Measuring social dynamics in a massive multiplayer online game

Social Networks

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 313-329

  Szell, Michael ^a   Thurner, Stefan ^a,b  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b SANTA FE INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Massive multiplayer online game; Network theory; Quantitative social science; Social balance; Social network analysis; Triadic closure

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956386307     PISSN: 03788733     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socnet.2010.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Antal T., Krapivsky P., Redner S. Social balance on networks: the dynamics of friendship and enmity. Physica D 2006, 224(1-2):130-136.
2. Bainbridge W. The scientific research potential of virtual worlds. Science 2007, 317(5837):472.
3. Barabási A., Albert R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 1999, 286(5439):509.
4. Bartle R. Designing Virtual Worlds 2004, New Riders Games.
5. Batagelj V., Mrvar A. A subquadratic triad census algorithm for large sparse networks with small maximum degree. Social Networks 2001, 23(3):237-243.
6. Bettencourt L., Kaiser D., Kaur J., Castillo-Chávez C., Wojick D. Population modeling of the emergence and development of scientific fields. Scientometrics 2008, 75(3):495-518.
7. Bettencourt L., Lobo J., Helbing D., Kühnert C., West G. Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2007, 104(17):7301.
8. Biely C., Dragosits K., Thurner S. The prisoner's dilemma on co-evolving networks under perfect rationality. Physica D 2007, 228(1):40-48.
9. Biely C., Hanel R., Thurner S. Socio-economical dynamics as a solvable spin system on co-evolving networks. The European Physical Journal B 2009, 67(3):285-289.
10. Carrington P., Scott J., Wasserman S. Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis 2005, Cambridge University Press.
11. Cartwright D., Harary F. Structural balance: a generalization of Heider's theory. Psychological Review 1956, 63(5):277-293.
12. Castronova E. Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games 2005, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
13. Castronova E. On the research value of large games. Games and Culture 2006, 1:163-186.
14. Chatterjee A., Sinha S., Chakrabarti B., Šurda A., Borkent B., Dammer S., Schoenherr H., Vancso G., Lohse D., Yannopoulou N., et al. Economic inequality: is it natural?. Current Science 2007, 92(10):1383.
15. Cont R. Empirical properties of asset returns: stylized facts and statistical issues. Quantitative Finance 2001, 1(2):223-236.
16. Csányi G., Szendroi B. Structure of a large social network. Physical Review E 2004, 69(3):36131.
17. Csárdi G., Strandburg K., Zalányi L., Tobochnik J., Érdi P. Modeling innovation by a kinetic description of the patent citation system. Physica A 2007, 374(2):783-793.
18. de Nooy W., Mrvar A., Batagelj V. Exploratory Social Network Analysis With Pajek 2005, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
19. Doreian P. Evolution of human signed networks. Metodoloski Zvezki 2004, 1(2):277-293.
20. Doreian P., Mrvar A. A partitioning approach to structural balance. Social Networks 1996, 18(2):149-168.
21. Doreian P., Mrvar A. Partitioning signed social networks. Social Networks 2009, 31:1-11.
22. Dorogovtsev S., Mendes J. Effect of the accelerating growth of communications networks on their structure. Physical Review E 2001, 63(2):25101.
23. Dorogovtsev S., Mendes J. Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW 2003, Oxford University Press.
24. Dragulescu A., Yakovenko V. Exponential and power-law probability distributions of wealth and income in the United Kingdom and the United States. Physica A 2001, 299(1-2):213-221.
25. Dunbar R. Co-evolution of neocortex size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1993, 16(4):681-735.
26. Foster, J., Foster, D., Grassberger, P., Paczuski, M., 2009. Edge direction and the structure of networks. Arxiv preprint 0908.4288v1.
27. Freeman L. A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry 1977, 40(1):35-41.
28. Friedkin N. A test of structural features of Granovetter's strength of weak ties theory. Social Networks 1980, 2(4):411-422.
29. Gächter S., Fehr E. Collective action as a social exchange. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1999, 39(4):341-369.
30. Garlaschelli D., Loffredo M. Patterns of link reciprocity in directed networks. Physical Review Letters 2004, 93(26):268701.
31. Golder S., Wilkinson D., Huberman B. Rhythms of social interaction: messaging within a massive online network. Communities and Technologies 2007: Proceedings of the Third Communities and Technologies Conference, Michigan State University 2007 2007, Springer.
32. Granovetter M. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 1973, 78(6):1360-1380.
33. Hamasaki M., Takeda H., Hope T., Nishimura T. Network analysis of an emergent massively collaborative creation community. Proceedings of the Third International ICWSM Conference 2009, pp. 222-225.
34. Harary F. On the notion of balance of a signed graph. Michigan Math Journal 1953, 2(2):143-146.
35. Harary F., Norman R., Cartwright D. Structural Models: An Introduction to the Theory of Directed Graphs 1965, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
36. Heider F. Attitudes and cognitive organization. Journal of Psychology 1946, 21(2):107-112.
37. Henrich J., Boyd R., Bowles S., Camerer C., Fehr E., Gintis H., McElreath R., Alvard M., Barr A., Ensminger J., et al. " Economic man" in cross-cultural perspective: behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2005, 28(6):795-815.
38. Holme P., Edling C., Liljeros F. Structure and time evolution of an Internet dating community. Social Networks 2004, 26(2):155-174.
39. Hu H.-B., Wang X.-F. Disassortative mixing in online social networks. Europhysics Letters Europhysics Letters 2009, 18003.
40. Hummon N., Doreian P. Some dynamics of social balance processes: bringing Heider back into balance theory. Social Networks 2003, 25(1):17-49.
41. Jeong H., NÈda Z., Baraba si A. Measuring preferential attachment in evolving networks. Europhysics Letters 2003, 61(4):567-572.
42. Jiang Z., Zhou W., Tan Q. Online-offline activities and game-playing behaviors of avatars. Europhysics Letters 2009, 88:48007.
43. Jin E., Girvan M., Newman M. Structure of growing social networks. Physical Review E 2001, 64(4):46132.
44. Johnson N., Xu C., Zhao Z., Ducheneaut N., Yee N., Tita G., Hui P. Human group formation in online guilds and offline gangs driven by a common team dynamic. Physical Review E 2009, 79(6):66117.
45. Jordán F. Children in time: community organisation in social and ecological systems. Current Science (India) 2009, 97(11):1579-1585.
46. Kossinets G., Watts D. Empirical analysis of an evolving social network. Science 2006, 311(5757):88-90.
47. Labianca G., Brass D. Exploring the social ledger: negative relationships and negative asymmetry in social networks in organizations. The Academy of Management Review 2006, 31(3):596-614.
48. Lambiotte R., Blondel V., de Kerchove C., Huens E., Prieur C., Smoreda Z., Van Dooren P. Geographical dispersal of mobile communication networks. Physica A 2008, 387(21):5317-5325.
49. Latora V., Marchiori M. Efficient behavior of small-world networks. Physical Review Letters 2001, 87(19):198701.
50. Lazer D., Pentland A., Adamic L., Aral S., Barabasi A., Brewer D., Christakis N., Contractor N., Fowler J., Gutmann M., et al. Computational social science. Science 2009, 323(5915):721.
51. Leskovec J., Backstrom L., Kumar R., Tomkins A. Microscopic evolution of social networks. Proceeding of the 14th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 2008, ACM, pp. 462-470.
52. Leskovec J., Kleinberg J., Faloutsos C. Graph evolution: densification and shrinking diameters. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 2007, 1(1):2.
53. Milo R., Itzkovitz S., Kashtan N., Levitt R., Shen-Orr S., Ayzenshtat I., Sheffer M., Alon U. Superfamilies of evolved and designed networks. Science 2004, 303(5663):1538.
54. Milo, R., Kashtan, N., Itzkovitz, S., Newman, M., Alon, U., 2003. Uniform generation of random graphs with arbitrary degree sequences. Arxiv preprint cond-mat/0312028v2.
55. Milo R., Shen-Orr S., Itzkovitz S., Kashtan N., Chklovskii D., Alon U. Network motifs: simple building blocks of complex networks. Science 2002, 298(5594):824-827.
56. Newcomb T. The Acquaintance Process 1961, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
57. Newman M. The structure of scientific collaboration networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2001, 98(2):404.
58. Newman M. Assortative mixing in networks. Physical Review Letters 2002, 89(20):208701.
59. Newman M. Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2004, 101(Suppl. 1):5200.
60. Newman M., Park J. Why social networks are different from other types of networks. Physical Review E 2003, 68(3):36122.
61. Onnela J., Saramäki J., Hyvönen J., Szabó G., de Menezes M., Kaski K., Barabási A., Kertész J. Analysis of a large-scale weighted network of one-to-one human communication. New Journal of Physics 2007, 9(6):179.
62. Rapoport A. Spread of information through a population with socio-structural bias. I. Assumption of transitivity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 1953, 15(4):523-533.
63. Ravasz, E., 2004. Evolution, hierarchy and modular organization in complex networks. PhD thesis, University of Notre Dame, Indiana.
64. Roberts J. Simple methods for simulating sociomatrices with given marginal totals. Social Networks 2000, 22(3):273-283.
65. Sampson, S., 1968. A novitiate in a period of change: an experimental and case study of social relationships. PhD thesis, Cornell University.
66. Szell, M., Lambiotte, R., Thurner, S., 2010. Multi-relational Organization of Large-scale Social Networks in an Online World, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in press.
67. Thurner S., Kyriakopoulos F., Tsallis C. Unified model for network dynamics exhibiting nonextensive statistics. Physical Review E 2007, 76(3):36111.
68. Wasserman S., Faust K. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications 1994, Cambridge University Press, New York.
69. Watts D. A twenty-first century science. Nature 2007, 445(7127):489.
70. Williams D., Martins N., Consalvo M., Ivory J. The virtual census: representations of gender, race and age in video games. New Media & Society 2009, 11(5):815.
71. Yakovenko, V., 2009. Encyclopedia of complexity and system science. In: Statistical Mechanics Approach to Econophysics. Springer.
72. Yee N. The demographics, motivations, and derived experiences of users of massively multi-user online graphical environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 2006, 15(3):309-329.
73. Yee N. Motivations for play in online games. CyberPsychology & Behavior 2006, 9(6):772-775.