Buprenorphine in the treatment of opiate dependence

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 161-175

  Wesson, Donald R ^a   Smith, David E ^b  

^a CNS Medications Development   (United States)

^b Buxton Smith Center for Research on Addiction Medicine and the Free Clinic Movement   (United States)

Author keywords

DATA 2000; Methadone; Opiate agonist treatment; Opiate receptors; Review; Treatment of opioid dependence

Indexed keywords

BUPRENORPHINE; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANTAGONIST;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; HUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; SUBLINGUAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ADMINISTRATION, SUBLINGUAL; BUPRENORPHINE; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 77955940327     PISSN: 02791072     EISSN: 21599777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2010.10400689     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Ahmadi, J.; Ahmadi, K. & Ohaeri, J. 2003. Controlled, randomized trial in maintenance treatment of intravenous buprenorphine dependence with naltrexone, methadone or buprenorphine: A novel study. European Journal of Clinical Investigations 33 (9): 824-29.
2. Aitken, C.K.; Higgs, P.G. & Hellard, M.E. 2008. Buprenorphine injection in Melbourne, Australia-an update. Drug and Alcohol Reviews 27 (2): 197-99.
3. Alford, D.P.; Salsitz, E.A.; Martin, J. & Renner, J. 2007. Clinical case discussion: Treating opioid dependence with buprenorphine. Journal of Addiction Medicine I (2): 73-78.
4. Alho, H.; Sinclair, D.; Vuori, E. & Holopainen, A. 2007. Abuse liability of buprenorphine-naloxone tablets in untreated IV drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 88 (I): 75-78.
5. Amato, L.; Minozzi, S.; Davoli, M.; Vecchi, S.; Ferri, M.M. & Mayet, S. 2008. Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments for opioid detoxification. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD005031.
6. Amato, L.; Davoli, M.; Perucci, C.A.; Ferri, M.; Faggiano, F. & Mattick, R.P 2005. An overview of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of opiate maintenance therapies: Available evidence to inform clinical practice and research. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 28 (4): 321-29.
7. Banys, P.; Clark, H.W.; Tusel, D.J.; Sees, K.; Stewart, P.; Mongan, L.; Delucchi, K. & Callaway, E. 1994. An open trial of low dose buprenorphine in treating methadone withdrawal. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment II (1): 9-15.
8. Basu, D.; Mattoo, S.K.; Malhotra, A.; Gupta, N. & Malhotra, R. 2000. A longitudinal study of male buprenorphine addicts attending an addiction clinic in India. Addiction 95 (9): 1363-72.
9. Bickel, W.K.; Stitzer, M.L.; Bigelow, G.E.; Liebson, LA.; Jasinski, D.R. & Johnson, R.E. 1988. Buprenorphine: Dose-related blockade of opioid challenge effects in opioid dependent humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 247 (1): 47-53.
10. Bliesener, N.; Albrecht, S.; Schwager, A.; Weckbecker, K.; Lichtermann, D. & Klingmuller, D. 2005. Plasma testosterone and sexual function in men receiving buprenorphine maintenance for opioid dependence. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 (1): 203-06.
11. Borron, S.W.; Monier, C.; Risede, P. & Baud, F.J. 2002. Flunitrazepam variably alters morphine, buprenorphine, and methadone lethality in the rat. Human & Experimental Toxicology 21 (11): 599-605.
12. Brewster, D.; Humphrey, M.J. & McLeavy, M.A. 1981. Biliary excretion, metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine. Xenobiotica 11(3): 189-96.
13. Bruce, R.D. & Altice, F.L. 2007. Case series on the safe use of buprenorphine/naloxone in individuals with acute hepatitis C infection and abnormal hepatic liver transaminases. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33 (6): 869-74.
14. Bullingham, R.E.; McQuay, H.J.; Porter, E.J.; Allen, M.C. & Moore, R.A. 1982. Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: Ten hour plasma drug concentration analysis. British Journal ofClinical Pharmacology 13 (5): 665-73.
15. Byrne, A. & Wodak, A. 2007. Data do not support buprenorpine as a first-line treatment for addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (11): 1757.
16. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). 2004. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 40. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
17. Chatterjee, A.; Uprety, L.; Chapagain, M. & Kafle, K. 1996. Drug abuse in Nepal: A rapid assessment study. Bulletin on Narcotics 48 (1-2): 11-33.
18. Chowdhury, A.N. & Chowdhury, S. 1990. Buprenorphine abuse: Report from India. British Journal of Addiction 85 (10): 1349-50.
19. Colameco, S.; Coren, J.S. & Zimmerman, D.J. 2008. Buprenorphine-induced symptomatic hypogonadism in men: Reports and discussion. Journal of Addiction Medicine 2 (3): 147-50.
20. Collins, E.D.; Kleber, H.D.; Whittington, R.A. & Heitler, N.E. 2005. Anesthesia-assisted vs buprenorphine- or clonidine-assisted heroin detoxification and naltrexone induction: A randomized trial. Journal ofthe American Medical Association 294 (8): 903-13.
21. Cowan, A. 2007. Buprenorphine: The basic pharmacology revisited. Journal of Addiction Medicine I (2): 68-72.
22. Cowan, A. & Lewis, J.W. 1995. Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. New York: Wiley-Liss.
23. Davies, G.; Kingswood, C. & Street, M. 1996. Pharmacokinetics of opioids in renal dysfunction. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 31 (6): 410-22.
24. Evans, H.C. & Easthope, S.E. 2003. Transdermal buprenorphine. Drugs 63 (19): 1999-2010; discussion 2011-2.
25. Feng, S.; ElSohly, M.A. & Duckworth, D.T. 2001. Hydrolysis ofconjugated metabolites of buprenorphine. I. The quantitative enzymatic hydrolysis of buprenorphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide in human urine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25 (7): 589-93.
26. Fiellin, D.A. 2006. Buprenorphine: Effective treatment of opioid addiction starts in the office. American Family Physician 73 (9): 1513-14.
27. Fiellin, D.A.; Kleber, H.; Trumble-Hejduk, J.G.; McLellan, A.T. & Kosten, T.R. 2004. Consensus statement on office-based treatment of opioid dependence using buprenorphine. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 27 (2): 153-59.
28. Fudala, P.J.; Bridge, TP.; Herbert, S.; Williford, W.O.; Chiang, C.N.; Jones, K.; Collins, J.; Raisch, D.; Casadonte, P.; Goldsmith, R.J.; Ling, W.; Malkerneker, U.; McNicholas, L.; Renner, J.; Stine, S. & Tusel, D. 2003. Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. New England Journal of Medicine 349 (10): 949-58.
29. Geib, A.J.; Babu, K.; Ewald, M.B. & Boyer, E.W. 2006. Adverse effects in children after unintentional buprenorphine exposure. Pediatrics 118 (4): 1746-51.
30. Gowing, L.R. & Ali, R.L. 2006. The place of detoxification in treatment of opioid dependence. Current Opinions in Psychiatry 19 (3): 266-70.
31. Gowing, L.; Ali, R. & White, J.M. 2009. Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3):CD002025.
32. Gowing, L.; Ali, R. & White, J. 2006. Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD002025.
33. Gueye, P.N.; Borron, S.W.; Risede, P.; Monier, C.; Buneaux, F.; Debray, M. & Baud, F.J. 2002. Buprenorphine and midazolam act in combination to depress respiration in rats. Toxicological Sciences 65 (1): 107-14.
34. Hallinan, R.; Byrne, A.; Agho, K.; McMahon, C.G.; Tynan, P. & Attia, J. 2009. Hypogonadism in men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment. International Journal ofAndrology 32 (2): 131-39.
35. Hallinan, R.; Byrne, A.; Agho, K.; McMahon, C.; Tynan, P. & Attia, J. 2008. Erectile dysfunction in men receiving methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Journal of Sexual Medicine 5 (3): 684-92.
36. Harris, D.S.; Jones, R.T.; Welm, S.; Upton, R.A.; Lin, E. & Mendelson, J. 2000. Buprenorphine and naloxone co-administration in opiate-dependent patients stabilized on sublingual buprenorphine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 61 (1): 85-94.
37. Heilig, M. 2007. Dr. Heilig replies [letter to Editor]. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (II): 1757.
38. Herve, S.; Riachi, G.; Noblet, C.; Guillement, N.; Tanasescu, S.; Goria, O.; Thuillez, C.; Tranvouez, J.L.; Ducrotte, P. & Lerebours, E. 2004. Acute hepatitis due to buprenorphine administration. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 16 (10): 1033-37.
39. Huang, P.; Kehner, G.B.; Cowan, A. & Liu-Chen, L.Y. 2001.Comparison of pharmacological activities of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine: Norbuprenorphine is a potent opioid agonist. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 297 (2): 688-95.
40. Iribame, C.; Picart, D.; Dreano, Y. & Berthou, F. 1998. In vitro interactions between fluoxetine or fluvoxamine and methadone or buprenorphine. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 12 (2): 194-99.
41. Iribarne, C.; Picart, D.; Dreano, Y.; Bail, J.P. & Berthou, F. 1997. Involvement of cytochrome P450 3A4 in N-dealkylation of buprenorphine in human liver microsomes. Life Sciences 60 (22): 1953-64.
42. Jasinski, D.R.; Pevnick, J.S. & Griffith, J.D. 1978. Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the analgesic buprenorphine: A potential agent for treating narcotic addiction. Archives of General Psychiatry 35 (4): 501-16.
43. Jenkinson, R.A.; Clark, N.C.; Fry, C.L. & Dobbin, M. 2005. Buprenorphine diversion and injection in Melbourne, Australia: An emerging issue? Addiction 100 (2): 197-205.
44. Johnson, R.E. & McCagh, J.C. 2000. Buprenorphine and naloxone for heroin dependence. Current Psychiatry Reports 2 (6): 519-26.
45. Johnson, R.E. & Fudala, P.J. 1992. Development of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence. In: J. Blaine (Ed.) Buprenorphine: An Alternative Treatment for Opioid Dependence. NIDA Research Monograph #121. Rockville, MD: NIDA.
46. Johnson, R.E.; Strain, E.C. & Amass, L. 2003. Buprenorphine: How to use it right. Drug andAlcohol Dependence 70 (2 Suppl): S59-77.
47. Johnson, R.E.; Jaffe, J.H. & Fudala, P.J. 1992. A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence. Journal of the American Medical Association 267 (20): 2750-5.
48. Johnson, R.E.; Fudala, P.J. & Jaffe, J.H. 1990. Outpatient comparison of buprenorphine and methadone maintenance. Effects on opiate use and self-reported adverse effects and withdrawal symptomatology. In: L. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence 1990. NIDAResearch Monograph #105. Rockville, MD: NiDA.
49. Johnson, R.E.; Chutuape, M.A.; Strain, E.C.; Walsh, S.L.; Stitzer, M.L. & Bigelow, G.E. 2000. A comparison of levomethadyl acetate, buprenorphine, and methadone for opioid dependence. New England Journal of Medicine 343 (18): 1290-97.
50. Johnson, R.E.; Eissenberg, T.; Stitzer, M.L.; Strain, E.C.; Liebson, I.A. & Bigelow, G.E. 1995a. Buprenorphine treatment of opioid dependence: Clinical trial of daily versus alternate-day dosing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 40 (1): 27-35.
51. Johnson, R.E.; Eissenberg, T.; Stitzer, M.L.; Strain, E.C.; Liebson, I.A. & Bigelow, G.E. 1995b. A placebo controlled clinical trial of buprenorphine as a treatment for opioid dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 40(1): 17-25.
52. Johnson, R.E.; Cone, E.J.; Henningfield, J.E. & Fudala, P.J. 1989a. Use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opiate addiction. I. Physiologic and behavioral effects during a rapid dose induction. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 46 (3): 335-43.
53. Johnson, R.E.; Fudala, P.J.; Collins, C.C. & Jaffe, J.H. 1989b. Outpatient maintenance/detoxification comparison of methadone and buprenorphine. In: L. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence 1989. NIDA Research Monograph #95. Rockville, MD: NIDA.
54. Kakko, J.; Gronbladh, L.; Svanborg, K.D.; von Wachenfeldt, J.; Ruck, C.; Rawlings, B.; Nilsson, L.H. & Heilig, M. 2007. A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 164(5):797-803.
55. Kakko, J.; Svanborg, K.D.; Kreek, M.J. & Heilig, M. 2003. 1-year retention and social function after buprenorphine-assisted relapse prevention treatment for heroin dependence in Sweden: A randomised, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet 361 (9358): 662-68.
56. Kilicarslan, T. & Sellers, E.M. 2000. Lack of interaction ofbuprenorphine with flunitrazepam metabolism. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (7): 1164-66.
57. Kintz, P. 2002. A new series of 13 buprenorphine-related deaths. Clinical Biochemistry 35 (7): 513-6.
58. Kintz, P. 2001. Deaths involving buprenorphine: A compendium of French cases. Forensic Science International 121 (1-2):65-69.
59. Kobayashi, K.; Yamamoto, T.; Chiba, K.; Tani, M.; Shimada, N.; Ishizaki, T. & Kuroiwa, Y. 1998. Human buprenorphine N-dealkylation is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A4. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 26 (8): 818-21.
60. Kuhlman, J.J., Jr.; Lalani, S.; Magluilo, J., Jr.; Levine, B. & Darwin, W.D. 1996. Human pharmacokinetics of intravenous, sublingual, and buccal buprenorphine. Journal of Analytic Toxicology 20 (6): 369-78.
61. Leander, J.D. 1988. Buprenorphine is a potent kappa-opioid receptor antagonist in pigeons and mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 151 (3): 457-61.
62. Leander, J.D. 1987. Buprenorphine has potent kappa opioid receptor antagonist activity. Neuropharmacology 26 (9): 1445-47.
63. Leander, J.D. 1983. Opioid agonist and antagonist behavioural effects of buprenorphine. British Journal of Pharmacology 78 (4): 607-15.
64. Lewis, J.W. 1974. Ring C-bridged derivatives of thebaine and oripavine. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 8: 123-36.
65. Likar, R. 2006. Transdermal buprenorphine in the management of persistent pain-safety aspects. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2 (1): 115-25.
66. Ling, W. & Wesson, D.R. 2003. Clinical efficacy of buprenorphine: Comparisons to methadone and placebo. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 70 (2 Suppl): S49-57.
67. Ling, W.; Rawson, R.A. & Compton, M. 2003. Clinical treatment of opioid addiction and dependence. Methods in Molecular Medicine 84: 285-95.
68. Ling, W.; Amass, L.; Shoptaw, S.; Annon, J.J.; Hillhouse, M.; Babcock, D.; Brigham, G.; Harrer, J.; Reid, M.; Muir, J.; Buchan, B.; Orr, D.; Woody, G.; Krejci, J. & Ziedonis, D. 2005. A multi-center randomized trial of buprenorphine-naloxone versus clonidine for opioid detoxification: Findings from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. Addiction 100 (8): 1090-100.
69. Ling, W.; Charuvastra, C.; Collins, J.F.; Batki, S.; Brown, L.S., Jr.; Kintaudi, P.; Wesson, D.R.; McNicholas, L.; Tusel, D.J.; Malkemeker, U.; Renner, J.A., Jr.; Santos, E.; Casadonte, P.; Fye, C.; Stine, S.; Wang, R.I. & Segal, D. 1998. Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Addiction 93 (4): 475-86.
70. Ling, W.; Wesson, D.R.; Charuvastra, C. & Klett, C.J. 1996. A controlled trial comparing buprenorphine and methadone maintenance in opioid dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry 53 (5): 401-07.
71. McGirk, T. 2010. Afghanistan's fix. Time March 22: 34-37.
72. Marsch, L.A.; Bickel, W.K.; Badger, G.J.; Stothart, M.E.; Quesnel, K.J.; Stanger, C. & Brooklyn, J. 2005. Comparison of pharmacological treatments for opioid-dependent adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (10): 1157-64.
73. Mattick, R.P.; Kimber, J.; Breen, C. & Davoli, M. 2008. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD002207.
74. Mattick, R.P.; Kimber, J.; Breen, C. & Davoli, M. 2004. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD002207.
75. Mattick, R.P; Ali, R.; White, J.M.; O’Brien, S.; Wolk, S. & Danz, C. 2003a. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: A randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Addiction 98 (4): 441-52.
76. Mattick, R.P.; Kimber, J.; Breen, C. & Davoli, M. 2003b. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(2): CD002207.
77. Mattick, R.P.; Kimber, J.; Breen, C. & Davoli, M. 2002. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD002207.
78. McAleer, S.D.; Mills, R.J.; Polack, T.; Hussain, T.; Rolan, P.E.; Gibbs, A.D.; Mullins, F.G. & Hussein, Z. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of highdose buprenorphine following single administration of sublingual tablet formulations in opioid naive healthy male volunteers under a naltrexone block. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 72 (1): 75-83.
79. McQuay, H.J. & Moore, R.A. 1995. Buprenorphine kinetics in humans. In: A. Cowan & J.W. Lewis (Eds.) Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. New York: Wiley.
80. Megarbane, B.; Hreiche, R.; Pimay, S.; Marie, N. & Baud, F.J. 2006. Does high-dose buprenorphine cause respiratory depression? Possible mechanisms and therapeutic consequences. Toxicology Review 25 (2): 79-85.
81. Mendelson, J. & Jones, R.T. 2003. Clinical and pharmacological evaluation of buprenorphine and naloxone combinations: Why the 4: I ratio for treatment? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 70 (2S): S29-S37.
82. Mendelson, J.; Upton, R.A.; Everhart, E.T.; Jacob, P., 3rd & Jones, R.T. 1997. Bioavailability of sublingual buprenorphine. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 37 (1): 31-37.
83. Miller, M.M. 2007. Medication groups for office based opioid treatment [Letter to the editor]. Journal of Addiction Medicine I (2): 111-12.
84. Minozzi, S.; Amato, L.; Vecchi, S. & Davoli, M. 2008. Maintenance agonist treatments foropiate dependentpregnant women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD006318.
85. Negus, S.S. & Dykstra, L.A. 1988. Kappa antagonist properties of buprenorphine in the shock titration procedure. European Journal of Pharmacology 156 (I): 77-86.
86. Negus, S.S.; Picker, M.J. & Dykstra, L.A. 1989a. Kappa antagonist effects of buprenorphine in the rat drug-discrimination procedure. In: L. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence 1989. NIDA Research Monograph #95. Rockville, MD: NIDA.
87. Negus, S.S.; Picker, M.J. & Dykstra, L.A. 1989b. Kappa antagonist properties of buprenorphine in non-tolerant and morphine-tolerant rats. Psychopharmacology 98 (1): 141-43.
88. O’Connor, PG.; Oliveto, A.H.; Shi, J.M.; Triffleman, E.G.; Carroll, K.M.; Kosten, T.R.; Rounsaville, B.J.; Pakes, JA. & Schottenfeld, R.S. 1998. A randomized trial of buprenorphine maintenance for heroin dependence in a primary care clinic for substance users versus a methadone clinic. American Journal of Medicine 105 (2): 100-05.
89. Obadia, Y.; Perrin, V.; Feroni, I.; Vlahov, D. & Moatti, J.P. 2001. Injecting misuse of buprenorphine among French drug users. Addiction 96 (2): 267-72.
90. Pani, P.P.; Maremmani, I.; Pirastu, R.; Tagliamonte, A. & Gessa, G.L. 2000. Buprenorphine: A controlled clinical trial in the treatment of opioid dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60 (1): 39-50.
91. Rainey, H.B. 1986. Abuse ofbuprenorphine. New Zealand Medical Journal 99 (795): 72.
92. Resnick, R.B.; Galanter, M.; Resnick, E. & Pycha, C. 2001. Buprenorphine treatment of heroin dependence (detoxification and maintenance) in a private practice setting. Journal of Addictive Diseases 20 (2): 75-83.
93. Reynaud, M.; Petit, G.; Potard, D. & Courty, P. 1997. Misuse of buprenorphine-benzodiazepines combination: 6 deaths [letter]. La Presse Médicale 26 (28): 1337-38.
94. Robinson, G.M.; Dukes, P.D.; Robinson, B.J.; Cooke, R.R. & Mahoney, G.N. 1993. The misuse of buprenorphine and a buprenorphinenaloxone combination in Wellington, New Zealand. Drug andAlcohol Dependence 33 (1): 81-86.
95. Roux, P.; Villes, V.; Blanche, J.; Bry, D.; Spire, B.; Feroni, I. & Carrieri, M.P 2008a. Buprenorphine in primary care: Risk factors fortreatment injection and implications for clinical management. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 97 (1-2): 105-13.
96. Roux, P.; Villes, V.; Bry, D.; Spire, B.; Feroni, I.; Marcellin, F. & Carrieri, M.P. 2008b. Buprenorphine sniffing as a response to inadequate care in substituted patients: Results from the Subazur survey in southeastern France. Addictive Behaviors 33 (12): 1625-29.
97. Sakol, M.S.; Stark, C. & Sykes, R. 1989. Buprenorphine and temazepam abuse by drug takers in Glasgow-an increase. British Journal of Addiction 84 (4): 439-41.
98. Sees, K.L.; Delucchi, K.L.; Masson, C.; Rosen, A.; Clark, H.W.; Robillard, H.; Banys, P. & Hall, S.M. 2000. Methadone maintenance vs 180-day psychosocially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (10): 1303-10.
99. Segui, J.; Cascio, A.; Aragon, C.; Llovet, J.M.; Soler, J.M. & Salvador, L. 1991.The prevalence of buprenorphine consumption in a sample of outpatient drug abusers. Revista Clinica Española 189 (1): 14-17.
100. Shrestha, S.M.; Subedi, N.B.; Shrestha, S.; Maharjan, K.G.; Tsuda, F & Okamoto, H. 1998. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Nepal. Tropical Gastroenterology 19 (3): 102-04.
101. Singh, R.A.; Mattoo, S.K.; Malhotra, A. & Varma, V.K. 1992. Cases of buprenorphine abuse in India. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 86 (1): 46-48.
102. Sobel, B.F.; Sigmon, S.C.; Walsh, S.L.; Johnson, R.E.; Liebson, I.A.; Nuwayser, E.S.; Kerrigan, J.H. & Bigelow, G.E. 2004. Open-label trial of an injection depot formulation of buprenorphine in opioid detoxification. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 73 (1): 11-22.
103. Strang, J. 1985. Abuse of buprenorphine. Lancet 2 (8457): 725.
104. Tompkins, D.A.; Bigelow, G.E.; Hainison, J.A.; Johnson, R.E.; Fudala, P.J. & Strain, E.C. 2009. Concurrent validation of the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) and single-item indices against the Clinical Institute Narcotic Assessment (CINA) opioid withdrawal instrument. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 105 (1-2): 154-59.
105. Tracqui, A.; Kintz, P. & Ludes, B. 1998. Buprenorphine-related deaths among drug addicts in France: A report on 20 fatalities. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 22 (6): 430-34.
106. Umehara, K.; Shimokawa, Y. & Miyamoto, G. 2002. Inhibition of human drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 by buprenorphine. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25 (5): 682-85.
107. Unger, A.; Jung, E.; Winklbaur, B. & Fischer, G. 2010. Gender issues in the pharmacotherapy of opioid-addicted women: Buprenorphine. Journal of Addictive Diseases 29 (2): 217-30.
108. Walsh, S.L.; Preston, K.L.; Bigelow, G.E. & Stitzer, M.L. 1995. Acute administration of buprenorphine in humans: Partial agonist and blockade effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 274 (1): 361-72.
109. Walter, D.S. & Inturrisi, C.E. 1995. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion ofbuprenorphine in animals andhumans. In: A. Cowan & J.W. Lewis (Eds.) Buprenorphine: Combatting Drug Abuse with a Unique Opioid. New York: Wiley-Liss.
110. Wesson, D.R. & Ling, W. 2003. The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 35 (2): 253-59.
111. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. 2006. Thirty-Forth Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
112. Zubieta, J.; Greenwald, M.K.; Lombardi, U.; Woods, J.H.; Kilbourn, M.R.; Jewett, D.M.; Koeppe, R.A.; Schuster, C.R. & Johanson, C.E. 2000. Buprenorphine-induced changes in mu-opioid receptor availability in male heroin-dependent volunteers: A preliminary study. Neuropsychopharmacology 23 (3): 326-34.
113. Zuin, M.; Giorgini, A.; Selmi, C.; Battezzati, P.M.; Cocchi, C.A.; Crosignani, A.; Benetti, A.; Invernizzi, P. & Podda, M. 2008. Acute liver and renal failure during treatment with buprenorphine at therapeutic dose. Digestive and Liver Disease 41 (7) e8-10.