Is sodium fluoroacetate (1080) a humane poison? The influence of mode of action, physiological effects, and target specificity

Animal Welfare

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 249-263

  Twigg, L E ^a   Parker, R W ^b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Ethical pest control; Fluoroacetate; Humaneness; Vertebrate pest

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIDOTE; FLUOROACETATE SODIUM; GLUTAMIC ACID; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PESTICIDE; POISON;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL WELFARE; BRAIN FUNCTION; CARCINOGENICITY; FERTILITY; INTOXICATION; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PEST CONTROL; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 77955632925     PISSN: 09627286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Algar D and Kinnear JE 1996 Secondary poisoning of foxes following routine 1080 rabbit-baiting campaign in the Western Australian wheatbelt. CALM Science 2: 149-152
2. Aplin TEH 1971 Poison plants of Western Australia: the toxic species of Gastrolobium and Oxylobium. Western Australian Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 3772: 1-66
3. Aster D and Gentle M 2008 Can we develop a cyanide bait for foxes? In: Berman D and Pople T (eds) Program and Handbook of the Queensland Pest Animal Symposium, Cairns pp 12. Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
4. Aulerich RJ, Ringer RK and Safronoff J 1987 Primary and secondary toxicity of warfarin, sodium monofluoroacetate, and methyl parathion in mink. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16: 357-366 (Pubitemid 17057618)
5. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) 2008 Sodium Fluoroacetate Final Review Report And Regulatory Decision: The Reconsideration of Registrations of Products Containing Sodium Fluoroacetate and Approvals of Their Associated labels. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Canberra, ACT, Australia. http://www.apvma.gov.au/products/review/ completed/1080.php
6. Balcomb R, Bowen CA and Williamson HO 1983 Acute and sublethal effects of 1080 on starlings. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31: 692-698 (Pubitemid 14186288)
7. Barlow ND 1997 Modelling immunocontraception in disseminating systems. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9: 51-60
8. Barlow ND, Kean JM and Briggs CJ 1997 Modelling the relative efficacy of culling and sterilisation for controlling populations. Wildlife Research 24: 129-141 (Pubitemid 27167670)
9. Bong CL, Cole AL, Walker JR and Peters JA 1979 Effect of sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080) on the soil microflora. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 11: 13-18
10. Booth LH and Wickstrom M 1999 The toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) to Huberia striata, a New Zealand native ant. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23: 161-165 (Pubitemid 30036945)
11. Booth LH, Fisher P and Brown L 2007 The 1080 debate: water monitoring after aerial application of 1080 baits for pest control, an update. Water and Wastes, November 2007: 38-39
12. Buffa P, Guarriero-Bohyleva V and Costa-Tiozzo R 1973 Metabolic effects of fluoroacetate poisoning in animals. Fluoride 6: 224-247
13. Calver MC, King DR, Bradley JS, Gardner JL and Martin GR 1989 An assessment of the potential target specificity of 1080 predator baiting in Western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 16: 625-638
14. Chen XJ, Wang X, Kaufman BA and Butow RA 2005 Aconitase couples metabolic regulation to mitochondrial DAN maintenance. Science 307: 714-717 (Pubitemid 40194639)
15. Chenoweth MB 1949 Monofluoroacetic acid and related compounds. Pharmacological Reviews 1: 383-424
16. Chenoweth MB, Kandel A, Johnson LB and Bennett DR 1951 Factors influencing fluoroacetate poisoning: Practical treatment with glycerol monoacetate. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 102: 31-48
17. Chi CH, Chen KW, Chan SH, Wu MH and Huang JJ 1996 Clinical presentation and prognostic factors in sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication. Clinical Toxicology 36: 707-712
18. Choquenot D, McIlroy J and Korn T 1996 Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral Pigs. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australian Government Printing Service: Canberra, Australia
19. Clarke DD 1991 Fluoroacetate and fluorocitrate: Mechanism of action. Neurochemical Research 16: 1055-1058
20. Colborn T, Dumanoski D and Myers JP 1996 Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival?: A Scientific Detective Story. Dutton: New York, USA
21. Collicchio-Zuanaze RC, Sakate M, Schwartz DS, Trezza E and Crocci AJ 2006 Calcium gluconate and sodium succinate for therapy of sodium fluoroacetate experimental intoxication in cats: clinical and electrocardiographic evaluation. Human and Experimental Toxicology 25: 175-182
22. Commonwealth of Australia 2008 The Australian Animal Welfare Strategy (AAWS). Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry on behalf of the Primary Industries Standing Committee. Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.daff.gov. au/animal-plant-health/welfare/aaws
23. Cook CJ, Eason CT, Wickstrom M and Devine CD 2001 Development of antidotes for sodium monofluoroacetate (1080). Biomarkers 6: 72-76 (Pubitemid 32066508)
24. Cooper DW, Larsen E and Shields J 2007 1080 and wildlife: scientific and ethical issues raised by its use on Australian mammals. In: Lunney D, Eby P, Hutchings P and Burgin S (eds) Pest or Guest: the Zoology of Overabundance pp 229-232. Royal Society of New South Wales: Mosman, NSW, Australia
25. Cowled BD, Elsworth P and Lapidge SJ 2008 Additional toxins for feral pig (Sus scrofa) control: identifying and testing Achilles' heels. Wildlife Research 35: 651-662
26. Eason CT 1993 How safe is 1080? Surveillance 20: 23-24
27. Eason CT and Temple W 2007 Analysis of 1080 and its ability to act as an endocrine disrupter and to have other sub-lethal effects in humans pp 1-15. Animal Health Board: Wellington, New Zealand
28. Eason CT and Temple W 2008 Water sampling for sodium fluoroacetate (1080). How much is enough? New Zealand Water and Wastes Association Journal September 2008: 32-36
29. Eason CT, Gooneratne R and Rammell CG 1994a A review of the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of sodium monofluoroacetate in animals. In: Seawright A and Eason C (eds) Proceedings of The Science Workshop on 1080 pp 82-89. The Royal Society of New Zealand. SIR Publishing: Wellington, New Zealand
30. Eason CT, Gooneratne R and Rammell CG 1994b The advantages and disadvantages of sodium monofluoroacetate and alternative toxins for possum control. In: Seawright A and Eason C (eds) Proceedings of The Science Workshop on 1080 pp 159-165. The Royal Society of New Zealand. SIR Publishing: Wellington, New Zealand
31. Eason CT, Gooneratne R, Fitzgerald H, Wright G and Frampton C 1993a Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate in livestock animals and risk to humans. Human and Experimental Toxicology 12: 1-4
32. Eason CT, Gooneratne R, Wright GR, Pierce R and Frampton CM 1993b The fate of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in water, mammals, and invertebrates. Proceedings of the Forty-sixth New Zealand Plant Protection Conference pp 297-301. New Zealand
33. Eason CT, Henderson R, Thomas MD and Frampton CM 1994c The advantages and disadvantages of sodium monofluoroacetate and alternative toxins for possum control. In: Seawright A and Eason C (eds) Proceedings of The Science Workshop on 1080 pp 159-165. The Royal Society of New Zealand. SIR Publishing: Wellington, New Zealand
34. Eason CT, Wickstrom M and Spurr EB 1998 Review of impacts of large-scale sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) use in New Zealand. Proceedings of the Eleventh Australasian Vertebrate Pests Conference pp 105-110. Bunbury, Western Australia
35. Eason CT, Wickstrom M, Turck P and Wright GR 1999 A review of recent regulatory and environmental toxicology studies on 1080: results and implications. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23: 129-137 (Pubitemid 30031601)
36. Eldridge SR, Berman DM and Walsh B 2000 Field evaluation of four 1080 baits for dingo control. Wildlife Research 27: 495-500
37. Environmental Risk Management Authority (ERMA) 2007 The Reassessment of 1080: an Informal Guide to the August 2007 Decision of the Environmental Risk Management Authority, New Zealand. Environmental Risk Management Authority, New Zealand. http://www.ermanz.govt.nz/hs/1080resources/index.html
38. Fagerstone KA, Savarie PJ, Ellas DJ and Schaefer EW 1994 Recent regulatory requirements for pesticide registration and the status of compound 1080 studies conducted to meet EPA requirements. In: Seawright A and Eason C (eds) Proceedings of The Science Workshop on 1080 pp 33-38. The Royal Society of New Zealand. SIR Publishing: Wellington, New Zealand
39. Fanshier DW, Gottwald LK and Kun E 1964 Studies on specific enzyme inhibitors VI. Characterization and mechanism of action of the enzyme-inhibitory isomer of monofluorocitrate. Journal Biological Chemistry 239: 425-434
40. Fisher PM and Marks CA 1996 Proceedings of the Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control Workshop. Report Series #2, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit. Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Victoria, Australia
41. Fleming PJ and Parker RW 1991 Temporal decline of 1080 within meat baits used for control of wild dogs in New South Wales. Wildlife Research 18: 729-740
42. Fleming P, Corbett L, Harden R and Thomson P 2001 Managing the impacts of dingoes and other wild dogs. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia
43. Fonnum F, Johnsen A and Hassel B 1997 Use of fluorocitrate and fluoroacetate in the study of brain metabolism. Glia 21: 106-113 (Pubitemid 27389646)
44. Fundytus ME 2001 Glutamate receptors and nociception: implications for the drug treatment of pain. CNS Drugs 15: 29-58
45. Gajdusek DC and Luther G 1950 Fluoroacetate poisoning. American Journal of Diseases of Children 79: 310-320
46. Gal EM, Drewes PA and Taylor NV 1961 Metabolism of fluoroacetic acid-2-C in the intact rat. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 93: 1-14
47. Gentle M, Aster D, MacMorran D and Eason C 2008 Development of a cyanide pig bait for monitoring. Final Report to the National Feral Animal Control Program. Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries: Queensland, Australia
48. Goh CS, Hodgson DR, Fearnside SM, Heller J and Malikides N 2005 Sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) poisoning in dogs. Australian Veterinary Journal 83: 474-479
49. Goncharov NV, Jenkins RO and Radilov AS 2006 Toxicology of fluoroacetate: a review, with possible directions for therapy research. Journal of Applied Toxicology 26: 148-161
50. Gooneratne R, Dickson C, Wallace C, Eason CT, Fitzgerald H and Wright G 1994 Plasma and tissue 1080 in rabbits after lethal and sub-lethal doses. In: Seawright A and Eason C (eds) Proceedings of The Science Workshop on 1080 pp 67-73. The Royal Society of New Zealand. SIR Publishing: Wellington, New Zealand
51. Gooneratne R, Eason CT, Dickson CJ, Fitzgerald H and Wright G 1995 Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate in rabbits and risks to non-target species. Human and Experimental Toxicology 14: 212-216
52. Gooneratne R, Eason CT, Milne LM, Arthur DG and Wickstrom M 2008 Acute and long-term effects of exposure to sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in sheep. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 75: 127-139
53. Gregory G 1996 Perception of pain associated with 1080 poisoning. In: Fisher PM and Marks CA (eds ) Proceedings of the Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control Workshop. Report Series #2 pp 62-64. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Victoria, Australia
54. Hart F and Boardman P 1963 Indomethacin: a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent. British Medical Journal 5363: 965-970
55. Herbert CA, Trigg TE and Cooper DW 2006 Fertility control in female eastern grey kangaroos using the GnRH agonist deslorelin 1. Effects on reproduction. Wildlife Research 33: 41-46 (Pubitemid 43351672)
56. Hogg RC, Raggenbass M and Bertrand D 2003 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology 147: 1-46
57. Hornshaw TC, Ringer RK, Aulerich RJ and Casper HH 1986 Toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080) to mink and European ferrets. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5: 213-223
58. IACRC 2007 Annual Report 2006-07. In: Molloy K and Henderson W (eds) Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre. University of Canberra: Canberra, ACT, Australia. www.invasiveanimals.com
59. Kelly M 1965 Isolation of bacteria able to metabolise fluoroacetate or fluoroacetamide. Nature 208: 809-810
60. King DR 1989 An assessment of the hazard posed to northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) by aerial baiting with 1080 to control dingoes. Australian Wildlife Research 16: 569-574
61. King DR, Oliver AJ and Mead RJ 1981 Bettongia and fluoroacetate: a role for 1080 in fauna management. Australian Wildlife Research 8: 521-536
62. King JE and Penford WT 1946 Effects of new herbicides on fish. Science 103: 487
63. Kinnear JE, Onus ML and Bromilow RN 1988 Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics. Wildlife Research 15: 435-450
64. Kinnear JE, Onus ML and Summer NR 1998 Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics - II. An update. Wildlife Research 25: 81-88
65. Kirkpatrick JF, Turner JW, Liu IK, Fayrer-Hosken R and Rutberg AT 1997 Case studies in wildlife immunocontraception: wild and feral equids and white-tailed deer. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9: 105-110 (Pubitemid 27156824)
66. Kirsten E, Sharma ML and Kun E 1978 Molecular toxicity of (-) erythro-fluorocitrate Selective inhibition of citrate transport in mitochondria and the binding of fluorocitrate to mitochondrial proteins. Molecular Pharmacology 14: 172-184 (Pubitemid 8348611)
67. Klausner RD and Rouault TA 1993 A double life: cytosolic aconitase as a regulatory RNA binding protein. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4: 1-5
68. Kohn DF, Wixson K, White WJ and Benson GJ 1997 Anaesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Series. Academic Press: New York, USA
69. Kortner G 2007 Aerial baiting for the control of wild dogs and its impact on spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) populations in eastern Australia. Wildlife Research 34: 48-53 (Pubitemid 46333513)
70. Kortner G and Watson P 2005 The immediate impact of 1080 aerial baiting to control wild dogs on a spotted-tailed quoll population. Wildlife Research 32: 673-680 (Pubitemid 41816394)
71. Kun E 1982 Monofluoroacetic acid (Compound 1080), its pharmacology and toxicology. In: Marsh E (ed) Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference pp 34-41. University of California, Davis, USA
72. Kun E, Kirsten E and Sharma ML 1977 Enzymatic formation of glutathione-cytryl thioester by a mitochondrial system and its inhibition by (-) erythrofluorocitrate. Proceedings of the USA National Academy of Science 74: 4942-4946 (Pubitemid 8241011)
73. Littin KE, Gregory NG, Airey AT, Eason CT and Mellor DJ 2009 Behaviour and time to unconsciousness of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) after a lethal or sublethal dose of 1080. Wildlife Research 36: 709-720
74. Littin KE, Mellor DJ, Warburton B and Eason CT 2004 Animal welfare and ethical issues relevant to humane control of vertebrate pests. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52: 1-10 (Pubitemid 38376631)
75. Lloyd BD and McQueen SM 2000 An assessment of the probability of secondary poisoning of forest insectivores following an aerial 1080 possum control operation. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 24: 45-56
76. Lyver P, Ataria J, Trought K and Fisher P 2005 Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) residues in longfin eels, Anguilla dieffenbachi, following exposure to contaminated water and food. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39: 1243-1252 (Pubitemid 43096046)
77. Marks CA, Gigliotti F and Busana F 2009 Assuring that 1080 toxicosis in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is humane II. Analgesic drugs produce better welfare outcomes. Wildlife Research 36: 498-505
78. Marks CA, Gigliotti F, Busana F, Johnston M and Lindeman M 2004 Fox control using a para-aminopiophenone formulation with the M-44 ejector. Animal Welfare 13: 401-407 (Pubitemid 39490160)
79. Marks CA, Hackman C, Busana F and Gigliotti F 2000 Assuring that 1080 toxicosis in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is humane: fluoroacetic acid (1080) and drug combinations. Wildlife Research 27: 483-494
80. Mazzanti L, Lopez M and Berti MG 1965 Atrofia del testicoio prodotta dal monofluoroacetato sodico nel ratto albino. Experienta 21: 446-447. [Title translation: Atrophy of the testicle produced from the administration of sodium monofluoroacetate in the albino rat]
81. McCann R, Colleary G, Geddis C, Dickson G and Marsh D 2006 The effect of a single dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on fracture repair in an externally fixated rat femoral fracture model. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume 88B(2): 384
82. McIlroy JC 1981 The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison II. Marsupial and eutherian carnivores. Australian Wildlife Research 8: 385-399
83. McIlroy JC 1982a Sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison III. Marsupial and eutherian herbivores. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 487-502
84. McIlroy JC 1982b The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison IV. Native and introduced rodents. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 505-517
85. McIlroy JC 1984 The sensitivity of Australian Animals to 1080 poison VII. Native and introduced birds. Australian Wildlife Research 11: 373-385
86. McIlroy JC and Gifford EJ 1991 Effects on non-target animal populations of a rabbit trail-baiting campaign with 1080 poison. Wildlife Research 18: 315-325
87. McIlroy JC, Gifford EJ and Carpenter SM 1988 The effect of rainfall and blowfly larvae on the toxicity of 1080-treated meat baits used in poisoning campaigns against wild dogs. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 473-483
88. McIlroy JC, Cooper RJ, Gifford EJ, Green BF and Newgrain KW 1986 The effect on wild dogs Canis f. familiaris, of 1080-poisoning campaigns in Kosciusko National Park, NSW. Australian Wildlife Research 13: 535-544
89. McLeod R 2004 Counting the Cost: Impact of Invasive Animals in Australia 2004. Cooperative Research Centre for Pest Animal Control: Canberra, Australia
90. McLeod S and Twigg LE 2006 Predicting the efficacy of virally-vectored immunocontraception for managing rabbits. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 30: 103-120
91. McLeod SR, Saunders G, Twigg LE, Arthur AD, Ramsey D and Hinds LA 2007 Prospects for the future: is there a role for immunocontraception in vertebrate pest management? Wildlife Research 34: 555-577
92. Mead RJ, Moulden DL and Twigg LE 1985 The role of sulfhydryl compounds in the manifestation of fluoroacetate toxicity to the rat, brush-tailed possum, woylie and western grey kangaroo. Australia Journal of Biological Science 38: 139-149
93. Mead RJ, Oliver AJ and King DR 1979 Metabolism and defluorination of fluoroacetate in the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Australian Journal of Biological Science 32: 15-26
94. Meenken D and Booth LH 1997 The risk to dogs of poisoning from sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) residues in possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 40: 573-576
95. Miller LA, Johns BE and Elias DJ 1995 Immunocontraception as a wildlife management tool: some perspectives. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26: 237-243
96. Morris K, Orell P and Brazell R 1995 The effect of fox control on native mammals in the jarrah forest, Western Australia. Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pests Conference pp 177-181. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
97. Morrison LE and Peters RA 1954 Biochemistry of fluoroacetate poisoning: the effect of fluorocitrate on purified aconitase. Biochemistry Journal 58: 473-479
98. Nolan A and Reid J 1993 Comparisons of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of carprofen and papavertum in the dog. The Veterinary Record 133: 240-242
99. O'Brien PH 1988 The toxicity of sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to captive feral pigs. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 163-170
100. O'Brien PH and Lukins BS 1988 Factors influencing the intake of sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) by free-ranging feral pigs. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 285-291
101. de Oliveira MM 1963 Chromatographic isolation of monofluoroacetic acid from Palicourea marcgravii. Experientia 19: 586-587
102. Oliver AJ, Wheeler SH and Gooding CD 1982 Field evaluation of 1080 and pindone oat bait, and the possible decline in effectiveness of poison baiting for control of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 125-134
103. Omara F and Sisodia CS 1990 Evaluation of potential antidotes for sodium fluoroacetate in mice. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 32: 427-431
104. Oogjes G 1997 Ethical aspects and dilemmas of fertility control of unwanted wildlife: an animal welfarist's perspective. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9: 163-167
105. Orr M and Bentley G 1994 Accidental 1080 poisonings in livestock and companion animals. Surveillance 21: 27-28
106. Parton K 2001 Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080). Small Animal Toxicology pp 721-727. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA
107. Parton K, Bruere AN and Chalmbers JP 2001 Fluoroacetate. Veterinary Clinical Toxicology Publication 208. Veterinary Continuing Education: Palmerston North, New Zealand
108. Patel A and Koenig H 1968 Neurochemical effects of fluorocitrate. Neurology 18: 296
109. Paul-Murphy J and Ludders JW 2001 Avian analgesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 4: 35-45
110. Peters RA 1952 The puzzle for therapy in fluoroacetate poisoning. British Medical Journal 2: 1165-1170
111. Peters RA 1957 Mechanism of the toxicity of the active constituent of Dichapetalum cymosum and related compounds. Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects of Biochemistry 18: 113-159
112. Peters RA 1972 Some metabolic aspects of fluoroacetate especially related to fluorocitrate. In: Elliot K and Birch J (eds) Carbon Fluorine Compounds pp 55-70. Associated Scientific Publications: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
113. Peters RA and Wakelin RW 1953 Fluoroacetate poisoning: comparison of synthetic fluorocitric acid with the enzymically synthesized fluorotricarboxylic acid. Nature (London) 171: 1111-1112
114. Peters R, Shorthouse M, Ward PFV and McDowell EM 1972 Observations upon the metabolism of fluorocitrate in rats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 182: 1-8
115. Platt SR 2007 The role of glutamate in central nervous system health and disease: a review. Veterinary Journal 173: 278-286
116. Possingham H, Jarman P and Kearns A 2003 Independent Review of Western Shield. Report of the Review Pane pp 1-20. Department of Conservation and Land Management: Perth, Western Australia, Australia
117. Potter MA, Barret DP and King CM 2006 Acceptance by stoats (Mustela erminea) of 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) in small-volume baits and its effect on behaviour and time to death. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 54: 350-356
118. Powlesland RG, Stringer IA and Hedderley DI 2005 Effects of an aerial 1080 possum poison operation using carrot baits on invertebrates in artificial refuges at Whirinaki Forest Park, 1999-2002. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 29: 193-205
119. Rammell CG, Hoogenboom JJ and Julian AF 2005 Treatment of 1080 poisoning in dogs with glycerol monoacetate. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 33: 149-150
120. Rang HP 2003 Pharmacology. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, UK
121. Robinson RF, Griffith JR and Wolowich WR 2002 Intoxication with sodium monofluoroacetate (compound 1080). Veterinary and Human Toxicology 44: 93-95
122. Rodgers RJ and Hendrie CA 1983 Social conflict activates status-dependent endogenous analgesic or hyperalgesic mechanisms in male mice: Effects of naloxone on nociception and behaviour. Physiology and Behaviour 30: 775-780
123. Rosow CE, Miller JM, Pelikan EW and Cochin J 1980 Opiates and thermoregulation in mice I. Agonists. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 213: 273-283
124. Roy (Shapira) A, Taitelman U and Bursztein S 1980 Evaluation of the role of ionized calcium in sodium fluoroacetate ('1080') poisoning. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 56: 216-220
125. Saunders GR and Sharp T 2008 The welfare of introduced wild animals in Australia: A balanced response. Environmental and Planning Law Journal 25: 157-163
126. Saunders G, Coman B, Kinnear J and Braysher M 1995 Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia
127. Saunders G, McLeod S and Kay B 2000 Degradation of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in buried fox baits. Wildlife Research 27: 129-135
128. 2+ signalling in single mouse beta-cells. Endocrinology 141: 4065-4071
129. Seawright AA and Eason CT 1994 Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080 pp 82-89. The Royal Society of New Zealand. SIR Publishing: Wellington. New Zealand
130. Sharp T and Saunders G 2008 A Model for Assessing the Relative Humaneness of Pest Animal Control Methods. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Canberra, ACT, Australia
131. Sherley M 2004 The traditional categories of fluoroacetate poisoning signs and symptoms belie substantial underlying similarities. Toxicology Letters 151: 399-406
132. Sherley M 2007 Is sodium fluoroacetate (1080) a humane poison? Animal Welfare 16: 449-458
133. Sinclair RG and Bird PL 1984 The reaction of Sminthopsis crassicaudata to meat baits containing 1080: implications for assessing risk to non-target species. Australian Wildlife Research 11: 501-507
134. Spielmann H, Meyer-Wendecker R and Spielmann F 1973 Influence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and sodium fluoroacetate on respiratory metabolism of rat embryos during organogenesis. Teratology 7: 127-134
135. Spurr EB 1994 Impacts on non-target invertebrate populations aerial application of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) for brushtail possum control. In: Seawright AA and Eason CT (eds) Proceedings of the Science Workshop on 1080 pp 116-123. The Royal Society of New Zealand. SIR Publishing: Wellington, New Zealand
136. Spurr EB and Berben PH 2004 Assessment of non-target impact of 1080-poisoning for vertebrate pest control on weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae and Rhaphidophoriadae) and other invertebrates in artificial refuges. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 28: 63-72
137. Strand FL 1978 Physiology: A Regulatory Systems Approach. Macmillan Publishing Co: New York, USA
138. Sullivan JL, Smith FA and Garman RH 1979 Effects of fluoroacetate on the testis of the rat. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 56: 201-207
139. Sun X-C, Chen W-N, Li S-Q, Cai J-S, Li W-B, Xian X-H, Hu Y-Y, Zhang M and Li Q-J 2009 Fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of glial metabolism, inhibits the up-regulation of NOS expression, activity and NO production in the spinal cord induced by formalin test in rats. Neurochemical Research 34: 351-359
140. Suren AM 2006 Quantifying contamination of streams by 1080 baits, and their fate in water. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 40: 159-167
141. Suren AM and Bonnett M 2004 Consumption of baits containing sodium fluoroacetate (1080) by the New Zealand freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops planifrons). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 40: 169-178
142. Suren AM and Lambert P 2004 The Effects of 1080 on Invertebrate Communities and Fish in West Coast Streams. NIWA Project # AHB03501 Report, Animal Health Board and the New Zealand and National Institute of Water & Atmosphere Research pp 1-47, Christchurch, New Zealand. http://www.1080facts.co. nz/upload/download-files/Effects%20of%201080%20on%20invertebrates%20and%20fish. pdf
143. Thomson PC 1986 The effectiveness of aerial baiting for the control of dingoes in north-western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 13: 165-176
144. Tremblay LA, Fisher P and Leusch FD 2004 Potential of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) and fluorocitrate to bind to oestrogen receptor. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 10: 77-83
145. Tremblay LA, Fisher P, Leusch FD and van den Heuvel MR 2005 Evaluation of the potential of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) and fluorocitrate to bind to androgen and oestrogen receptors. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 11: 155-162
146. Tucek S, Dolezal V and Sullivan AC 1981 Inhibition of the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain slices by (-)hydroxycitrate and citrate. Journal of Neurochemistry 36: 1331-1337 (Pubitemid 11070796)
147. Twigg LE 1986 The physiological, ecological and evolutionary significance of sodium monofluoroacetic acid in relation to plant animal interaction in Australia. PhD Thesis, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
148. Twigg LE and King DR 1991 The impact of fluoroacetate-bearing vegetation on native Australian fauna: a review. Oikos 61: 412-430
149. Twigg LE and Socha LV 2001 Defluorination of sodium monofluoroacetate by soil microorganisms from Central Australia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 227-234
150. Twigg LE, King DR and Bradley AJ 1988a The effect of sodium monofluoroacetate on plasma testosterone concentration in Tiliqua rugosa (Gray). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 91C: 343-347
151. Twigg LE, Lowe TJ and Martin GR 2002 Evidence of pesticide resistance in medium-sized mammalian pests: A case study with 1080 poison and Australian rabbits. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 549-560
152. Twigg LE, Lowe TJ and Martin GR 2005 Sodium fluoroacetate residues and carcase degradation of free-ranging feral pigs poisoned with 1080. Wildlife Research 32: 573-580
153. Twigg LE, Mead RJ and King DR 1986 Metabolism of fluoroacetate in the skink (Tiliqua rugosa) and the rat (Rattus norvegicus). Australian Journal of Biological Science 39: 1-15
154. Twigg LE, Lowe TJ, Kirkpatrick WE and Martin GR 2003 Tissue residue levels in rabbits and rats, poisoned with 1080 one-shot bait, and the location of rabbit carcasses. Wildlife Research 30: 621-631
155. Twigg LE, King DR, Davis H, Saunders D and Mead RJ 1988b Tolerance to, and metabolism of, fluoroacetate in the emu. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 239-247
156. Twigg LE, King DR, Wright GE, Eason CT and Bowen LH 1996 Fluoroacetate content of the toxic Australian plant genera, Gastrolobium, and its environmental persistence. Natural Toxins 4: 122-127
157. Twigg LE, Eldridge SE, Edwards GP, Shakeshaft BJ, de Preu ND and Adams N 2000 The longevity and efficacy of 1080 meat baits used for dingo control in central Australia. Wildlife Research 27: 473-481
158. Tyndale-Biscoe CH 1994 Virus-vectored immunocontraception of feral mammals. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6: 281-287
159. Tyndale-Biscoe CH 2005 Life of Marsupials pp 365-385. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Australia
160. Tyndale-Biscoe CH and Hinds LA 2007 Introduction: virally vectored immunocontraception in Australia. Wildlife Research 34: 507-510
161. Vickery B and Vickery ML 1975 The synthesis and defluorination of monofluoroacetate in some Dichapetalum species. Phytochemistry 14: 423-427
162. VPC 2002 Report to Vertebrate Pests Committee: 1080 Policies, Practices and Procedures in Australia and New Zealand. 1080 Working Group of the Vertebrate Pests Committee. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, ACT, Canberra, Australia. http://www.daff.gov.au/natural-resources/invasive/ vertebrates
163. Warburton B and Drew KW 1994 Extent and nature of cyanide-shyness in some populations of Australia Brushtail possums in New Zealand. Wildlife Research 34: 599-605
164. Watanabe T, Yamagata N, Takasaki K, Sano K, Hayakawa K, Katsurabayashi S, Egashira N, Mishima K, Iwasaki K and Fujiwara M 2009 Decreased acetylcholine release is correlated to memory impairment in the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brian Research 1249: 222-228
165. Weaver SA 2006 Chronic toxicity of 1080 and its implications for conservation management: A New Zealand case study. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19: 367-389
166. Wheeler SH and Oliver AJ 1978 The effect of rainfall and moisture on the 1080 and pindone content of vacuum-impregnated oats used for control of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus. Australian Wildlife Research 5: 143-149
167. Wickstrom M, Ataria J, O'Halloran K and Eason CT 1998 Development of
168. Williams D 1996 Animal welfare aspects of the use of sodium fluoroacetate to poison wild rabbits. In: Fisher PM and Marks CA (eds) Proceedings of the Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control Workshop. Report Series #2 pp 37-42. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Victoria, Australia
169. Williams K, Parer I, Coman B, Burley J and Braysher M 1995 Managing Vertebrate Pests: Rabbits. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia
170. Wong DH, Kirkpatrick WE, King DR and Kinnear JE 1992 Defluorination of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) by microorganisms isolated from Western Australian soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 833-838
171. Zurita JL, Jos A, Camean AM, Salguero M, Lopez-Artiguez M and Repetto G 2007 Ecotoxicological evaluation of sodium fluoroacetate on aquatic organisms and investigation of the effects on two fish cell lines. Chemosphere 67: 1-12