How humans shape wolf behavior in Banff and Kootenay National Parks, Canada

Ecological Modelling

Volumn 221, Issue 19, 2010, Pages 2374-2387

  Musiani, Marco ^a   Morshed Anwar, Sk ^a   McDermid, Gregory J ^a   Hebblewhite, Mark ^b   Marceau, Danielle J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

Agent based model; Banff National Park; Human impact; Human wildlife interaction; Kootenay National Park; Recreation; Wolf

Indexed keywords

AGENT-BASED MODEL; HUMAN IMPACT; HUMAN-WILDLIFE INTERACTION; NATIONAL PARKS; RECREATION; WOLF;

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING; JAVA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE; MAMMALS;

PARKS;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; CANID; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; DECISION ANALYSIS; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; GPS; HUMAN ACTIVITY; HUNTING; NATIONAL PARK; RANGE SIZE; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; SURVIVAL;

ALBERTA; BANFF NATIONAL PARK; BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA; KOOTENAY NATIONAL PARK;

CANIDAE; MAMMALIA; URSUS ARCTOS;

EID: 77955771405     PISSN: 03043800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.06.019     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Ahearn S.C., Smith J.L.D., Joshi A.R., Ding J. TIGMOD: an individual-based spatially explicit model for simulating tiger/human interaction in multiple use forests. Ecological Modelling 2001, 140:81-97.
2. An L., Linderman M., Qi J.G., Shortridge A., Liu J.G. Exploring complexity in a human-environment system: an agent-based spatial model for multidisciplinary and multiscale integration. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2005, 95(1):54-79.
3. Andersen R., Linnell J.D.C., Langvatn R. Short term behavioural and physiological response of moose Alces alces to military disturbance in Norway. Biological Conservation 1996, 77:169-176.
4. Anderson D.R., Burnham K.P. Avoiding pitfalls when using information theoretic methods. Journal of Wildlife Management 2002, 66:912-918.
5. Anwar M., Jeanneret C., Parrott L., Marceau D.J. Conceptualization and implementation of a multi-agent model to simulate whale-watching activities in the St. Lawrence estuary in Quebec, Canada. Environmental Modelling and Software 2007, 22(12):1775-1787.
6. Barrett C., Eubank S., Smith J. If smallpox strikes Portland. Scientific American 2005, 292(3):54-61.
7. Bartumeus F., da Luz M.G.E., Viswanathan G.M., Catala J. Animal search strategies: a quantitative random-walk analysis. Ecology 2005, 86(11):3078-3087.
8. Bennett D.A., Tang W. Modeling Yellowstone's northern range elk herd as adaptive, spatially aware, and mobile agents. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 2006, 20(9):1039-1066.
9. Bennett V.J., Beard M., Zollner P.A., Fernandez-Juricic E., Westphal L., LeBlanc C.L. Understanding wildlife responses to human disturbance through simulation modelling: a management tool. Ecological Complexity 2009, 6:113-134.
10. Beyer, H.L., 2004. Hawth's analysis tools for ArcGIS. Available at http://www.spatialecology.com/htools/tooldesc.php.
11. Boitani L. Wolf management in intensively used areas of Italy. Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation 1982, 158-172. Noyes, Park Ridge. F.H. Harrington, P. Paquet (Eds.).
12. Bousquet F., Cambier C., Morand P. Distributed artificial intelligence and object-oriented modelling of a fishery. Mathematical Computer Modelling 1994, 2018:97-107.
13. Bousquet F., Le Page C. Multi-agent simulations and ecosystem management: a review. Ecological Modelling 2004, 176:313-332.
14. Boyce M.S. Anticipating consequences of wolves in Yellowstone: Model validation. Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World 1995, 199-210. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta. L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, R.R. Seip (Eds.).
15. Boyce M.S., McDonald L.L. Relating populations to habitats using resource selection functions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1999, 14(7):268-272.
16. Boyd-Heger, D.K., 1997. Dispersal, genetic relationships, and landscape use by colonizing wolves in the central Rocky Mountains. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, Mt., 184 pp.
17. Boyle S.A., Samson F.B. Effects of nonconsumptive recreation on wildlife: a review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1985, 13(2):110-116.
18. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach 2002, Springer-Verlag, NY, New York.
19. Callaghan, C.J., 2002. The ecology of gray wolf (Canis lupus) habitat use, survival, and persistence in the central Rocky Mountains. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
20. Carroll C., Noss R.F., Paquet P.C. Carnivores as focal species for conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain region. Ecological Applications 2001, 11:961-980.
21. Cassirer E.F., Freddy D.J., Ables E.D. Elk responses to disturbance by crosscountry skiers in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1992, 20:375-381.
22. Castilla J.C. Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. TREE 1999, 14:280-283.
23. Corsi F., Dupre E., Boitani L. A large-scale model of wolf distribution in Italy for conservation planning. Conservation Biology 1999, 13(1):150-159.
24. Cramer P.C., Portier K.M. Modeling Florida panther movements in response to human attributes of the landscape and ecological settings. Ecological Modelling 2001, 140:51-80.
25. Doncaster C.P. Non-parametric estimates of interaction from radio-tracking data. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1990, 143:431-443.
26. Dumont B., Hill D. Multi-agent simulation of group foraging in sheep: effects of spatial memory, conspecific attraction and plot size. Ecological Modelling 2001, 141:201-215.
27. Ehrlich P.R., Ehrlich A.H. Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species 1981, Random House, New York, NY, USA.
28. ESRI Spatial Analyst Extension of ArcGIS Desktop 9.2 2009, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm.
29. Forman R.T.T., Alexander L.E. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1998, 29(1):207-231.
30. Franke A., Caelli T., Kuzyka G., Hudsona R.J. Prediction of wolf (Canis lupus) kill-sites using hidden Markov models. Ecological Modelling 2006, 197:237-246.
31. Freddy D.J., Bronaugh W.M., Fowler M.C. Responses of mule deer to disturbance by persons afoot and snowmobiles. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1986, 14(1):63-68.
32. Fritts S.H., Mech L.D. Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology of a newly protected wolf population in Northwestern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 1981, 80:1-79.
33. Fritts S.H., Stephenson R.O., Hayes R.D., Boitani L. Wolves and humans. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation 2003, 289-340. University of Chicago Press, IL. L.D. Mech, L. Boitani (Eds.).
34. Garshelis D.L., Gibeau M.L., Herrero S. Grizzly bear demographics in and around Banff National Park and Kananaskis Country, Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 2005, 69:277-297.
35. George S.L., Crooks K.R. Recreation and large mammal activity in an urban nature reserve. Biological Conservation 2006, 133(1):107-117.
36. Grimm V., Railsback S.F. Individual-based Modelling and Ecology 2005, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
37. Haight R.G., Mladenoff D.J., Wydeven A.P. Modeling disjunct gray wolf populations in semi-wild landscapes. Conservation Biology 1998, 12(4):879-888.
38. Harrington F.H., Mech L.D. Patterns of homesite attendance in two Minnesota wolf packs. Wolves of the World: Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation 1982, 81-105. Noyes, Park Ridge. F.H. Harrington, P.C. Paquet (Eds.).
39. Hebblewhite M., Smith D.W. Wolf community ecology: ecosystem effects of recovering wolves in Banff and Yellowstone National Parks. The World of Wolves: New Perspectives on Ecology, Behaviour and Management 2010, 103-120. University of Calgary Press. M. Musiani, L. Boitani, P. Paquet (Eds.).
40. Hebblewhite M., White C., Nietvelt C., McKenzie J., Hurd T. Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 2005, 86:2135-2144.
41. Hebblewhite M., Merril E.H., McDonald T.E. Spatial decomposition of predation risk using resource selection functions: an example in a wolf-elk predator-prey system. Oikos 2005, 111:101-111.
42. Hebblewhite M., Merrill E.H., McDermid G. A multi-scale test of the forage maturation hypothesis in a partially migratory ungulate population. Ecological Monographs 2008, 78:141-166.
43. Hebblewhite M., Percy M., Merrill E.H. Are all GPS collars created equal? Correcting habitat-induced bias using three brands in the Central Canadian Rockies. Journal of Wildlife Management 2007, 71:2026-2033.
44. Holmes T.L., Knight R.L., Libby S., Craig G.R. Responses of wintering grassland raptors to human disturbance. Wildlife Society Bulletin 1993, 4:461-468.
45. Je{ogonek}drzejewski W., Schmidt K., Theuerkauf J., Je{ogonek}drzejewska B., Okarma H. Daily movements and territory use by radio-collared wolves (Canis lupus) in Białowieża Primeval Forest in Poland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2001, 79:1-12.
46. Johnson C.J., Nielsen S.E., Merrill E.H., McDonald T.L., Boyce M.S. Resource selection functions based on use-availability data: theoretical motivation and evaluation methods. Journal of Wildlife Management 2006, 70:347-357.
47. Johnson J.B., Omland K.S. Model selection in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2004, 19:101-108.
48. Karlsson J., Eriksson M., Liberg O. At what distance do wolves move away from an approaching human?. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2007, 85:1193-1197.
49. Kasworm W.F., Manley T.L. Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in Northwest Montana. Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 8 1990, 79-84.
50. Keller B.J., Bender L.C. Bighorn sheep response to road-related disturbances in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 2007, 71(7):2329-2337.
51. Larsen T., Ripple W.J. Modeling gray wolf (Canis lupus) habitat in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Journal of Conservation Planning 2006, 2(1):30-61.
52. MacArthur R.H. Fluctuations in animal populations and a measure of community stability. Ecology 1955, 36:533-536.
53. MacArthur R.A., Geist V., Johnston R.H. Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance. The Journal of Wildlife Management 1982, 46:351-358.
54. Manly B.F.J., McDonald L.L., Thomas D.L., McDonald T.L., Erickson W.P. Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design for Field Studies 2002, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
55. Marceau D.J. What can be learned from multi-agent systems?. Monitoring, Simulation and Management of Visitor Landscapes 2008, 411-424. University of Arizona Press. R. Gimblett (Ed.).
56. McDermid G.J., Hall R.J., Sanchez-Azofeifa G.A., Franklin S.E., Stenhouse G.B., Kobliuk T., LeDrew E.F. Remote sensing and forest inventory for wildlife habitat assessment. Forest Ecology and Management 2009, 257(11):2262-2269.
57. McDonnell M.J., Pickett S.T.A., Pouyat R.V. The application of the ecological gradient paradigm to the study of urban effects. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: Subtle Human Effects and the Ecology of Populated Areas 1993, 175-189. Springer-Verlag, New York. M.J. McDonnell, S.T.A. Pickett (Eds.).
58. McLellan B.N., Shackleton D.M. Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography. The Journal of Applied Ecology 1988, 25:451-460.
59. Mech L.D. Regular and homeward travel speeds of Arctic wolves. Journal of Mammalogy 1994, 75:741-742.
60. Mech L.D. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 1995, 9(2):270-278.
61. Mech L.D. The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species 1970, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
62. Mladenoff D.J., Haight R.G., Sickley T.A., Wydeven A.P. Causes and implications of species restoration in altered ecosystems: a spatial landscape projection of wolf population recovery. Bioscience 1997, 47:21-31.
63. Mladenoff D.J., Sickley T.A., Haight R.G., Wydeven A.P. A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray wolf habitat in the northern Great Lakes region. Conservation Biology 1995, 9(2):279-294.
64. Musiani M., Okarma H., Jedrzejewski W. Speed and actual distance travelled by radiocollared wolves in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland). Acta Theriologica 1998, 43:409-416.
65. Musiani M., Paquet P.C. The practices of wolf persecution, protection and restoration in Canada and the USA. Bioscience 2004, 54:50-60.
66. Nielson R., Manly B.F.J., Mcdonald L.L. A preliminary study of the bias and variance when estimating a resource selection function with separate samples of used and available resource units. Resource Selection Methods and Applications. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Resource Selection, Laramie, Wyoming, January 13-15, 2003 2004, 28-34. Western EcoSystems Technology Inc. S. Huzurbazar (Ed.).
67. North M.J., Collier N.T., Vos J.R. Experiences creating three implementations of the Repast agent modeling toolkit. ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 2006, 16(1):1-25.
68. Pacas C. Human use of the Banff Bow Valley: past, present and future. A Cumulative Effects Assessment and Futures Outlook for the Banff Bow Valley. Prepared for the Banff Bow Valley Study 1996, Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, Ontario, Chapter 3. J. Green, C. Pacas, S. Bayley, L. Cornwell (Eds.).
69. Paine R.T. A conversation on refining the concept of keystone species. Conservation Biology 1995, 9:962-964.
70. Papouchis C.M., Singer F.J., Sloan W.B. Responses of desert bighorn sheep to increased human recreation. The Journal of Wildlife Management 2001, 65:573-582.
71. Paquet P.C., Wierzchowski J., Callaghan C. Effects of human activity on gray wolves in the Bow River Valley, Banff National Park, Alberta. A Cumulative Effects Assessment and Futures Outlook for the Banff Bow Valley. Prepared for the Banff Bow Valley Study 1996, Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, Ontario, Chapter 7. J. Green, C. Pacas, S. Bayley, L. Cornwell (Eds.).
72. Parks Canada, 2007. Park Management, Banff National Parks of Canada. http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/plan/plan8b_E.asp%23eco4.
73. Parry H.R., Evans A.J., Morgan D. Aphid population dynamics in agricultural landscapes: an agent-based simulation model. iEMSs 2004 International Congress: Complexity and Integrated Resources Management 2004, International Environmental Modelling and Software Society, Osnabrueck, Germany, June. C. Pahl-Wostl, S. Schmidt, T. Jakeman (Eds.).
74. Percy, M., 2003. Temporal and spatial activity patterns of large carnivores in the Bow Valley of Banff National Park. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
75. Peterson R.O., Page R.E. The rise and fall of Isle Royale wolves, 1975-1986. Journal of Mammalogy 1988, 69:89-99.
76. Post E., Peterson R.O., Stenseth N.C., McLaren B.E. Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate. Nature 1999, 401:905-907.
77. Purves H., Doering C. Wolves and people: assessing cumulative impacts of human disturbance on wolves in Jasper National Park. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual ESRI User Conference, 1999 1999.
78. Schultz R.D., Bailey J.A. Responses of national park elk to human activity. Journal of Wildlife Management 1978, 42:91-100.
79. Seaman D.E., Powell R.A. An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis. Ecology 1996, 77:2075-2085.
80. Shepherd B., Whittington J. Response of wolves to corridor restoration and human use management. Ecology and Society 2006, 11:1.
81. Soulé M.E., Estes J., Berger J., Martinez del Rio C. Ecological effectiveness: conservation goals for interactive species. Conservation Biology 2003, 17:1238-1250.
82. Stephens P.A., Buskirk S.W., Hayward G.D., Del Rio C.M. Information theory and hypothesis testing: a call for pluralism. Journal of Applied Ecology 2005, 42:4-12.
83. Strickland M.D., McDonald L.L. Introduction to the special section on resource selection. Journal of Wildlife Management 2006, 70:321-323.
84. Taylor A.R., Knight R.L. Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perceptions. Ecological Applications 2003, 13(4):951-963.
85. Tew T.E., Macdonald D.W. Dynamics of space use and male vigour amongst wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus, in the cereal ecosystem. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1994, 34:337-345.
86. Topping C.J., Hansen T.S., Jensen T.S., Jepsen J.U., Nikolajsen F., Odderskaer P. ALMaSS, an agent-based model for animals in temperate European landscapes. Ecological Modelling 2003, 167:65-82.
87. Trombulak S.C., Frissell C.A. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 2000, 14(1):18-30.
88. Van Ballenberghe V., Erickson A.W., Byman D. Ecology of the Timber Wolf in Northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 1975, 43:1-43.
89. Vitousek P.M., Mooney H.A. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science 1997, 277:5325.
90. Webb N.F., Hebblewhite M., Merrill E.H. Statistical methods for identifying wolf kill sites using global positioning systems. Journal of Wildlife Management 2008, 72:798-807.
91. Whittington J., St.Clair C.C., Mercer G. Spatial responses of wolves to roads and trails in mountain valleys. Ecological Applications 2005, 15:543-553.
92. Whittington J., St.Clair C.C., Mercer G. Path tortuosity and the permeability of roads and trails to wolf movement. Ecology and Society 2004, 9(1):4.
93. Wisdom M.J., Preisler H.K., Cimon B.K., Johnson B.K. Effects of off-road recreation on mule deer and elk. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference, vol. 69 2004.
94. Yost A.C., Wright R.G. Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska. Arctic 2001, 54:41-48.
95. Young P., Goldman E.A. The Wolves of North America 1944, American Wildlife Institute, Washington, DC.
96. Zar J.H. Biostatistical Analysis 1984, Prentice-Hall.