Animal welfare and ethical issues relevant to the humane control of vertebrate pests

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-10

  Littin, K E ^a   Mellor, D J ^a   Warburton, B ^b   Eason, C T ^b  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b LANDCARE RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Ethics; Pest; Vertebrate pest; Vertebrate pest control

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CARE; ANIMAL HEALTH; ANIMAL RIGHTS; ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMAL WELLBEING; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHICS; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PEST CONTROL; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; SPECIES COMPARISON; STANDARD;

ANIMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 1642343740     PISSN: 00480169     EISSN: 11760710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36384     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Anonymous. Wildlife Act 1953. New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1953
2. Anonymous. Wild Animal Control Act 1977. New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington NZ 1977
3. Anonymous. Resource Management Act 1991. New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1991
4. Anonymous. Biosecurity Act 1993. New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington, NZ, 1993
5. Anonymous. Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996. New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1996
6. Anonymous. Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act 1997. New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1997a
7. Anonymous. Evaluation of Fully Approved or Provisionally Approved Products:Evaluation on Assessment of Humaneness of Vertebrate Control Agents (Issue No. 74). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, York, UK, 1997b
8. Anonymous. The Humane Killing of Possums Caught in Leghold Traps:Animal Welfare Advisory Committee Report 300-A7-01. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998a
9. Anonymous. Control and Euthanasia of Feral Cats:Animal Welfare Advisory Committee Report 3300-A7-01. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998b
10. Anonymous. Animal Welfare Act 1999. New Zealand Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand, 1999a
11. Anonymous. Guide to the Animal Welfare Act 1999. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Policy Information Paper No. 27. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, New Zealand, 1999b
12. Anonymous. International Standard ISO 10990–4. Animal (Mammal) Traps. Part 4:Methods for Testing Killing-trap Systems Used on Land or Underwater. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999c
13. Anonymous. International Standard ISO 10990–5. Animal (Mammal) Traps. Part 5:Methods for Testing Restraining Traps. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999d
14. Anonymous. ACVM-Registration Standard and Guideline for the Efficacy of Vertebrate Pesticides. ACVMS 7.9. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, New Zealand, 2000a
15. Anonymous. National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee Guideline for Mammalian Restraining and Killing Traps (27 April 2000). NAWAC Document 95/00. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, New Zealand, 2000b
16. Anonymous. The NZBCSD Sustainable Development Reporting Guide for New Zealand Business. www.nzbcsd.org.nz/sdr/SDR_Guide.pdf (accessed 20 January 2004). New Zealand Business Council for Sustainable Development, Auckland, New Zealand, 2001a
17. Anonymous. Bovine Tuberculosis National Pest Management Strategy 2001–2013. Animal Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand, 2001b
18. Anonymous. Chapter 9:Humaneness for vertebrate control agents. Data Requirements Handbook. www.pesticides.gov.uk/applicant/registration_guides/data_reqs_handbook/humaneness.pdf (accessed 20 January 2004, updated 23 May 2001). Pesticides Safety Directorate, York, UK, 2001c
19. Anonymous. Register of Unwanted Organisms. http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/ pests-diseases/registers-lists/unwanted-organisms/index.htm (accessed 20 January 2004). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, New Zealand, 2002a
20. Anonymous. Animal Pests. http://www.doc.govt.nz/Conservation/002-Animal--Pests/index.asp (accessed 20 January 2004). Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, 2002b
21. Anonymous. Pest Management Strategy Database. http://www1.maf.govt.nz/cgi-bin/pms/pms.pl (accessed 20 January 2004). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, New Zealand, 2002c
22. Anonymous. Global Reporting Initiative 2002 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. www.globalreporting.org/Guidelines/2002/gri_2002_guidelines.pdf (accessed 20 January 2004). Global Reporting Initiative, Boston, USA, 2002d
23. Banner M, Bulfield G, Clark S, Gormally L, Hignett P, Kimball H, Milburn C, Moffitt J. Report of the Committee to Consider the Ethical Implications of Emerging Technologies in the Breeding of Farm Animals. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), London, UK, 1995
24. Bateson P. Assessment of pain in animals. Animal Behaviour 42, 827–39, 1991
25. Battye J. Ethics and animal welfare — where do we go from here? In:Baker RM, Mellor DJ, Nicol AN (eds). Animal Welfare in the Twenty-First Century:Ethical, Educational and Scientific Challenges. Pp 3–10. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1994
26. Battye J. Ethical issues and animal use in science. In:Mellor D, Fisher M, Sutherland G (eds). Ethical Approaches to Animal-Based Science. Pp 11–8. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998
27. Ben-David O. RSPCA views and policies on pest animal control. In:Fisher PM, Marks CA (eds). Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control:Proceedings of the Seminar held 27th March 1996. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Report Series No. 2. Pp 43–5. Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Frankston, Australia, 1996
28. Broom DM. Assessing welfare and suffering. Behavioural Processes 25, 117–23, 1991
29. Broom DM. The welfare of vertebrate pests in relation to their management. In:Cowan PD, Feare CJ (eds). Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management. Pp 309–29. Filander Verlag, Fürth, Germany, 1999
30. Caughley J, Monamy V, Heiden K. Impact of the 1993 Mouse Plague. Grains Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia, 1994
31. Colvin BA, Hegdal PL, Jackson WB. Review of non-target hazards associated with rodenticide use in the USA. Bulletin OEPP/ EPPO Bulletin 18, 301–8, 1988
32. Cook CJ. Serotonergic and cholecystokinin antagonists change patterns of response in rats (Rattus norvegicus) to oral sodium monofluoroacetate. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 76–8, 1998
33. Cowan PE. Biological control of possums:prospects for the future. In:Montague TL (ed). The Brushtail Possum:Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial. Pp 262–70. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, 2000
34. Cowan PE. Advances in New Zealand Mammalogy 1990-2000:brushtail possum. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31, 15–29, 2001
35. Cowan PE, Tyndale-Biscoe CH. Australian and New Zealand mammal species considered to be pests or problems. Reproductive Fertility and Development 9, 27–36, 1997
36. Dix GI, Jolly SE, Bufton LS, Gardiner AI. The potential of electric shock for the humane trapping of brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula. Wildlife Research 21, 49–52, 1994
37. Eason CT. Vertebrate pesticides, old and new. What will influence their future development and use? Improving Conventional Control of Possums. Royal Society Miscellaneous Series 35. Pp 46–50. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1996
38. Eason CT, Wickstrom M. Vertebrate Pesticide Toxicology Manual (Poisons):Information on Poisons used in New Zealand as Vertebrate Pesticides. Department of Conservation Technical Series 23. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, 2001
39. Eason CT, Wickstrom MW, Milne LM, Warburton B, Gregory NG. Implications of animal welfare considerations for pest control research:the possum as a case study. In:Mellor D, Fisher M, Sutherland G (eds). Ethical Approaches to Animal-Based Science. Pp 125–30. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998
40. Eason CT, Warburton B, Henderson R. Toxicants used for possum control. In:Montague TL (ed). The Brushtail Possum:Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial. Pp 154–63. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, 2000
41. Frampton CM, Warburton B, Henderson R, Morgan DR. Optimising bait size and 1080 concentration (sodium monofluoroacetate) for the control of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Wildlife Research 26, 53–9, 1999
42. Garden P. Protecting the New Zealand environment-vertebrate pest control. A farming perspective. In:Baker RM, Mellor DJ, Nicol AM (eds). Animal Welfare in the Twenty-First Century:Ethical, Educational and Scientific Challenges. Pp 125–8. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1994
43. Gregory NG. Rationale for controlling vertebrate pests. In:Mellor DJ, Fisher M, Sutherland G (eds). Ethical Approaches to Animal-Based Science. Pp 121–4. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998a
44. Gregory NG. Animal Welfare and Meat Science. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 1998b
45. Gregory NG. Consumer concerns about food. Outlook on Agriculture 29, 251–7, 2000
46. Gregory NG. Attitudes to animal welfare and the environment. In:Baker RM, Fisher M, Hemsworth P (eds). Farm Animals in Research — Can We Meet the Demands of Ethics, Welfare, Science and Industry? Pp 1–10. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 2001
47. Gregory NG, Milne LM, Rhodes AT, Wickstrom M, Eason CT. Effect of potassium cyanide on behaviour and time to death in possums. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 60–4, 1998
48. Gregory NG, Orbell GMB, Harding DRK. Poisoning with 3-nitropropionic acid in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 48, 85–7, 2000
49. Hickling GJ. Animal welfare and vertebrate pest management:compromise or conflict? In:Baker RM, Mellor DJ, Nicol AM (eds). Animal Welfare in the Twenty-First Century:Ethical, Educational and Scientific Challenges. Pp 119–24. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1994
50. Jotham N, Phillips RL. Developing international trap standards — a progress report. Proceedings of the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Pp 308–10, 1994
51. King CM. The effects of two types of steel traps upon captured stoats (Mustela erminea). Journal ofZoology 195, 553–4, 1981a
52. King CM. Studies on the control of stoats (Mustela erminea) in the National parks of New Zealand. In:Chapman, JA, Pursley D (eds). Proceedings of the Worldwide Furbearer Conference. Pp 1862–74, 1981b
53. King CM. The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals. Oxford University Press New Zealand, Auckland NZ, 1990
54. King CM. Monitoring and Control of Mustelids on Conservation Lands. Part 1:Planning and Assessing an Operation. Department of Conservation Technical Series No. 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, 1994
55. King CM. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31 (special issue), 2001a
56. King CM. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000:Introduction. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31, 1–5, 2001b
57. King CM, Edgar RE. Techniques for trapping and tracking stoats (Mustela erminea):a review and a new system. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 4, 193–212, 1977
58. King CM, O’Donnell CFJ, Phillipson SM. Monitoring and Control of Mustelids on Conservation Lands. Part 2:Field and Workshop Guide. Department of Conservation Technical Series No. 4. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, 1994
59. King CM, Griffiths K, Murphy EC. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000:Stoat and weasel. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31, 165–83, 2001
60. Kirkwood JK, Hubrecht R. Animal consciousness, cognition and welfare. Animal Welfare 10 (Supplement), S5—S17, 2001
61. Kirkwood JK, Sainsbury AW Bennett I. The welfare of free-living wild animals:methods of assessment. Animal Welfare 3, 257–73, 1994
62. Lenghaus C, Westbury H, Collins B, Ratnamohan N, Morrissy C. Overview of the RHD project in Australia. In:Munro RK, Williams RT (eds). Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease:Issues in Assessment for Biological Control. Pp 104–29. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia, 1994
63. Littin KE, O’Connor CE. Guidelines for Assessing the Welfare Impacts ofVertebrate Poisons. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0102/006, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand, 2002
64. Littin KE, O’Connor CE, Eason CT. Comparative effects of brodifacoum on rats and possums. New Zealand Plant Protection 53, 310–5, 2000
65. Littin KE, O’Connor CE, Gregory NG, Mellor DJ, Eason CT. Behaviour, coagulopathy and pathology of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) poisoned with brodifacoum. Wildlife Research 29, 259–67, 2002
66. Livingstone PG. Overview of the ferret problem. Ferrets as Vectors of Tuberculosis and Threats to Conservation. The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 36. Pp 2–6. The Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1996
67. Loague P. Pest control and animal welfare. New Zealand Journal ofZoology 20, 253–5, 1993
68. Loague P. Protecting the New Zealand environment-vertebrate pest control. An animal welfare society perspective. In:Baker RM, Mellor DJ, Nicol AM (eds). Animal Welfare in the Twenty-First Century:Ethical, Educational and Scientific Challenges. Pp 109–112. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1994a
69. Loague P. RNZSPCA concerns:animal welfare and the benefits. In:Munro RK, Williams RT (eds). Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease:Issues in Assessment for Biological Control. Pp 142–3. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia, 1994b
70. Marks CA. Do we need a new vertebrate pest control ethic? In:Fisher PM, Marks CA (eds). Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control:Proceedings of the Seminar Held 27th March 1996. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Report Series No. 2. Pp 16–19. Agriculture Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, 1996
71. Marks CA. Ethical issues in vertebrate pest control:can we balance the welfare of individuals and ecosystems? In:Mellor DJ, Monamy V (eds). The Use of Wildlife in Research. Pp 79–89. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1999
72. Marks CA, Hackman C, Busana F, Gigliotti F. Assuring that 1080 toxicosis in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is humane:fluoroacetic acid (1080) and drug combinations. Wildlife Research 27, 483–94, 2000
73. Mason GJ, Littin KE. The humaneness of rodent pest control. Animal Welfare 12, 1–37, 2003
74. McDonald RA, Lariviere S. Diseases and pathogens of Mustela spp, with special reference to the biological control of introduced stoat Mustela erminea populations in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31, 721–44, 2001
75. McInerney JP. The economics of welfare. In:Michell AR, Edwards R (eds). Ethics, Welfare, Law and Market Forces:the Veterinary Interface. Proceedings of a Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) and Universities Federation of Animal Welfare (UFAW) Symposium held in November 1996. Pp 115–34. Universities Federation of Animal Welfare, London, UK, 1998
76. Mellor DJ. Humane end points:some perspectives from farm animal studies. In:van Zutphen LFM, Balls M (eds). Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Ethics. Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 27, 291–6, 1997
77. Mellor DJ. How can animal-based scientists demonstrate ethical integrity? In:Mellor DJ, Fisher M, Sutherland G (eds). Ethical Approaches to Animal-Based Science. Pp 19–31. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998
78. Mellor DJ. What determines minimum farm animal welfare standards — animals’ actual needs, animals’ perceived needs or economics? Proceedings of the 16th Annual Seminar of the Society of Dairy Cattle Veterinarians of the New Zealand Veterinary Association. Pp 143–52, 1999
79. Mellor DJ, Reid CSW. Concepts of animal well-being and predicting the impact of procedures on experimental animals. In:Baker R, Jenkin G and Mellor DJ (eds). Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research Environment. Pp 3–18. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1994
80. Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ. Integrating practical, regulatory and ethical strategies for enhancing farm animal welfare. Australian Veterinary Journal 79, 762–8, 2001
81. Moller H, Norbury G, King CM. Ecological and behavioural constraints to effective control of ferrets (Mustela furo). Ferrets as Vectors of Tuberculosis and Threats to Conservation. The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 36. Pp 54–68. The Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1996
82. Montague TL (ed). The Brushtail Possum:Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, 2000
83. Montague TL, Warburton B. Non-toxic techniques for possum control. In:Montague TL (ed). The Brushtail Possum:Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial. Pp 164–74. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, 2000
84. Morrison R. Rabbit control-does the end justify any means? In:Fisher PM, Marks CA (eds). Humaneness And Vertebrate Pest Control:Proceedings of the Seminar Held 27th March 1996. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Report Series No. 2. Pp 46–9. Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Frankston, Australia, 1996
85. Morriss GA, Warburton B, Ruscoe WA. Comparison of the capture efficiency of a kill-trap set for brushtail possums that excludes ground birds, and ground set leg-hold traps. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27, 201–6, 2000
86. Muschamp D. The control of vertebrate pests — ethical decision making. In:Fisher PM, Marks CA (eds). Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control:Proceedings of the Seminar Held 27th March 1996. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Report Series No. 2. Pp 6–8. Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Frankston, Australia, 1996
87. Norbury G. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy:lagomorphs. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31, 83–97, 2001
88. Norbury G, Heyward R. The response of ferrets to rabbit control. Ferrets as Vectors of Tuberculosis and Threats to Conservation. The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 36. Pp 30–3. The Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1996
89. Nugent G, Fraser KW Pest or valued resource:conflicts in game management. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 20, 361–6, 1993
90. Nutman AW, Gregory NG, Warburton B. A comparison of the effectiveness of three neck-hold killing traps in occluding carotid arteries in the neck of the brushtail possum. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 177–81, 1998
91. Oogjes G. The ANZFAS view of vertebrate pest control using chloropicrin fumigation and 1080 poisoning. In:Fisher PM, Marks CA (eds). Humaneness and Vertebrate Pest Control:Proceedings of the Seminar Held 27th March 1996. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Report Series No. 2. Pp 9–12. Victorian Institute of Animal Science, Frankston, Australia, 1996
92. Oogjes G. Ethical aspects and dilemmas of fertility control of unwanted wildlife:an animal welfarist’s perspective. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, 163–7, 1997
93. Oogjes G. Our ethical obligation to ‘mislocated’ animals-the Animals Australia approach. In:Mellor DJ, Monamy V (eds). The Use of Wildlife for Research. Pp 100–7. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1999
94. Parkes JP The ecological dynamics of pest-resource-people systems. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 20, 223–30, 1993a
95. Parkes JP. Feral goats:Designing solutions for a designer pest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 17, 71–83, 1993b
96. Parkes JP. Rabbits as Pests in New Zealand:A Summary of Issues and Critical Information. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9495/141. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand, 1995
97. Qureshi T, Labes RE, Lambeth M, Montgomery H, Griffin JFT, Mackintosh CG. Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from experimentally infected ferrets to non-infected ferrets (Mustela Juro). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 48, 99–104, 2000
98. Rowsell HC, Ritcey J, Cox F. Assessment of humaneness of vertebrate pesticides. Proceedings of the Canadian Association for Laboratory Science 1978–1979. Pp 236–49, 1979
99. Rozman K. Disposition of xenobiotics:species differences. Toxicological Pathology 16, 123–9, 1988
100. Rutherford KMD. Assessing pain in animals. Animal Welfare 11, 31–53, 2002
101. Sadleir R. Vertebrate pest control-a conservation perspective. In:Baker RM, Mellor DJ, Nicol AM (eds). Animal Welfare in the Twenty-first Century:Ethical, Educational, and Scientific Challenges. Pp 113–9. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1994
102. Sainsbury AW, Bennett PM, Kirkwood JK. The welfare of free-living wild animals in Europe:harm caused by human activities. Animal Welfare 4, 183–206, 1995
103. Short MJ, Reynolds JC. Physical exclusion of non-target species in tunnel-trapping of mammalian pests. Biological Conservation 98, 139–47, 2001
104. Singer P. Neither human nor natural:ethics and feral animals. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, 157–62, 1997
105. Smith JA, Boyd KM. Lives in the Balance:the Ethics of Using Animals in Biomedical Research. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1991
106. Sommerville BA, Broom DM. Olfactory awareness. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57, 269–86, 1998
107. Spedding C. Animal Welfare. Earthscan Publications, London, UK, 2000
108. Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ, Gregory NG. Advances in animal welfare. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 50 (Supplement), 17–21, 2002
109. Swan K. ‘Goodbye Possums’—How to Deal with New Zealand’s Public Enemy No. 1. Halcyon Publishing, Auckland, New Zealand, 1996
110. Thompson HV. The rabbit in Britain. In:Thompson HV, King CM (eds). The European Rabbit:The History and Biology of a Successful Coloniser. Pp 64–107. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1994
111. Thompson HV King CM. The European Rabbit:The History and Biology of a Successful Coloniser. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1994
112. Walker CH. Species differences in microsomal monooxygenase activity and their relationship to biological half lives. Drug Metabolism 7, 295–323, 1978
113. Warburton B. Evaluation of seven trap models as humane and catch-efficient possum traps. New Zealand Journal ofZoology 9, 409–18, 1982
114. Warburton B. Victor foot-hold traps for catching Australian brushtail possums in New Zealand:capture efficiency and injuries. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20, 67–73, 1992
115. Warburton B. Setting standards for trapping wildlife. In:Proceedings of the 10th Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference. Pp 283–7. Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Hobart, Australia, 1995a
116. Warburton B. Setting priorities for possum control at a regional level. New Zealand Journal ofZoology 20, 387–91, 1995b
117. Warburton B. The “humane” trap saga:a tale of competing ethical ideologies. In:Mellor DJ, Fisher M, Sutherland G (eds). Ethical Approaches to AnimalBased Science. Pp 131–7. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1998
118. Warburton B, Choquenot D. Animal welfare and pest control:the context is important. In:Mellor DJ, Monamy V (eds). The Use of Wildlife for Research. Pp 90–9. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, Australia, 1999
119. Warburton B, Hall JV. Impact momentum and clamping force thresholds for developing standards for possum kill traps. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 22, 39–44, 1995
120. Warburton B, O’Connor CE. Research on vertebrate pesticides and traps:do wild animals benefit? Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences (in press)
121. Warburton B, Orchard I. Evaluation of five kill traps for the effective capture and killing of Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). New Zealand Journal ofZoology 23, 307–14, 1996
122. Warburton B, Gregory N, Bunce M. Stress response of Australian brushtail possums captured in foothold and cage traps. In:Proulx G (ed). Mammal Trapping. Pp 53–66. Alpha Wildlife Research and Management Ltd, Alberta, Canada, 1999
123. Warburton B, Gregory NG, Morriss G. Effect of jaw shape in kill-traps on time to loss of palpebral reflexes in brushtail possums. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, 92–6, 2000
124. Warburton B, Littin KE, O’Connor CE. Animal welfare and vertebrate pest control in New Zealand. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, in press
125. Williams RT. Inter-species variation in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Biochemical Society Transactions 2, 339–77, 1974
126. Willis K, Ling N. Sensitivities of mosquitofish and black mudfish to a piscicide:could rotenone be used to control mosquitofish in New Zealand wetlands? New Zealand Journal ofZoology 27, 85–91, 2000
127. Wilson PR, Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ, Haigh JC. Velvet antler removal:international welfare, ethical and legal issues. In:Sim JS, Sunwoo HH, Hudson RJ, Jeon BT (eds). Antler Science and Product Technology. Pp 363–86. Antler Science and Product Technology Research Centre, Edmonton, Canada, 2001