Dietary milled flaxseed and flaxseed oil improve n-3 fatty acid status and do not affect glycemic control in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 72-80

  Taylor, Carla G ^a   Noto, Amy D ^a   Stringer, Danielle M ^a   Froese, Sylvia ^a   Malcolmson, Linda ^a,b  

^a Department of Human Nutritional Sciences ^*  (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Flaxseed oil; Glucose; Human; Insulin; Milled flaxseed; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; linolenic acid

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; DOCOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACID; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; INSULIN; LEPTIN; LINOLENIC ACID; LINSEED OIL; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PHOSPHOLIPID;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CALCULATION; CALORIC INTAKE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LINSEED; LIPID COMPOSITION; MALE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHOSPHOLIPID BLOOD LEVEL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SEX RATIO; THERAPY EFFECT; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT GAIN;

ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY WEIGHT; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIETARY FATS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FEMALE; FLAX; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMANS; LINSEED OIL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT PREPARATIONS; SEEDS;

LINUM USITATISSIMUM;

EID: 77956463431     PISSN: 07315724     EISSN: 15411087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2010.10719819     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Bozan B, Temelli F: Chemical composition and oxidative stability of flax, safflower and poppy seed and seed oils. Biorcsour Technol 99:6354-6359, 2008.
2. Kabir M, Catalano KJ, Ananthnarayan S, Kim SP, Van Citters GW, Dea MK, Bergman RN: Molecular evidence supporting the portal theory: a causative link between visceral adiposity and hepatic insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288:E454-E461, 2005.
3. Rasic-Milutinovic Z, Perunicic G, Pljesa S, Gluvic Z, Sobajic S, Djuric I, Ristic D: Effects of N-3 PUFAs supplementation on insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 29:321-329, 2007.
4. Mostad IL, Bjerve KS, Bjorgaas MR, Lydersen S, Grill V: Effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes: reduction of insulin sensitivity and time-dependent alteration from carbohydrate to fat oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 84:540-550, 2006.
5. Vessby B, Unsitupa M, Hermansen K, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Tapsell LC, Nâlsén C, Berglund L, Louheranta A, Rasmussen BM, Calvert GD, Maffetone A, Pedersen E, Gustafsson IB, Storlien LH; KANWU Study: Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 44:312-319, 2001.
6. Pawlosky RJ, Hibbeln JR, Novotny JA, Salem N Jr: Physiological compartmental analysis of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in adult humans. J Lipid Res 42:1257-1265, 2001.
7. Plourde M, Cunnane SC: Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implicatioas for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32:619-634, 2007.
8. Burdge GC, Calder PC: Conversion of oc-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev 45:581-597, 2005.
9. Burdge GC: Metabolism of oc-linolenic acid in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 75:161-168, 2006.
10. Burdge GC, Jones AE, Wootton SA: Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of oc-linolenic acid metabolism in young men. Br J Nutr 88:355-363, 2002.
11. Burdge GC, Wootton SA: Conversion of oc-linolenic to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. Br J Nutr 88:411-420, 2002.
12. Mustad VA, Demichele S, Huang YS, Mika A, Lubbers N, Berthiaume N, Polakowski J, Zinker B: Differential effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on metabolic control and vascular reactivity in the type 2 diabetic ob/ob mouse. Metabolism 55:1365-1374, 2006.
13. Prasad K: Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside from flaxseed delays the development of type 2 diabetes in Zucker rat. J Lab Clin Med 138:32-39, 2001.
14. Zhang W, Wang X, Liu Y, Tian H, Flickinger B, Empie MW, Sim SZ: Dietary flaxseed lignin extract lowers plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Br J Nutr 99:1301-1309, 2008.
15. Hu C, Yuan YV, Kitts DD: Antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, its aglycone secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 45:2219-2227, 2007.
16. Rajesha J, Murthy KN, Kumar MK, Madhusudhan B, Ravishankar GA: Antioxid, ant potentials of flaxseed by in vivo model. J Agrie Food Chem 54:3794-3799, 2006.
17. Paolisso G, Giugliano D: Oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Diabetes Monitor 10:1-6, 1998.
18. Chen Z-Y, Ratnayake WMN, Cunane SC: Oxidative stability of flax seed lipids during baking. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71:629-632, 1994.
19. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetelogia 28:412-419, 1985.
20. Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, Baron AD, Follmann DA, Sullivan G, Quon MJ: Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2402-2410, 2000.
21. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ: A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911-917, 1959.
22. Tallman D, Taylor CG: Effects of dietary fat and zinc on adiposity, serum leptin and adipose fatty acid composition in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 14:17-23, 2003.
23. Skeaff CM, Hodson L, McKenzie JE: Dietary-induced changes in fatty acid composition of human plasma, platelet, and erythrocyte lipids follow a similar time course. J Nutr 136:565-569, 2006.
24. Vuksan V, Whitham D, Sievenpiper JL, Jenkins AL, Rogovik AL, Bazinet RP, Vidgen E, Hanna A: Supplementation of conventional therapy with the novel grain Salba (Salvia hispanica L.) improves major and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 30:2804-2810, 2007.
25. Barrc DE, Mizier-Barrc KA, Griscti O, Hafez K: High dose flaxseed oil supplementation may affect fasting blood serum glucose management in human type 2 diabetics. J Oleo Sci 57:269-273,2008.
26. Canadian Diabetes Association: 2008 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 32 (Suppl 1), 2008. Accessed at: http://www.diabetes.ca/ files/cpg2008/cpg-2008.pdf
27. Stuglin C, Prasad K: Effect of flaxseed consumption on blood pressure, serum lipids, hemopoietic system and liver and kidney enzymes in healthy humans. J Cardiovasc Phannacol Ther 10:23-27, 2005.
28. Finnegan YE, Minihane AM, Leigh-Firbank EC, Kew S, Meijer GW, Muggli R, Calder PC, Williams CM: Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidémie subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 77:783-795, 2003.
29. Nelson TL, Stevens JR, Hickey MS: Adiponectin levels are reduced, independent of polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene, after supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid among healthy adults. Metabolism 56:1209-1215, 2007.
30. Tsitouras PD, Gucciardo F, Salbe AD, Heward C, Harman SM: High omega-3 fat intake improves insulin sensitivity and reduces CRP and IL6, but does not affect other endocrine axes in healthy older adults. Horm Metab Res 40:199-205, 2008.
31. Lombardo YB, Hein G, Chicco A: Metabolic syndrome: effects of n-3 PUFAs on a model of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and adiposity. Lipids 42:427-437, 2007.
32. Browning LM, Krebs JD, Moore CS, Mishra GD, O’Connell MA, Jebb SA: The impact of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on inflammation, iasulin sensitivity and CVD risk in a group of overweight women with an inflammatory phenotype. Diabetes Obes Metab 9:70-80, 2007.
33. Griffin MD, Sanders TA, Davies IG, Morgan LM, Millward DJ, Lewis F, Slaughter S, Cooper JA, Miller GJ, Griffin BA: Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study. Am J Clin Nutr 84:1290-1298, 2006.
34. Summers LK, Fielding BA, Bradshaw HA, Ilie V, Beysen C, Clark ML, Moore NR, Frayn KN: Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 45:369-377, 2002.
35. Heine RJ, Mulder C, Popp-Snijders C, van der Meer J, van der Veen EA: Linoleic-acid-enriched diet: long-term effects on serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations and iasulin sensitivity in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 49:448-456, 1989.
36. Harper CR, Edwards MJ, DeFilipis AP, Jacobson TA: Flaxseed oil increases the plasma concentratioas of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids in humans. J Nutr 136:83-87, 2006.
37. Portolesi R, Powell BC, Gibson RA: Competition between 24:5n-3 and ALA for A6 desaturase may limit the accumulation of DHA in HepG2 cell membranes. J Lipid Res 48:1592-1598, 2007.
38. Mohan IK, Das UN: Effect of L-arginine-nitric oxide system on the metabolism of essential fatty acids in chemical-induced diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandias Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 62:35-46,2000.
39. Das UN: Essential fatty acid metabolism in patients with essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Prostaglandias Lukot Essent Fatty Acids 52:387-391, 1995.
40. Scaglioni S, Verduci E, Salvioni M, Biondi ML, Radaelli G, Agostoni C, Giovannini M: PPAR-gamma2 Pro 12Ala variant, insulin resistance and plasma long-chain polyuasaturated fatty acids in childhood obesity. Pediatr Res 60:485-489, 2006.
41. Marcus Y, Stern N: Fat cell-derived modulators of vascular cell pathophysiology: the list keeps growing. J Cardiometab Syndr 1:121-124, 2006.
42. Boyle PJ: Diabetes mellitus and macrovascular disease: mechanisms and mediators. Am J Med 120:S12-SI7, 2007.
43. Schulze MB, Rimm EB, Shai I, Rifai N, Hu FB: Relationship between adiponectin and glycemic control, blood lipids, and inflammatory markers in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27:1680-1687, 2004.
44. Paschos GK, Zampelas A, Panagiotakos DB, Katsiougiannis S, Griffin BA, Votteas V, Skopouli FN: Effects of flaxseed oil supplementation on plasma adiponectin levels in dyslipidémie men. Eur J Nutr 46:315-320, 2007.
45. Singer G, Granger DN: Inflammatory responses underlying the microvascular dysfunction associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Microcirculation 14:375-387, 2007.
46. Moriya M, Okumura T, Takahashi N, Yamagata K, Motomura W, Kohgo Y: An inverse correlation between serum leptin levels and hemoglobin Ale in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 43:187-191, 1999.
47. Kratz M, von Eckardstein A, Fobker M, Buyken A, Posny N, Schulte H, Assmann G, Wahrburg U: The impact of dietary fat composition on serum leptin concentrations in healthy nonobese men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5008-5014, 2002.
48. Klein S, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, Kelley DE, Leibel RL, Nonas C, Kahn R: Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: a consensus statement from Shaping America’s Health: Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, The Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1197-1202, 2007.
49. De kleijn MJ, van der Schouw YT, Wilson PW, Grobbee DE, Jacques PF: Dietary intake of phytoestrogeas is associated with a favorable metabolic cardiovascular risk profile in postmenopausal U.S. women: the Framingham study. J Nutr 132:276-282, 2002.
50. Wendland E, Farmer A, Glasziou P, Neil A: Effect of alpha linolenic acid on cardiovascular risk markers: a systematic review. Heart 92:166-169, 2006.
51. Kien CL: Dietary interventions for metabolic syndrome: role of modifying dietary fats. Curr Diab Rep 9:43-50, 2009.