Behaviour and time to unconsciousness of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) after a lethal or sublethal dose of 1080

Wildlife Research

Volumn 36, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 709-720

  Littin, Kate E ^a,b   Gregory, Neville G ^c   Airey, Andrea T ^d   Eason, Charles T ^d,e   Mellor, David J ^a  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b Ministry for Primary Industries   (New Zealand)

^c ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^d LANDCARE RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^e LINCOLN UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Animal welfare; Brushtail possum; Carrot bait; Lethal dose 1080; Sodium fluoroacetate; Sublethal dose

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL WELFARE; BAIT; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP; ESTER; MARSUPIAL; MORTALITY; PESTICIDE; POISONING;

NEW ZEALAND;

ANIMALIA; DAUCUS CAROTA; PHALANGERIDAE; TRICHOSURUS; TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 73249128805     PISSN: 10353712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/WR09009     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Bell, J. (1972). The acute toxicity of four common poisons to the opossum, Trichosurus vulpecula. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 20, 212-214.
2. Chenoweth, M. B. (1949). Monofluoroacetic acid and related compounds. Pharmacological Reviews 1, 383-424.
3. Chenoweth, M. B., and Gilman, A. (1946). Studies on the pharmacology of fluoroacetate. I. Species responses to fluoroacetate. Journal de Pharmacologie 87, 90-103.
4. Chenoweth, M. B., and St John, E. F. (1947). Studies on the pharmacology of fluoroacetate. III. Effects on the central nervous system of dogs and rabbits. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 90, 76-82.
5. Chi, C.-H., Chen, K.-W., Chan, S.-H., Wu, M.-H., and Huang, J.-J. (1996). Clinical presentation and prognostic factors in sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication. Clinical Toxicology 34, 707-712. doi: 10.3109/15563659 609013833
6. Cook, C. J. (1998). Serotonergic and cholecystokinin antagonists change patterns of response in rats (Rattus norvegicus) to oral sodium monofluoroacetate. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 76-78.
7. Cook, C. J., Eason, C. T., Wickstrom, M., and Devine, C. D. (2001). Development of antidotes for sodium monofluoroacetate (1080). Biomarkers 6, 72-76. doi: 10.1080/135475001452814 (Pubitemid 32066508)
8. Cooper, D., Larsen, E., and Shields, J. (2007). 1080 and wildlife: Scientific and ethical issues raised by its use on Australian animals. In 'Pest or Guest: The Zoology of Overabundance'. (Eds D. Lunney, P. Eby, P. Hutchings and S. Burgin.) pp. 229-232. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Sydney.)
9. Cowan, P. E. (2005). Brushtail possums. In 'The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals'. (Ed. C. M. King.) pp. 56-80. (Oxford University Press: Melbourne.)
10. Cowled, B., and O'Connor, C. (2004). A project that investigates current options for managing feral pigs in Australia and assesses the need for the development of more effective and humane techniques and strategies - Stage 3 Report. Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra.
11. Cowled, B. D., Gifford, E., Smith, M., Staples, L., and Lapidge, S. J. (2006). Efficacy of manufactured PIGOUT- baits for localised control of feral pigs in the semiarid Queensland rangelands. Wildlife Research 33, 427-437. doi: 10.1071/WR05083 (Pubitemid 44231554)
12. Dawson, T. J. (1969). Temperature regulation and evaporative water loss in the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 28, 401-407. doi: 10.1016/0010-406X (69)91353-X
13. DWRC (Denver Wildlife Research Center) (1989). Compound 1080 grain bait assay. Method No. 8B, May 1989. DWRC, Denver, CO.
14. Eason, C. T., and Wickstrom, M. (2001). Vertebrate pesticide toxicology manual (poisons): Information on poisons used in New Zealand as vertebrate pesticides. Department of Conservation Technical Series 23. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
15. Eason, C. T., Warburton, B., and Henderson, R. (2000). Toxicants used for possum control. In 'The Brushtail Possum: Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial'. (Ed. T. L. Montague.) pp. 154-163. (Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln, New Zealand.)
16. Fonnum, F., Johnsen, A., and Hassel, B. (1997). Use of fluorocitrate and fluoroacetate in the study of brain metabolism. Glia 21, 106-113. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199709)21:1 3.0.CO;2-W
17. Foss, G. L. (1948). The toxicology and pharmacology of methyl fluoroacetate (MFA) in animals, with some notes on experimental therapy. British Journal of Pharmacology 3, 118-127.
18. Gregory, G. (1996). Perception of pain associated with 1080 poisoning. In 'Humaneness of Vertebrate Pest Control - Proceedings of the Seminar Held 27th March, 1996'. Report series no. 2. (Eds P. M. Fisher and C. A. Marks.) pp. 62-64. (Victorian Institute of Animal Science: Melbourne.)
19. Gregory, N. G., Eason, C. T., and Warburton, B. (1996). Welfare aspects of possum control. In 'Improving Conventional Control of Possums'. The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 35. pp. 18-21. (The Royal Society of New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand.)
20. Gregory, N. G., Milne, L. M., Rhodes, A. T., Littin, K. E.,Wickstrom, M., and Eason, C. T. (1998). Effect of potassium cyanide on behaviour and time to death in possums. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 60-64.
21. Gregory, N. G., Orbell, G. M. B., and Harding, D. R. K. (2000). Poisoning with 3-nitropropionic acid in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 48, 85-87.
22. Hellyer, P. W., and Gaynor, J. S. (1998). Acute postsurgical pain in cats and dogs. The Compendium on Continuing Education for the Veterinary Practitioner 20, 140-153.
23. Hornfeldt, C. S., and Larson, A. A. (1990). Seizures induced by fluoroacetic acid and fluorocitric acid may involved chelation of divalent cations in the spinal cord. European Journal of Pharmacology 179, 307-313. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90170-B
24. Johnston, S. A. (1996). Physiology, mechanisms, and identification of pain. In 'Predictable Pain Management: New Approaches to Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Sedation. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, FL'. pp. 5-11.
25. Largo, C., Cuevas, P., Somjen, C. G., del Rio, M., and Herreras, O. (1996). The effect of depressing glial function in rat brain in situ on ion homeostasis, synaptic transmission and neuron survival. The Journal of Neuroscience 16, 1219-1229.
26. Littin, K. E. (2004). The behaviour, pathophysiology and pathology of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) poisoned with 1080 or brodifacoum, and the implications for possum welfare. Ph.D. Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North.
27. Littin, K. E., O'Connor, C. E., Gregory, N. G., Mellor, D. J., and Eason, C. T. (2002). Behaviour, coagulopathy and pathology of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) poisoned with brodifacoum. Wildlife Research 29, 259-267. doi: 10.1071/WR01068 (Pubitemid 35224530)
28. Littin, K. E., Mellor, D. J., Warburton, B., and Eason, C. T. (2004). Ethical and animal welfare principles for humane vertebrate pest control - a review. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52, 1-10.
29. Loracher, C., and Lux, H. D. (1974). Impaired hyperpolarising inhibition during insulin hypoglycaemia and fluoroacetate poisoning. Brain Research 69, 164-169. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90384-9
30. Marks, C. A., Busana, F., and Gigliotti, F. (1999). Assessment of the M-44 ejector for the delivery of 1080 for red fox (Vulpes vulpes) control. Wildlife Research 26, 101-109. doi: 10.1071/WR98014
31. Marks, C. A., Busana, F., Gigliotti, F., and Hackman, C. (2000). Assuring that 1080 toxicosis in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is humane: fluoroacetic acid (1080) and drug combinations. Wildlife Research 27, 483-494. doi: 10.1071/WR99022
32. Marks, C. A., Gigliotti, F., and Busana, F. (2009). Assuring that 1080 toxicosis in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is humane. II. Analgesic drugs produce better welfare outcomes. Wildlife Research 36, 98-105. doi: 10.1071/WR05018
33. McIlroy, J. C. (1982). The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison. III. Marsupial and eutherian herbivores. Australian Wildlife Research 9, 487-503. doi: 10.1071/WR9820487
34. McIlroy, J. C. (1983). The sensitivity of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) to 1080 poison. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 6, 125-131.
35. Mellor, D. J., and Stafford, K. J. (2004). Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. The Veterinary Journal 168, 118-133.
36. Misustova, J., Novak, L., and Hosek, B. (1969). Influence of lowered environmental temperature on metabolic and lethal effects of sodium fluoroacetate in mice. Physiologica Bohemoslov 18, 319-324.
37. Morgan, D. R. (1990). Behavioural response of brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, to baits used in pest control. Australian Wildlife Research 17, 601-613. doi: 10.1071/WR9900601
38. Morgan, D. R., and Hickling, G. J. (2000). Techniques used for poisoning possums. In 'The Brushtail Possum: Biology, Impact and Management of an Introduced Marsupial'. (Ed. T. L. Montague.) pp. 143-153. (Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln, New Zealand.)
39. Morgan, D. R., and Milne, L. (2002). Cholecalciferol-induced bait shyness in possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). International Journal of Pest Management 48, 113-119.
40. Morton, D. B., and Griffiths, P. H. M. (1985). Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment. The Veterinary Record 116, 431-436.
41. O'Brien, P. H., Kleba, R. E., Beck, J. A., and Baker, P. J. (1986). Vomiting by feral pigs after 1080 intoxication: nontarget hazard and influence of antiemetics. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14, 425-432.
42. O'Connor, C. E., Littin, K. E., Milne, L. M., Airey, A. T., Webster, R., Arthur, D. G., Eason, C. T., and Gregory, N. G. (2007). Behavioural, biochemical, and pathological responses of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) poisoned with phosphorus paste. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 55, 109-112.
43. Osweiler, G. D., Carson, T. L., Buck, W. B., and van Gelder, G. A. (1985). Fluoroacetate and fluoroacetamide. In 'Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Toxicology'. 3rd edn. pp. 340-344. (Kendall Hunt: Dubuque, IA.)
44. Pelfrene, A. F. (1991). Chapter 19: Synthetic organic rodenticides. In 'Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology'. (Eds W. J. Hayes, Jr. and E. R. Laws, Jr.) pp. 1271-1316. (Academic Press: London.)
45. Peters, R. A., Spencer, H., and Bidstrup, P. L. (1981). Subacute fluoroacetate poisoning. Journal of Occupational Medicine 23, 112-113. doi: 10.1097/ 00043764-198102000-198200015
46. Piggins, D., and Phillips, C. J. C. (1998). Awareness in domesticated animals-concepts and definitions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57, 181-200. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00095-1 (Pubitemid 28324420)
47. Proudfoot, A. T., Bradberry, S. M., and Vale, J. A. (2006). Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning. Toxicological Reviews 25, 213-219. doi: 10.2165/00139709-200625040-00002
48. Raabe, W. A. (1981). Ammonia and disinhibition in cat motor cortex by ammonium acetate, monofluoroacetate and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Brain Research 210, 311-322. doi: 10.1016/0006- 8993(81)90904-90905
49. Rammell, C. G., and Fleming, P. A. (1978). 'Compound 1080: Properties and Use of Sodium Monofluoroacetate in New Zealand.' Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Animal Health Division, Wellington, New Zealand.
50. Reigart, J. R., Brueggeman, J. L., and Keil, J. E. (1975). Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning. American Journal of Diseases of Children 129, 1224-1226.
51. Sanford, J., Ewbank, R., Molony, V., Tavernor,W.D., and Uvarov, O. (1986). Guidelines for the recognition and assessment of pain in animals. The Veterinary Record 118, 334-338.
52. Savarie, P. J., Pan, H. P., Hayes, D. J., Roberts, J. D., Dasch, G. J., Felton, R., and Schafer, E. W. (1983). Comparative acute oral toxicity of paraaminopropriophenone (PAPP) in mammals and birds. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30, 122-126. doi: 10.1007/BF01610109
53. Schimelpfenig, T., and Lindsey, L. (2000). Cold injuries. In 'Wilderness First Aid'. 3rd edn. pp. 132-159. (National Outdoor Leadership School/ Stackpole Books: Mechanicsburg, PA.)
54. Sharp, T., and Saunders, G. (2004). Model code of practice for the humane control of feral pigs. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW.
55. Sharp, T., and Saunders, G. (2008). A model for assessing the relative humaneness of pest animal control methods. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT. Available at www.daff.gov.au/--data/assets/pdf-file/0008/9298 88/humaneness-pest-animals.pdf [accessed 23 January 2009].
56. Sherley, M. (2004). The traditional categories of fluoroacetate poisoning signs and symptoms belie substantial underlying similarities. Toxicology Letters 151, 399-406. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.03.013 (Pubitemid 38925315)
57. Sherley, M. (2007). Is sodium fluoroacetate (1080) a humane poison? Animal Welfare 16, 449-458.
58. Sommerville, B. A., and Broom, D. M. (1998). Olfactory awareness. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57, 269-286. doi: 10.1016/S0168- 1591(98)00102-106
59. Trabes, J., Avrahami, E., and Rason, N. (1983). Computed tomography demonstration of brain damage due to acute sodium monofluoroacetate poisoning. Clinical Toxicology 20, 85-92. doi: 10.3109/1556365830 8990053
60. van den Oord, Q. G. W., van Wijk, E. J. A., Lugton, I. W., Morris, R. S., and Holmes, C. W. (1995). Effects of air temperature, air movement and artificial rain on the heat production of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula): An exploratory study. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43, 328-332.
61. Williams, D. (1996). Animal welfare aspects of the use of sodium monofluoroacetate to poison wild rabbits. In 'Humaneness of Vertebrate Pest Control - Proceedings of the Seminar Held 27 March 1996'. (Eds P. M. Fisher and C. A. Marks.) pp. 37-42. (Victorian Institute of Animal Science: Melbourne.)