Ventricular assist devices today and tomorrow

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 656-680

  Thunberg, Christopher A ^a   Gaitan, Brantley Dollar ^a   Arabia, Francisco A ^a   Cole, Daniel J ^a   Grigore, Alina M ^a  

^a Mayo Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiac surgery; heart failure; mechanical circulatory support; VAD; ventricular assist device

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ADRENALIN; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CALCIUM ION; CEPHALOSPORIN; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DOBUTAMINE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; HEPARIN; ILOPROST; ISOPRENALINE; LEVOSIMENDAN; MILRINONE; NESIRITIDE; NITRIC OXIDE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE III; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; VANCOMYCIN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL RESEARCH; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART ASSIST DEVICE; HEART FAILURE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEPARINIZATION; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEDATION; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; VASODILATATION;

ANIMALS; FORECASTING; HEART FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLES; HEART-ASSIST DEVICES; HUMANS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS;

EID: 77955709142     PISSN: 10530770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.11.011     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, and K. Furie Heart disease and stroke statistics2008 update: A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation 117 2008 e25 e146
2. M. Jessup, and S. Brozena Heart failure N Engl J Med 348 2003 2007 2018
3. S.A. Hunt, W.T. Abraham, and M.H. Chin 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation 119 2009 e391 e479
4. G.S. Francis, S.R. Goldsmith, and T.B. Levine The neurohumoral axis in congestive heart failure Ann Intern Med 101 1984 370 377
5. B. Levine, J. Kalman, and L. Mayer Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure N Engl J Med 323 1990 236 241
6. J.D. Vega, J. Moore, and S. Murray Heart transplantation in the United States, 1998-2007 Am J Transplant 9 2009 932 941
7. L. Warner-Stevenson The Evolving Role of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Advanced Heart Failure O.H. Frazier, J.K. Kirklin, Mechanical Circulatory Support 2006 Elsevier Philadelphia, PA 181 203
8. L.W. Miller, and K. Lietz Candidate selection for long-term left ventricular assist device therapy for refractory heart failure J Heart Lung Transplant 25 2006 756 764
9. O.H. Frazier, C.R. Benedict, and B. Radovancevic Improved left ventricular function after chronic left ventricular unloading Ann Thorac Surg 62 1996 675 681
10. R.J. Bick, B.J. Poindexter, and L.M. Buja Improved sarcoplasmic reticulum function after mechanical left ventricular unloading Cardiovasc Pathobiol 2 1998 159 166
11. E.D. Feller, E.N. Sorensen, and M. Haddad Clinical outcomes are similar in pulsatile and nonpulsatile left ventricular assist device recipients Ann Thorac Surg 83 2007 1082 1088
12. D.H. Delgado, V. Rao, and S.G. Miriuka Explantation of mechanical assist device: Assessment of myocardial recovery J Card Surg 19 2004 47 50
13. S. Maybaum, D. Mancici, and S. Xydas Cardiac improvement during mechanical circulatory support: A prospective multicenter study of the LVAD working group Circulation 115 2007 2497 2505
14. S. Xydas, R.S. Rosen, and C. Ng Mechanical unloading leads to echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, neurohormonal and histologic recovery J Heart Lung Transplant 25 2006 7 15
15. L. Reinlib, and W. Abraham Recovery from heart failure with circulatory assist: A working group of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute J Cardiac Failure 9 2003 459 463
16. S.A. Hunt, and O.H. Frazier Mechanical circulatory support and cardiac transplantation Circulation 97 1998 2079 2090
17. E.A. Rose, A.C. Gelijns, and A.J. Moskowitz Long-term mechanical left ventricular assistance for end-stage heart failure N Engl J Med 345 2001 1435 1443
18. K. Lietz, J.W. Long, and A.G. Kfoury Outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy in the post-REMATCH era: Implications for patient selection Circulation 116 2007 497 505
19. Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: Anesthesia for ventricular assist device implantation http://www.scahq.org/sca3/emanual/cme-index.shtml Accessed June 9, 2009
20. L.W. Miller, F.D. Pagani, and S.D. Russell Use of a continuous-flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation N Engl J Med 357 2007 885 896
21. S. Stiles V.A.D.destination therapy: I.N.T.R.E.P.I.D.rings bell on round 1. Theheart.org. August 17, 2007 http://www.theheart.org/article/806827.do Accessed June 9, 2009
22. Thoratec: Thoratec PVAD clinical outcomes http://www.thoratec.com/vad- trials-outcomes/clinical-outcomes/thoratec-pvad.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
23. M.S. Slaughter, S.S. Tsui, and A. El-Banayosy Results of a multicenter clinical trial with the Thoratec Implantable Ventricular Assist Device J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 133 2007 1573 1580
24. Thoratec: PVAD instructions for use http://www.thoratec.com/medical- professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/thoratec-pvad.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
25. Thoratec: Dual Drive Console instructions for use http://www.thoratec. com/medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/thoratec-pvad.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
26. R. Korfer, A. El-Banayosy, and L. Arusoglu Temporary pulsatile ventricular assist devices and biventricular assist devices Ann Thorac Surg 68 1999 678 683
27. Thoratec: Thoratec IVAD http://www.thoratec.com/medical-professionals/ vad-product-information/thoratec-ivad.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
28. Thoratec: Thoratec IVAD clinical outcomes http://www.thoratec.com/vad- trials-outcomes/clinical-outcomes/thoratec-ivad.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
29. M.S. Slaughter, M.A. Sobieski, and M. Martin Home discharge experience with the Thoratec TLC-II portable driver ASAIO 53 2007 132 135
30. Thoratec: HeartMate XVE LVAS operating manual http://www.thoratec.com/ medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/heartmate-xve-lvad.aspx Accessed June 11, 2009
31. D.H. Delgado, V. Rao, and H.J. Ross Mechanical circulatory assistance: State of art Circulation 106 2002 2046 2050
32. Thoratec: HeartMate XVE clinical outcomes http://www.thoratec.com/vad- trials-outcomes/clinical-outcomes/heartmate-xve-lvad.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
33. AbioMed: BVS 5000. AbioMed http://www.abiomed.com/products/bvs5000.cfm Accessed November 3, 2009
34. AbioMed: AbioMed BVS5000 Bi-Ventricular Support System operator's manual http://www.abiomed.com/products/documents/AB5000-Operators-Manual-K.pdf Accessed June 11, 2009
35. AbioMed: AbioMed BVS 5000 quick reference guide http://www.abiomed.com/ products/documents/BVS5000-Quick-Reference-Guide-I.pdf Accessed June 11, 2009
36. M.E. Stone Current status of mechanical circulatory assistance Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 11 2007 185 204
37. AbioMed: AbioMed AB5000 Circulatory Support System Ventricle instructions for use http://www.abiomed.com/products/documents/0055-9001-rG.pdf Accessed June 11, 2009
38. AbioMed: AbioMed AB5000 Circulatory Support System operator's manual http://www.abiomed.com/products/documents/AB5000-Operators-Manual-K.pdf Accessed June 11, 2009
39. M.E. Stone, W. Soong, and M. Krol The anesthetic considerations in patients with ventricular assist devices presenting for noncardiac surgery: A review of eight cases Anesth Analg 95 2002 42 49
40. AbioMed: Instructions for use: Impella 2.5 Circulatory Support System http://www.abiomed.com/products/documents/Impella25IFUJune2009.pdf Accessed October 12, 2009
41. AbioMed: Impella 2.5: A new standard of care in the cath lab http://www.abiomed.com/products/impella.cfm Accessed May 8, 2009
42. S.R. Dixon, J.P. Henriques, and L. Mauri A prospective feasibility trial investigating the use of the Impella 2.5 system in patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2 2009 91 96
43. MediLexicon: Journal of The American College of Cardiology publishes PROTECT I study results for AbioMed Impella 2.5. Medical News Today. March 13, 2009 http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/142205.php Accessed May 8, 2009
44. AbioMed: AbioMed receives FDA 510(k) clearance for Impella 5.0 and Impella LD. April 22, 2009 http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c= 95629&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1279578 Accessed June 9, 2009
45. AbioMed: Impella 5.0 and LD instructions for use http://www.abiomed.com/ products/documents/0046-9012-rA.pdf Accessed October 12, 2009
46. Thoratec: CentriMag Primary Console operating manual http://www.thoratec. com/medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/thoratec-centrimag.aspx Accessed June 11, 2009
47. Levitronix: Medical ProductsUnited States http://www.levitronix.com/ Medical.US.php Accessed May 4, 2009
48. Thoratec: Thoratec CentriMag blood pump http://www.thoratec.com/medical- professionals/vad-product-information/thoratec-centrimag.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
49. Texas Heart Institute: TandemHeart pVAD http://www.texasheart.org/ Research/Devices/tandemheart.cfm Accessed May 4, 2009
50. H. Thiele, B. Lauer, and R. Hambrecht Reversal of cardiogenic shock by percutaneous left atrial-to-femoral arterial bypass assistance Circulation 104 2001 2917 2922
51. CardiacAssist: TandemHeart pVAD product information http://www. cardiacassist.com Accessed May 4, 2009
52. Thoratec: HeartMate II clinical outcomes http://www.thoratec.com/vad- trials-outcomes/clinical-outcomes/heartmate-ll-lvad.aspx Accessed November 3, 2009
53. Thoratec: HeartMate II LVAS operating manual http://www.thoratec.com/ medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/download/81 Accessed May 4, 2009
54. O.H. Frazier, C. Gemmato, and T.J. Myers Initial clinical experience with the HeartMate II axial-flow left ventricular assist device Tex Heart Inst J 34 2007 275 281
55. Jarvik Heart: The Jarvik 2000: How it works http://www.jarvikheart.com/ basic.asp?id=21 Accessed November 3, 2009
56. O.H. Frazier, T.J. Myers, and S. Westaby Clinical experience with an implantable, intracardiac, continuous flow circulatory support device: Physiologic implications and their relationship to patient selection Ann Thorac Surg 77 2004 133 142
57. L.H. Tan, and C. Cokis Anaesthesia for implantation of the Jarvik 2000 Flowmaker LVAD Anaesth Intensive Care 34 2006 746 752
58. G.P. Noon, D. Morley, and S. Irwin Development and clinical application of the MicroMed DeBakey VAD Curr Opin Cardiol 15 2000 166 171
59. G. Bruschi, E. Ribera, and M. Lanfranconi Bridge to transplantation with the MicroMed DeBakey ventricular assist device axial pump: A single centre report J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 7 2006 114 118
60. MicroMed Cardiovascular: The modern DeBakey VAD to be introduced for the first time in the US http://www.micromedcv.com/united-states/newsroom/press- releases/isrbp-093008.html Accessed November 3, 2009
61. MicroMed Cardiovascular: Certificates, approvals, and clinical studies http://www.micromedcv.com/european/medical-professionals/certs-approvals.html Accessed October 14, 2009
62. M. Jessup, W.T. Abraham, and D.E. Casey 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults Circulation 119 2009 1977 2016
63. B. Stobierska-Dzierzek, H. Awad, and R.E. Michler The evolving management of acute right-sided heart failure in cardiac transplant recipients J Am Coll Cardiol 38 2001 923 931
64. M.L. Dickstein, B. Mets, and M.J. Heath Anesthetic considerations during left ventricular assist device implantation D.J. Goldstein, M.C. Oz, Cardiac Assist Devices 2000 Futura Armonk, NY 63 74
65. B. Mets Anesthesia for left ventricular assist device placement J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14 2000 316 326
66. P.M. McCarthy, and N.G. Smedira Implantable LVAD insertion in patients with previous heart surgery J Heart Lung Transplant 19 suppl 2000 S95 S100
67. I. El-Magharbel Ventricular assist devices and anesthesia Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9 2005 241 249
68. A.J. Moss, W.J. Jall, and D.S. Cannom Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart failure events N Engl J Med 361 2009 1329 1338
69. N.A. Nussmeier, C.B. Probert, and D. Hirsch Anesthetic management for implantation of the Jarvik 2000 left ventricular assist system Anesth Analg 97 2003 964 971
70. W.L. Holman, S.J. Park, and J.W. Long Infection in permanent circulatory support: Experience from the REMATCH trial J Heart Lung Transplant 23 2004 1359 1365
71. G. Gundelman, W.H. Frishman, and C. Wiese Intravascular device infections: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management Cardiol Rev 15 2007 13 23
72. Y. Wadia, J.R. Cooper, and A.W. Bracey Intraoperative anticoagulation management during cardiac transplantation Tex Heart Inst J 35 2008 62 65
73. S. Christiansen, D. Hammel, and C. Schmidt Heparin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II requiring LVAD inplantation and cardiac transplantation J Heart Lung Transplant 19 2000 510 512
74. J.A. Robinson, and B.E. Lewis Plasmapheresis in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia Semin Hematol 36 1 Suppl 1 1999 29 32 (suppl 1)
75. H.N. Abdel-Razeq, A.A. Bajouda, and M.M. Khalil Treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: The unconventional way! Saudi Med J 25 2004 1258 1260
76. C.H. Selzman, and B.C. Sheridan Off-pump insertion of continuous flow left ventricular assist devices J Card Surg 22 2007 320 322
77. O.H. Frazier, I.D. Gregoric, and W.E. Cohn Initial experience with non-thoracic, extraperitoneal, off-pump insertion of the Jarvik 2000 heart in patients with previous median sternotomy J Heart Lung Transplant 25 2006 499 503
78. W.E. Richenbacher, Y. Naka, and E.P. Raines Surgical management of patients in the REMATCH trial Ann Thorac Surg 75 2003 S86 S92
79. D.J. Goldstein, and R.B. Beauford Left ventricular assist devices and bleeding: Adding insult to injury Ann Thorac Surg 75 2003 S42 S47
80. L. Shore-Lesserson, G.P. Gravlee, and J.C. Horrow Coagulation management during and after cardiopulmonary bypass F.A. Hensley, D.E. Martin, C.P. Gravlee, A Practical Approach to Cardiac Anesthesia ed 3 2003 Lippincott Philadelphia, PA 504 508
81. C.A. Umscheid, B.A. Kohl, and K. Williams Antifibrinolytic use in adult cardiac surgery Curr Opin Hematol 14 2007 455 467
82. G. Crescenzi, G. Landoni, and G. Biondi-Zoccai Desmopressin reduces transfusion needs after surgery Anesthesiology 109 2008 1063 1076
83. D. Heise, A. Brauer, and M. Quintel Recombinant activated VII (Novo7) in patients with ventricular assist devices: Case report and review of the current literature J Cardiothorac Surg 2 2007 47 52
84. I.J. Welsby, K. Jiao, and T.L. Ortel The kaolin-activated thromboelastograph predicts bleeding after cardiac surgery J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 20 2006 531 535
85. G.J. Despotis, N.J. Skubas, and L.T. Goodnough Optimal management of bleeding and transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 11 1999 84 104
86. V.A. Ferraris, S.P. Ferraris, and S.P. Saha Perioperative blood transfusion and blood conservation in cardiac surgery: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists clinical practice guideline Ann Thorac Surg 83 2007 S27 S86
87. Y. Ochiai, P.M. McCarthy, and N.G. Smedira Predictors of severe right ventricular failure after implantable left ventricular assist device insertion: Analysis of 245 patients Circulation 106 2002 I-198 I-202
88. S. Chumnanvej, M.J. Wood, and T.E. MacGillivray Perioperative echocardiographic examination for ventricular assist device implantation Anesth Analg 105 2007 583 601
89. G.M. Scalia, P.M. McCarthy, and R.M. Savage Clinical utiity of echocardiography in the management of implantable ventricular assist devices J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 2000 754 763
90. D.J. Hirsch Anesthesia and the left ventricular assist device American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter 63 1999 8 9 29
91. P.T. Hagen, D.G. Scholz, and W.D. Edwards Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: An autopsy study of 965 normal hearts Mayo Clin Proc 59 1984 17 20
92. M.R. Sukernik, and E. Bennett-Guerrero The incidental finding of a patent foramen ovale during cardiac surgery: Should it always be repaired? A core review Anesth Analg 105 2007 602 610
93. V. Rao, J.P. Slater, and N.M. Edwards Surgical management of valvular disease in patients requiring left ventricular assist device support Ann Thorac Surg 71 2001 1448 1453
94. D. Pennington, T. Oaks, and D. Lohmann Extracorporeal support: The Thoratec device D.J. Goldstein, M. Oz, Cardiac Assist Devices 2000 Futura Armonk, NY 251 262
95. D.J. Goldstein Intracorporeal support: Thermo Cardiosystems ventricular assist devices D.J. Goldstein, M.C. Oz, Cardiac Assist Devices 2000 Futura Armonk, NY 307 321
96. S.J. George, J.M. Black, and M.J. Boscoe Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for implantation of pulsatile left ventricular assist device Br J Anaesth 75 1995 794 797
97. S.C. Horton, R. Khodaverian, and P. Chatelain Left ventricular assist device malfunction: An approach to diagnosis by echocardiography J Am Coll Cardioll 45 2005 1435 1440
98. D.J. Farrar Physiology of ventricular interactions during ventricular assistance D.J. Goldstein, M.C. Oz, Cardiac Assist Devices 2000 Futura Armonk, NY 15 26
99. W.J. Mauermann, K.H. Rehfeldt, and S.J. Park Transesophageal echocardiography in a patient in hemodynamic compromise after Jarvik 2000 implantation: The suckdown effect Anesth Analg 107 2008 791 792
100. M.P. Siegenthaler, J. Martin, and A. van de Loo Implantation of the permanent Jarvik 2000 left ventricular assist device: A single-center experience J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 1764 1772
101. T.J. Myers, M. Bolmers, and I.D. Gregoric Assessment of arterial blood pressure during support with an axial flow left ventricular assist device J Heart Lung Transplant 28 2009 423 427
102. M. Argenziano, A.F. Choudhri, and M.C. Oz A prospective randomized trial of arginine vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory shock after left ventricular assist device placement Circulation 96 1997 II-286 II-290
103. A.D. Maslow, G. Stearns, and P. Butala The hemodynamic effects of methylene blue when administered at the onset of cardiopulmonary bypass Anesth Analg 103 2006 2 8
104. J. Chen, and E.A. Rose Management of perioperative right-sided circulatory failure D.J. Goldstein, M.C. Oz, Cardiac Assist Devices 2000 Futura Armonk, NY 83 101
105. A. Nakatani, J.D. Thomas, and R.M. Savage Prediction of right ventricular dysfunction after left ventricular assist device implantation Circulation 94 suppl II 1996 II-216 II-221
106. N.C. Dang, V.K. Topkara, and M. Mercando Right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with chronic congestive heart failure J Heart Lung Transplant 25 2006 1 6
107. F. Haddad, P. Couture, and C. Tousignant The right ventricle in cardiac surgery, a perioperative perspective: I Anatomy, physiology, and assessment Anesth Analg 108 2009 407 421
108. W.P. Santamore, and L.A. Gray Left ventricular contributions to right ventricular systolic function during LVAD support Ann Thorac Surg 61 1996 350 356
109. M.N. Kavarana, M.S. Pessin-Minsley, and J. Urtecho Right ventricular dysfunction and organ failure in left ventricular assist device recipients: A continuing problem Ann Thorac Surg 73 2002 745 750
110. K. Fukamachi, P.M. McCarthy, and N.G. Smedira Preoperative rick factors for right ventricular failure after implantable left ventricular assist device insertion Ann Thorac Surg 68 1999 2181 2184
111. H. Ramakrishna Recent advances in pulmonary hypertension therapy Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 3 2008 28 36
112. J.K. Kirklin, J.B. Young, and D.C. McGiffin Recipient evaluation and selection, in Heart Transplantation 2000 Churchill Livingstone Philadelphia 210 211
113. A. Lopez-Candales, K. Dohi, and A. Iliescu An abnormal right ventricular apical angle is indicative of global right ventricular impairment Echocardiography 23 2006 361 368
114. E.V. Potapov, A. Stepanenko, and M. Dandel Tricuspid incompetence and geometry of the right ventricle are predictors of right ventricular function after implantation of a left ventricular assist device J Heart Lung Transplant 27 2008 1275 1281
115. G. Sreeram, R. Schroeder, and J. Mark Assessment of right ventricular function R. Savage, S. Aronson, Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography 2005 Lippincott Philadelphia, PA 147 155
116. A. Grigore, R. Joe, and R. Savage Assessment in surgical procedures for congestive heart failure R. Savage, S. Aronson, Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography 2005 Lippincott Philadelphia, PA 615 642
117. S. Kaul, C. Tei, and J.M. Hopkins Assessment of right ventricular function using two-dimensional echocardiography Am Heart J 107 1984 526 531
118. N. Rajagopalan, N. Saxena, and M. Simon Correlation of tricuspid annular velocities with invasive hemodynamics in pulmonary hypertension Congest Heart Fail 13 2007 200 204
119. A.P. Tousignant, R. Bowry, and S. Levesque Regional differences in color tissue Doppler-derived measures of longitudinal right ventricular function using transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 22 2008 400 405
120. J.-S. David, C.P. Tousignant, and R. Bowry Tricuspid annular velocity in patients undergoing cardiac operation using transesophageal echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 2006 329 334
121. A.C. Borges, F. Knebel, and S. Eddicks Right ventricular function assessed by two-dimensional strain and tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and effect of vasodilator therapy Am J Cardiol 98 2006 530 534
122. C.B. Overgaard, and V. Dzavik Inotropes and vasopressors: Review of physiology and clinical use in cardiovascular disease Circulation 118 2008 1047 1056
123. A.Y. Denault, Y. Lamarche, and P. Couture Inhaled milrinone: A new alternative in cardiac surgery? Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10 2006 346 360
124. Y. Lamarche, L.P. Perrault, and S. Maltais Preliminary experience with inhaled milrinone in cardiac surgery Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 31 2007 1081 1087
125. S.M. Lowson, A. Doctor, and B.K. Walsh Inhaled prostacyclin for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension after cardiac surgery Crit Care Med 30 2002 2762 2764
126. A. Haraldsson, N. Kieler-Jensen, and U. Nathorst-Westfelt Comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and inhaled aerosolized prostacyclin in the evaluation of heart transplant candidates with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance Chest 114 1998 780 786
127. A. Sablotzki, T. Hentschel, and E. Gruenig Hemodynamic effects of inhaled aerosolized iloprost and inhaled nitric oxide in heart transplant candidates with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22 2002 746 752
128. R.A. Schroeder, G.L. Wood, and J.S. Plotkin Intraoperative use of inhaled PGI(2) for acute pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure Anesth Analg 91 2000 291 295
129. G. Mikhail, J. Gibbs, and M. Richardson An evaluation of nebulized prostacyclin in patients with primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension Eur Heart J 18 1997 1499 1504
130. R.E. Hobbs, and R.M. Mills Therapeutic potential of nesiritide (recombinant b-type natriuretic peptide) in the treatment of heart failure Expert Opin Investig Drugs 8 1999 1063 1072
131. S.G. Raja, and B.S. Rayen Levosimendan in cardiac surgery: Current best available evidence Ann Thorac Surg 81 2006 1536 1546
132. M.T. Slawsky, W.S. Colucci, and S.S. Gottlieb Acute hemodynamic and clinical effects of levosimendan in patients with severe heart failure Circulation 102 2000 2222 2227
133. J.K. Bhama, R.L. Kormos, and Y. Toyoda Clinical experience using the Levitronix CentriMag system for temporary right ventricular mechanical circulatory support J Heart Lung Transplant 28 2009 971 976
134. M. Dandel, Y. Weng, and H. Siniawski Long-term results in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy after weaning from left ventricular assist devices Circulation 112 suppl I 2005 I-37 I-45
135. Thoratec: Anticoagulation Protocol for PVAD http://www.thoratec.com/ medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/thoratec-pvad.aspx Accessed October 23, 2009
136. Thoratec: Anticoagulation Protocol for IVAD http://www.thoratec.com/ medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/thoratec-ivad.aspx Accessed October 23, 2009
137. Thoratec: HeartMate XVE LVAS Instruction for Use http://www.thoratec.com/ medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/heartmate-xve-lvad.aspx Accessed October 23, 2009
138. AbioMed: AB5000 Ventricle Manual http://www.abiomed.com/products/ifus.cfm Accessed October 23, 2009
139. F. De Robertis, E.J. Birks, and P. Rogers Clinical performance with the Levitronix Centrimag short-term ventricular assist device J Heart Lung Transplant 25 2006 181 186
140. S. Haj-Yahia, E.J. Birks, and M. Amrani Bridging patients after salvage from bridge to decision directly to transplant by means of prolonged support with the CentriMag short-term centrifugal pump J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg 138 2009 227 230
141. B. Kar, L.E. Adkins, and A.B. Civitello Clinical experience with the TandemHeart Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Device Tex Heart Inst J 33 2006 111 115
142. Thoratec: HeartMate II LVAS Instructions for Use http://www.thoratec.com/ medical-professionals/resource-library/ifus-manuals/heartmate-ll-lvad.aspx Accessed October 23, 2009
143. O.H. Frazier, T.J. Myers, and S. Westaby Use of the Jarvik 2000 Left Ventricular Assist System as a bridge to heart transplantation or as destination therapy for patients with chronic heart failure Ann Surg 237 2003 631 637
144. L.O. Thompson, and G.P. Noon Combined anti-coagulation protocol for the MicroMed Debakey VAD: A proposal J Heart Lung Transplant 19 2001 798 802
145. J. Stehlik, D.M. Nelson, and A.G. Kfoury Outcome of noncardiac surgery in patients with ventricular assist devices Am J Cardiol 103 2009 709 712
146. O.H. Frazier, J. Fuqua, and D. Helman Clinical left heart devices: A historical perspective D.J. Goldsetin, M.C. Oz, Cardiac Assist Devices 2000 Futura Armonk, NY 3 13
147. O.H. Frazier, E.A. Rose, and Q. Macmanus Multicenter clinical evaluation of the HeartMate 1000 IP left ventricular assist device Ann Thorac Surg 53 1992 1080 1090
148. D.J. Farrar, J.H. Lawson, and P. Litwak Thoratec VAD system as a bridge to heart transplantation J Heart Transplant 9 1990 415 422
149. P.M. McCarthy, P.M. Portner, and H.G. Tobler Clinical experience with the Novacor ventricular assist system: Bridge to transplantation and the transition to permanent application J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 102 1991 578 586
150. J.J. DeRose Jr, J.P. Umana, and M. Argenziano Implantable left ventricular assist devices provide an excellent outpatient bridge to transplantation and recovery J Am Coll Cardiol 30 1997 1773 1777
151. J.H. Shuhaiber, D. Jenkins, and M. Berman The Papworth experience with the Levitronix CentriMag ventricular assist device J Heart Lung Transplant 27 2008 158 164
152. H. Hoshi, T. Shinshi, and S. Takatani Third-generation blood pumps with mechanical noncontact magnetic bearings Artif Organs 30 2006 324 338
153. D.J. Farrar, K. Bourque, and C.P. Dague Design features, developmental status, and experimental results with the Heartmate III centrifugal left ventricular assist system with a magnetically levitated rotor ASAIO J 53 2007 310 315
154. E. Tuzun, K. Roberts, and W.E. Cohn In vivo evaluation of the HeartWare centrifugal ventricular assist device Tex Heart Inst J 34 2007 406 411
155. T. Nishinaka, H. Schima, and W. Roethy The DuraHeart VAD, a magnetically levitated centrifugal pump: The University of Vienna bridge-to-transplant experience Circ J 70 2006 1421 1425
156. A.A. Pitsis, A.N. Visouli, and V. Vassilikos First human implantation of a new rotary blood pump: Design of the clinical feasibility study Hellenic J Cardiol 47 2006 368 376
157. A. Boyle Current status of cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support Curr Heart Fail Rep 6 2009 28 33
158. F. De Robertis, P. Rogers, and M. Amrani Bridge to decision using the Levitronix CentriMag short-term ventricular assist device J Heart Lung Transplant 27 2008 474 478
159. I.D. Gregoric, L.P. Jacob, and S. La Francesca The TandemHeart as a bridge to a long-term axial-flow left ventricular assist device (bridge to bridge) Tex Heart Inst J 35 2008 125 129
160. E.J. Birks, P.D. Tansley, and J. Hardy Left ventricular assist device and drug therapy for the reversal of heart failure N Engl J Med 355 2006 1873 1884
161. D.L. Joyce, J.V. Conte, and S.D. Russell Disparities in access to left ventricular assist device therapy J Surg Res 152 2009 111 117