sample of criminal offenders
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854805278411
    • Douglas K.S., Yeomans M., Boer D.P. Comparative validity analysis of multiple measures of violence risk in a sample of criminal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2005, 32:479-510. doi: 10.1177/0093854805278411.
    • (2005) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.32 , pp. 479-510
    • Douglas, K.S.1    Yeomans, M.2    Boer, D.P.3
  • 41
    • 33845289465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting community violence from patients discharged from mental health services
    • doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.021204; PMID:17139036
    • Doyle M., Dolan M. Predicting community violence from patients discharged from mental health services. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 189:520-526. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.021204; PMID:17139036.
    • (2006) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.189 , pp. 520-526
    • Doyle, M.1    Dolan, M.2
  • 42
    • 0036736210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of North American risk assessment tools in predicting in-patient violent behavior in England
    • doi: 10.1348/135532502760274756
    • Doyle M., Dolan M., McGovern J. The validity of North American risk assessment tools in predicting in-patient violent behavior in England. Legal and Criminological Psychology 2002, 7:141-154. doi: 10.1348/135532502760274756.
    • (2002) Legal and Criminological Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 141-154
    • Doyle, M.1    Dolan, M.2    McGovern, J.3
  • 43
    • 33847295814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: A meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist measures
    • doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9019-y; PMID:17019617
    • Edens J.F., Campbell J.S., Weir J.M. Youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: A meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist measures. Law and Human Behavior 2007, 31:53-75. doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9019-y; PMID:17019617.
    • (2007) Law and Human Behavior , vol.31 , pp. 53-75
    • Edens, J.F.1    Campbell, J.S.2    Weir, J.M.3
  • 44
    • 0033369105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying inmates at risk for disciplinary infractions: A comparison of two measures of psychopathy
    • doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199910/12)17:4<435::AID-BSL356>3.0.CO;2-Z
    • Edens J.F., Poythress N.G., Lilienfeld G.O. Identifying inmates at risk for disciplinary infractions: A comparison of two measures of psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 1999, 17:435-443. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199910/12)17:4<435::AID-BSL356>3.0.CO;2-Z.
    • (1999) Behavioral Sciences and the Law , vol.17 , pp. 435-443
    • Edens, J.F.1    Poythress, N.G.2    Lilienfeld, G.O.3
  • 45
    • 33746542526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incremental validity analyses of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening version in a civil psychiatric sample
    • doi: 10.1177/1073191105284001; PMID:16880286
    • Edens J.F., Skeem J.L., Douglas K.S. Incremental validity analyses of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening version in a civil psychiatric sample. Assessment 2006, 13:368-374. doi: 10.1177/1073191105284001; PMID:16880286.
    • (2006) Assessment , vol.13 , pp. 368-374
    • Edens, J.F.1    Skeem, J.L.2    Douglas, K.S.3
  • 47
    • 0036350794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the PCL-R really the "unparalleled" measure of offender risk? A lesson in knowledge cumulation
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854802029004004
    • Gendreau P., Goggin C., Smith P. Is the PCL-R really the "unparalleled" measure of offender risk? A lesson in knowledge cumulation. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2002, 29:397-426. doi: 10.1177/0093854802029004004.
    • (2002) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.29 , pp. 397-426
    • Gendreau, P.1    Goggin, C.2    Smith, P.3
  • 48
    • 0039613591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01220.x
    • Gendreau P., Little T., Goggin C. A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works. Criminology 1996, 34:557-607. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01220.x.
    • (1996) Criminology , vol.34 , pp. 557-607
    • Gendreau, P.1    Little, T.2    Goggin, C.3
  • 49
    • 0000678123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of predictors of general and violent recidivism among high-risk federal offenders
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854802029003001
    • Glover A.J.J., Nicholson D.E., Hemmati T., Bernfeld G.A., Quinsey V.L. A comparison of predictors of general and violent recidivism among high-risk federal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2002, 29:235-249. doi: 10.1177/0093854802029003001.
    • (2002) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.29 , pp. 235-249
    • Glover, A.J.J.1    Nicholson, D.E.2    Hemmati, T.3    Bernfeld, G.A.4    Quinsey, V.L.5
  • 51
    • 0034355170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis using multilevel models with an application to the study of class size effects
    • doi: 10.1111/1467-9876.00200
    • Goldstein H., Yang M., Tuner R.M., Omar R.Z., Thompson S. Meta-analysis using multilevel models with an application to the study of class size effects. Applied Statistics 2000, 49(3):399-412. doi: 10.1111/1467-9876.00200.
    • (2000) Applied Statistics , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 399-412
    • Goldstein, H.1    Yang, M.2    Tuner, R.M.3    Omar, R.Z.4    Thompson, S.5
  • 52
    • 0001909152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actuarial assessment of risk for violence-Predictive validity of the VRAG and the historical part of the HCR-20
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854800027001006
    • Grann M., Belfrage H., Tengström A. Actuarial assessment of risk for violence-Predictive validity of the VRAG and the historical part of the HCR-20. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2000, 27:97-114. doi: 10.1177/0093854800027001006.
    • (2000) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 97-114
    • Grann, M.1    Belfrage, H.2    Tengström, A.3
  • 53
    • 38549153786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of VRAG, PCL-R, and HCR-20
    • doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.474; PMID:18085940
    • Gray N.S., Fitzgerald S., Taylor J., MacCulloch M.J., Snowden R.J. Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of VRAG, PCL-R, and HCR-20. Psychological Assessment 2007, 19:474-479. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.474; PMID:18085940.
    • (2007) Psychological Assessment , vol.19 , pp. 474-479
    • Gray, N.S.1    Fitzgerald, S.2    Taylor, J.3    MacCulloch, M.J.4    Snowden, R.J.5
  • 54
    • 0037501702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: A prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.443; PMID:12795569
    • Gray N.S., Hill C., McGleish A., Timmons D., MacCulloch M.J., Snowden R.J. Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: A prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003, 71:443-451. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.443; PMID:12795569.
    • (2003) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 443-451
    • Gray, N.S.1    Hill, C.2    McGleish, A.3    Timmons, D.4    MacCulloch, M.J.5    Snowden, R.J.6
  • 55
    • 0023484789 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature
    • PMID: 3678409
    • Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiology Review 1987, 9:1-30. PMID: 3678409.
    • (1987) Epidemiology Review , vol.9 , pp. 1-30
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 56
    • 3042824039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence, mental disorder and risk assessment: Can structured clinical assessments predict the short-term risk of inpatient violence?
    • doi: 10.1080/1478994032000199095
    • Grevatt M., Thomas-Peter B., Hughes G. Violence, mental disorder and risk assessment: Can structured clinical assessments predict the short-term risk of inpatient violence?. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 2004, 15:278-292. doi: 10.1080/1478994032000199095.
    • (2004) Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 278-292
    • Grevatt, M.1    Thomas-Peter, B.2    Hughes, G.3
  • 57
    • 0027646851 scopus 로고
    • Structuring the debate about ethical predictions of future violence
    • doi: 10.1007/BF01044381; PMid:11659733
    • Grisso T., Appelbaum P.S. Structuring the debate about ethical predictions of future violence. Law and Human Behavior 1993, 17:482-485. doi: 10.1007/BF01044381; PMid:11659733.
    • (1993) Law and Human Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 482-485
    • Grisso, T.1    Appelbaum, P.S.2
  • 58
    • 0000333672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy
    • doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.293
    • Grove W.M., Meehl P.E. Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 1996, 2:293-323. doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.2.2.293.
    • (1996) Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , vol.2 , pp. 293-323
    • Grove, W.M.1    Meehl, P.E.2
  • 59
    • 31544481379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does psychopathy predict institutional misconduct among adults? A meta-analytic investigation
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1056; PMid:16392979
    • Guy L.S., Edens J.F., Anthony C., Douglas K.S. Does psychopathy predict institutional misconduct among adults? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Consulting and Psychology 2005, 73:1056-1064. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1056; PMid:16392979.
    • (2005) Journal of Consulting and Psychology , vol.73 , pp. 1056-1064
    • Guy, L.S.1    Edens, J.F.2    Anthony, C.3    Douglas, K.S.4
  • 61
    • 2642673581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.348; PMID:9583338
    • Hanson R.K., Bussière M.T. Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66:348-362. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.348; PMID:9583338.
    • (1998) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 348-362
    • Hanson, R.K.1    Bussière, M.T.2
  • 65
    • 0033965311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving risk assessments for sex offenders: A comparison of three actuarial scales
    • doi: 10.1023/A:1005482921333; PMID:10693322
    • Hanson R.K., Thornton D. Improving risk assessments for sex offenders: A comparison of three actuarial scales. Law and Human Behavior 2000, 24:119-136. doi: 10.1023/A:1005482921333; PMID:10693322.
    • (2000) Law and Human Behavior , vol.24 , pp. 119-136
    • Hanson, R.K.1    Thornton, D.2
  • 69
    • 84973806702 scopus 로고
    • Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854893020004001
    • Harris G.T., Rice M.E., Quinsey V.L. Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument. Criminal Justice and Behavior 1993, 20:315-335. doi: 10.1177/0093854893020004001.
    • (1993) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.20 , pp. 315-335
    • Harris, G.T.1    Rice, M.E.2    Quinsey, V.L.3
  • 71
    • 85137465171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence risk assessment tools: Overview and clinical analysis
    • Routledge, New York, R.K. Otto, K.S. Douglas (Eds.)
    • Heilbrun K., Yasuhara K., Shah S. Violence risk assessment tools: Overview and clinical analysis. Handbook of violence risk assessment 2009, 1-18. Routledge, New York. R.K. Otto, K.S. Douglas (Eds.).
    • (2009) Handbook of violence risk assessment , pp. 1-18
    • Heilbrun, K.1    Yasuhara, K.2    Shah, S.3
  • 72
    • 1642305164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychopathy and sexual deviance in treated rapists: Association with sexual and nonsexual recidivism
    • doi: 10.1177/107906320401600101.97;PMID:15017823
    • Hildebrand M., de Ruiter C., de Vogel V. Psychopathy and sexual deviance in treated rapists: Association with sexual and nonsexual recidivism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 2004, 16:1-24. doi: 10.1177/107906320401600101.97;PMID:15017823.
    • (2004) Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , vol.16 , pp. 1-24
    • Hildebrand, M.1    de Ruiter, C.2    de Vogel, V.3
  • 73
    • 0035324784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting violence by serious wife assaulters
    • doi: 10.1177/088626001016005002
    • Hilton N.Z., Harris G.T., Rice M.E. Predicting violence by serious wife assaulters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2001, 16:408-423. doi: 10.1177/088626001016005002.
    • (2001) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.16 , pp. 408-423
    • Hilton, N.Z.1    Harris, G.T.2    Rice, M.E.3
  • 77
    • 0034559950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixed effects vs. random effects meta-analysis models: Implications for cumulative research knowledge
    • doi: 10.1111/1468-2389.00156
    • Hunter J.E., Schmidt F.L. Fixed effects vs. random effects meta-analysis models: Implications for cumulative research knowledge. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 2000, 8:275-298. doi: 10.1111/1468-2389.00156.
    • (2000) International Journal of Selection and Assessment , vol.8 , pp. 275-298
    • Hunter, J.E.1    Schmidt, F.L.2
  • 80
    • 84993705079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public protection, partnership and risk penalty in the multiagency risk management of sexual and violent offenders
    • doi: 10.1177/14624740122228311
    • Kemshall H., Maguire M. Public protection, partnership and risk penalty in the multiagency risk management of sexual and violent offenders. Punishment & Society 2001, 3:237-264. doi: 10.1177/14624740122228311.
    • (2001) Punishment & Society , vol.3 , pp. 237-264
    • Kemshall, H.1    Maguire, M.2
  • 83
    • 0035242087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the efficacy of self-report in predicting nonviolent and violent criminal recidivism
    • doi: 10.1177/088626001016002005
    • Kroner D.G., Loza W. Evidence for the efficacy of self-report in predicting nonviolent and violent criminal recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2001, 16:168-177. doi: 10.1177/088626001016002005.
    • (2001) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.16 , pp. 168-177
    • Kroner, D.G.1    Loza, W.2
  • 84
    • 23044526522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The accuracy of five risk appraisal instruments in predicting institutional misconduct and new convictions
    • doi: 10.1177/009385480102800405
    • Kroner D.G., Mills J.F. The accuracy of five risk appraisal instruments in predicting institutional misconduct and new convictions. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2001, 28:471-489. doi: 10.1177/009385480102800405.
    • (2001) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.28 , pp. 471-489
    • Kroner, D.G.1    Mills, J.F.2
  • 85
    • 22544456234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A coffee can, factor analysis, and prediction of antisocial behavior: The structure of criminal risk
    • doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.01.011; PMID:15936077
    • Kroner D.G., Mills J.F., Reddon J.R. A coffee can, factor analysis, and prediction of antisocial behavior: The structure of criminal risk. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2005, 28:360-374. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.01.011; PMID:15936077.
    • (2005) International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 360-374
    • Kroner, D.G.1    Mills, J.F.2    Reddon, J.R.3
  • 87
    • 0002416966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective intervention for serious juvenile offenders: A synthesis of research
    • Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, R. Loeber, D.P. Farrington (Eds.)
    • Lipsey M.W., Wilson D.B. Effective intervention for serious juvenile offenders: A synthesis of research. Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions 1998, 313-345. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. R. Loeber, D.P. Farrington (Eds.).
    • (1998) Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions , pp. 313-345
    • Lipsey, M.W.1    Wilson, D.B.2
  • 88
    • 0027646852 scopus 로고
    • On the ethics of dangerousness assessments
    • doi: 10.1007/BF01044380;PMID:11659732
    • Litwack T.R. On the ethics of dangerousness assessments. Law and Human Behavior 1993, 17:479-482. doi: 10.1007/BF01044380;PMID:11659732.
    • (1993) Law and Human Behavior , vol.17 , pp. 479-482
    • Litwack, T.R.1
  • 89
    • 0038542248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire, a self-report measure for predicting recidivism versus clinician-administered measures: A 5-year follow-up study
    • doi: 10.1177/0886260503253240
    • Loza W., Green K. The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire, a self-report measure for predicting recidivism versus clinician-administered measures: A 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2003, 18:781-797. doi: 10.1177/0886260503253240.
    • (2003) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.18 , pp. 781-797
    • Loza, W.1    Green, K.2
  • 90
    • 23044521385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of the self-appraisal questionnaire in predicting offenders' postrelease outcome, a comparison study
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854801028001005
    • Loza W., Loza-Fanous A. The effectiveness of the self-appraisal questionnaire in predicting offenders' postrelease outcome, a comparison study. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2001, 28:105-121. doi: 10.1177/0093854801028001005.
    • (2001) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.28 , pp. 105-121
    • Loza, W.1    Loza-Fanous, A.2
  • 92
    • 0347087569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dangerous and severe personality disorders: A new personality concept from the United Kingdom
    • doi: 10.1521/pedi.17.6.489.25356; PMID:14744075
    • Maden T., Tyrer P. Dangerous and severe personality disorders: A new personality concept from the United Kingdom. Journal of Personality Disorders 2003, 17:489-496. doi: 10.1521/pedi.17.6.489.25356; PMID:14744075.
    • (2003) Journal of Personality Disorders , vol.17 , pp. 489-496
    • Maden, T.1    Tyrer, P.2
  • 93
    • 47149106030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining the role of static and dynamic risk factors in the prediction of inpatient violence: Variable- and person-focused analysis
    • doi: 10.1007/s10979-007-9094-8; PMID:17597388
    • McDermott B.E., Edens J.F., Quanbeck C.D., Busse D., Scott C.L. Examining the role of static and dynamic risk factors in the prediction of inpatient violence: Variable- and person-focused analysis. Law and Human Behavior 2008, 32:325-338. doi: 10.1007/s10979-007-9094-8; PMID:17597388.
    • (2008) Law and Human Behavior , vol.32 , pp. 325-338
    • McDermott, B.E.1    Edens, J.F.2    Quanbeck, C.D.3    Busse, D.4    Scott, C.L.5
  • 94
    • 46249111299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of effective interventions for reducing aggression and violence
    • doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0035;PMID:18467276;PMCID:2606715
    • McGuire J. A review of effective interventions for reducing aggression and violence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2008, 363:2483-2622. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0035;PMID:18467276;PMCID:2606715.
    • (2008) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , vol.363 , pp. 2483-2622
    • McGuire, J.1
  • 95
    • 0001632330 scopus 로고
    • Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores
    • doi: 10.1037/h0048070
    • Meehl P.E., Rosen A. Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological Bulletin 1955, 52:194-216. doi: 10.1037/h0048070.
    • (1955) Psychological Bulletin , vol.52 , pp. 194-216
    • Meehl, P.E.1    Rosen, A.2
  • 96
    • 33750121607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of discordance among violence and general recidivism risk estimates on predictive accuracy
    • doi: 10.1002/cbm.623
    • Mills J.F., Kroner D.G. The effect of discordance among violence and general recidivism risk estimates on predictive accuracy. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 2006, 16:155-166. doi: 10.1002/cbm.623.
    • (2006) Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , vol.16 , pp. 155-166
    • Mills, J.F.1    Kroner, D.G.2
  • 97
    • 33847689936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of violence risk estimates: An issue of item performance
    • Mills J.F., Kroner D.G., Hemmati T. The validity of violence risk estimates: An issue of item performance. Psychological Services 2007, 4:1-12.
    • (2007) Psychological Services , vol.4 , pp. 1-12
    • Mills, J.F.1    Kroner, D.G.2    Hemmati, T.3
  • 101
    • 34347213759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive validity of the PCL-R in offenders with intellectual disability in a high secure hospital setting: Institutional aggression
    • doi: 10.1080/08990220601116345; PMCID:1443148
    • Morrissey C., Hogue T., Mooney C.A., Johnston S., Hollin C., Lindsay W.R., Taylor J.L. Predictive validity of the PCL-R in offenders with intellectual disability in a high secure hospital setting: Institutional aggression. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 2007, 18:1-15. doi: 10.1080/08990220601116345; PMCID:1443148.
    • (2007) Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 1-15
    • Morrissey, C.1    Hogue, T.2    Mooney, C.A.3    Johnston, S.4    Hollin, C.5    Lindsay, W.R.6    Taylor, J.L.7
  • 102
    • 0033625717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forensic mental health
    • doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.307;PMid:10827876
    • Mullen P. Forensic mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 176:307-311. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.307;PMid:10827876.
    • (2000) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.176 , pp. 307-311
    • Mullen, P.1
  • 103
    • 77956508409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FBI Academy, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Critical Incident Response Group FBI Academy. (n.d.). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from
    • FBI Academy, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Critical Incident Response Group FBI Academy. (n.d.). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://www.fbi.gov/publications/school/school2.pdf.
  • 105
    • 1542343996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing risk for violence among male and female civil psychiatric patients: The HCR-20, PCL:SV, and VSC
    • doi: 10.1002/bsl.579
    • Nicholls T.L., Ogloff J.R., Douglas K.S. Assessing risk for violence among male and female civil psychiatric patients: The HCR-20, PCL:SV, and VSC. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2004, 22:127-158. doi: 10.1002/bsl.579.
    • (2004) Behavioral Sciences and the Law , vol.22 , pp. 127-158
    • Nicholls, T.L.1    Ogloff, J.R.2    Douglas, K.S.3
  • 108
    • 33744464766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum
    • PMID:16756576
    • Ogloff J.R.P. Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 40:519-528. PMID:16756576.
    • (2006) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 519-528
    • Ogloff, J.R.P.1
  • 109
    • 33746017398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychopathy, sexual deviance, and recidivism among different types of sex offenders
    • doi: 10.1177/107906320601800105; PMID:16763759
    • Olver M., Wong S.C.P. Psychopathy, sexual deviance, and recidivism among different types of sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 2006, 18:65-82. doi: 10.1177/107906320601800105; PMID:16763759.
    • (2006) Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment , vol.18 , pp. 65-82
    • Olver, M.1    Wong, S.C.P.2
  • 110
    • 64049088619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic responses of psychopathic sexual offenders: Treatment attrition, therapeutic change, and long-term recidivism
    • doi: 10.1037/a0015001; PMid:19309191
    • Olver M., Wong S.C.P. Therapeutic responses of psychopathic sexual offenders: Treatment attrition, therapeutic change, and long-term recidivism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009, 77:328-336. doi: 10.1037/a0015001; PMid:19309191.
    • (2009) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 328-336
    • Olver, M.1    Wong, S.C.P.2
  • 111
    • 34748901135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offender version: Assessing sex offender risk and evaluating therapeutic change
    • doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.318; PMID:17845123
    • Olver M.E., Wong S.C.P., Nicholaichuk T., Gordon A. The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offender version: Assessing sex offender risk and evaluating therapeutic change. Psychological Assessment 2007, 19:318-329. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.318; PMID:17845123.
    • (2007) Psychological Assessment , vol.19 , pp. 318-329
    • Olver, M.E.1    Wong, S.C.P.2    Nicholaichuk, T.3    Gordon, A.4
  • 112
    • 0024991236 scopus 로고
    • Avoiding negligent release: Contemporary clinical and risk management strategies
    • Retrieved from
    • Poythress N.G. Avoiding negligent release: Contemporary clinical and risk management strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992, 147:994-997. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/.
    • (1992) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.147 , pp. 994-997
    • Poythress, N.G.1
  • 113
  • 116
    • 33644836485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing effect sizes in follow-up studies: ROC area, Cohen's d, and r
    • doi: 10.1007/s10979-005-6832-7;PMID:16254746
    • Rice M.E., Harris G.T. Comparing effect sizes in follow-up studies: ROC area, Cohen's d, and r. Law and Human Behavior 2005, 29:615-620. doi: 10.1007/s10979-005-6832-7;PMID:16254746.
    • (2005) Law and Human Behavior , vol.29 , pp. 615-620
    • Rice, M.E.1    Harris, G.T.2
  • 117
    • 0031890817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of households on drinking behaviour: A multilevel analysis
    • doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10017-X
    • Rice N., Carr-Hill R., Dixon P., Sutton M. The influence of households on drinking behaviour: A multilevel analysis. Social Science and Medicine 1998, 46:971-979. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10017-X.
    • (1998) Social Science and Medicine , vol.46 , pp. 971-979
    • Rice, N.1    Carr-Hill, R.2    Dixon, P.3    Sutton, M.4
  • 118
    • 0000913576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review and meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00071.x
    • Salekin R.T., Rogers R., Sewell K.W. A review and meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 1996, 3:203-215. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00071.x.
    • (1996) Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , vol.3 , pp. 203-215
    • Salekin, R.T.1    Rogers, R.2    Sewell, K.W.3
  • 119
    • 0030879479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy
    • doi: 10.1126/science.277.5328.918; PMID:9252316
    • Sampson R., Raudenbush S., Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 1997, 277(5328):918-924. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5328.918; PMID:9252316.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , Issue.5328 , pp. 918-924
    • Sampson, R.1    Raudenbush, S.2    Earls, F.3
  • 120
    • 34548550435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment for juvenile justice: A meta-analysis
    • doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9071-7;PMID:17211688
    • Schwalbe C. Risk assessment for juvenile justice: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior 2007, 31:449-462. doi: 10.1007/s10979-006-9071-7;PMID:17211688.
    • (2007) Law and Human Behavior , vol.31 , pp. 449-462
    • Schwalbe, C.1
  • 121
    • 0034913213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychopathy and community violence among civil psychiatric patients: Results from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.358; PMID:11495166
    • Skeem J.L., Mulvey E.P. Psychopathy and community violence among civil psychiatric patients: Results from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001, 69:358-374. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.358; PMID:11495166.
    • (2001) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 358-374
    • Skeem, J.L.1    Mulvey, E.P.2
  • 122
    • 35348930009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actuarial prediction of violent recidivism in mentally disordered offenders
    • doi: 10.1017/S0033291707000876;PMID:17537287
    • Snowden R.J., Gray N.S., Taylor J., MacCulloch M.J. Actuarial prediction of violent recidivism in mentally disordered offenders. Psychological Medicine 2007, 37:1539-1549. doi: 10.1017/S0033291707000876;PMID:17537287.
    • (2007) Psychological Medicine , vol.37 , pp. 1539-1549
    • Snowden, R.J.1    Gray, N.S.2    Taylor, J.3    MacCulloch, M.J.4
  • 123
    • 23944470412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment and prediction of violent and sexual recidivism in sex offenders: Long-term predictive validity of four risk assessment instruments
    • doi: 10.1080/1478994042000270247;PMCID:1443148
    • Stadtland C., Hollweg M., Kleindienst N., Dietl J., Reich R., Nedopil N. Risk assessment and prediction of violent and sexual recidivism in sex offenders: Long-term predictive validity of four risk assessment instruments. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 2005, 16:92-108. doi: 10.1080/1478994042000270247;PMCID:1443148.
    • (2005) Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 92-108
    • Stadtland, C.1    Hollweg, M.2    Kleindienst, N.3    Dietl, J.4    Reich, R.5    Nedopil, N.6
  • 124
    • 0033952308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A classification tree approach to the development of actuarial violence risk assessment tools
    • doi: 10.1023/A:1005478820425;PMID:10693320
    • Steadman H.J., Silver E., Monahan J., Appelbaum P.S., Robbins P.C., Mulvey E.P., Banks S. A classification tree approach to the development of actuarial violence risk assessment tools. Law and Human Behavior 2000, 24:83-100. doi: 10.1023/A:1005478820425;PMID:10693320.
    • (2000) Law and Human Behavior , vol.24 , pp. 83-100
    • Steadman, H.J.1    Silver, E.2    Monahan, J.3    Appelbaum, P.S.4    Robbins, P.C.5    Mulvey, E.P.6    Banks, S.7
  • 125
    • 0034874370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term predictive validity of historical factors in two risk assessment instruments in a group of violent offenders with schizophrenia
    • doi: 10.1080/080394801681019093
    • Tengström A. Long-term predictive validity of historical factors in two risk assessment instruments in a group of violent offenders with schizophrenia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 55:243-249. doi: 10.1080/080394801681019093.
    • (2001) Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 243-249
    • Tengström, A.1
  • 126
    • 67349157084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Thornton D. Scoring guide for Risk Matrix 2000.9/SVC 2007, Retrieved from http://www.cfcp.bham.ac.uk/Extras/SCORING%20GUIDE%20FOR%20RISK%20MATRIX%202000.9-%20SVC%20-%20(ver.%20Feb%202007).pdf.
    • (2007) Scoring guide for Risk Matrix 2000.9/SVC
    • Thornton, D.1
  • 127
    • 0034736559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random effects meta-analysis with binary outcomes using multilevel models
    • Retrieved from
    • Tuner R.M., Omar R.Z., Yang M., Goldstein H., Thompson S.G. Random effects meta-analysis with binary outcomes using multilevel models. Statistics in Medicine 2000, 19:3417-3432. Retrieved from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/2988/home.
    • (2000) Statistics in Medicine , vol.19 , pp. 3417-3432
    • Tuner, R.M.1    Omar, R.Z.2    Yang, M.3    Goldstein, H.4    Thompson, S.G.5
  • 128
    • 0026695024 scopus 로고
    • Multi-level analysis in epidemiological research on health behaviors and outcomes
    • PMID: 1632420
    • Von Korff M., Koepsell T., Curry S., Diehr P. Multi-level analysis in epidemiological research on health behaviors and outcomes. American Journal of Epidemiology 1992, 135:1077-1082. PMID: 1632420.
    • (1992) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.135 , pp. 1077-1082
    • Von Korff, M.1    Koepsell, T.2    Curry, S.3    Diehr, P.4
  • 129
    • 0037281635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting criminal justice outcomes with the Psychopathy Checklist and Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form: A meta-analytic comparison
    • doi: 10.1002/bsl.519
    • Walters G.D. Predicting criminal justice outcomes with the Psychopathy Checklist and Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form: A meta-analytic comparison. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2003, 21:89-102. doi: 10.1002/bsl.519.
    • (2003) Behavioral Sciences and the Law , vol.21 , pp. 89-102
    • Walters, G.D.1
  • 130
    • 0142120205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the Psychopathy Checklist factors scores: A meta-analysis
    • doi: 10.1023/A:1025490207678PMid:14593797
    • Walters G.D. Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the Psychopathy Checklist factors scores: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior 2003, 27:541-558. doi: 10.1023/A:1025490207678PMid:14593797.
    • (2003) Law and Human Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 541-558
    • Walters, G.D.1
  • 131
    • 33646401104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk-appraisal versus self-report in the prediction of criminal justice outcomes: A meta-analysis
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854805284409
    • Walters G.D. Risk-appraisal versus self-report in the prediction of criminal justice outcomes: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2006, 33:279-304. doi: 10.1177/0093854805284409.
    • (2006) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.33 , pp. 279-304
    • Walters, G.D.1
  • 132
    • 84973746902 scopus 로고
    • The Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form: Preliminary data
    • doi: 10.1177/0093854891018004003
    • Walters G.D., White T.W., Denney D. The Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form: Preliminary data. Criminal Justice and Behavior 1991, 18:406-418. doi: 10.1177/0093854891018004003.
    • (1991) Criminal Justice and Behavior , vol.18 , pp. 406-418
    • Walters, G.D.1    White, T.W.2    Denney, D.3
  • 133
    • 20544473028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the risk factors for violence and criminality in women: The concurrent validity of the PCL-R and HCR-20
    • doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2003.09.012; PMID:15923037
    • Warren J.I., South S.C., Burnette M.L., Rogers A., Friend R., Bale R., Van Patten I. Understanding the risk factors for violence and criminality in women: The concurrent validity of the PCL-R and HCR-20. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2005, 28:269-289. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2003.09.012; PMID:15923037.
    • (2005) International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 269-289
    • Warren, J.I.1    South, S.C.2    Burnette, M.L.3    Rogers, A.4    Friend, R.5    Bale, R.6    Van Patten, I.7
  • 136
    • 0037586937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from the authors, Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A5
    • Wong S.C.P., Gordon A. Violence Risk Scale 2003, Available from the authors, Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A5.
    • (2003) Violence Risk Scale
    • Wong, S.C.P.1    Gordon, A.2
  • 137
    • 33749358515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale: A treatment-friendly violence risk assessment tool
    • doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.12.3.279
    • Wong S.C.P., Gordon A. The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale: A treatment-friendly violence risk assessment tool. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2006, 12:279-309. doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.12.3.279.
    • (2006) Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , vol.12 , pp. 279-309
    • Wong, S.C.P.1    Gordon, A.2
  • 138
    • 34248154864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assessment and treatment of violence-prone forensic clients: An integrated approach
    • doi: 10.1192/bjp.190.5.s66;PMid:17470945
    • Wong S.C.P., Gordon A., Gu D. The assessment and treatment of violence-prone forensic clients: An integrated approach. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 190:566-574. doi: 10.1192/bjp.190.5.s66;PMid:17470945.
    • (2007) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.190 , pp. 566-574
    • Wong, S.C.P.1    Gordon, A.2    Gu, D.3
  • 141
    • 38349165036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long-term prediction of offender recidivism using diagnostic, personality, and risk/need approaches to offender assessment
    • doi: 10.1037/1541-1559.4.4.287
    • Wormith S., Olver M., Stevenson H., Girard L. The long-term prediction of offender recidivism using diagnostic, personality, and risk/need approaches to offender assessment. Psychological Services 2007, 4:287-305. doi: 10.1037/1541-1559.4.4.287.
    • (2007) Psychological Services , vol.4 , pp. 287-305
    • Wormith, S.1    Olver, M.2    Stevenson, H.3    Girard, L.4
  • 142
    • 0034360711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilevel models for repeated binary outcomes: Attitudes and vote over the electoral cycle
    • Yang M., Heath A., Goldstein H. Multilevel models for repeated binary outcomes: Attitudes and vote over the electoral cycle. Journal of Royal Statistical Society 2000, 163A(1):49-62. http://www.rss.org.uk/main.asp?page=1711.
    • (2000) Journal of Royal Statistical Society , vol.163 A , Issue.1 , pp. 49-62
    • Yang, M.1    Heath, A.2    Goldstein, H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.