The existential underpinnings of the cycle of terrorist and counterterrorist violence and pathways to peaceful resolutions

Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale

Volumn 22, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 267-291

  Motyl, Matt ^a   Pyszczynski, Tom ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Conflict; Death; Peace; Terror management; Terrorism

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955323081     PISSN: 0992986X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Allport, G. W (1954). On the nature of prejudice. Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
2. Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113-133.
3. Atran, S. (2003). Genesis of suicide terrorism. Science, 299, 1534-1539.
4. Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193-209.
5. Bargh J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
6. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press.
7. Bergen, R, & Cruickshank, R (2007). The Iraq effect: War has increased sevenfold worldwide. Mother Jones Magazine Online. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from http://wwwmotherjones.com/ news/featurex/2007/03/iraq-effect-l.html
8. "Bob Marley Lyrics." (2007). E-lyrics. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from http://www.elyrics.net/song/b/bob-marley-lyrics.html
9. Button, A. (1973). Some antecedents of felonious and delinquent behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 2, 35-37.
10. Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T, & Weise, D. (2007). Disgust, creatureliness and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. European Journal of Social Psychology. 37, 494-507.
11. Crano, W. D., & Prislin, R. (2006). Attitudes and persuasion. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 345-374.
12. Dechesne, M., Pyszczynski, T, Arndt J., Ransom, S., Sheldon, K., van Knippenberg, A. et al. (2003). Literal and symbolic immortality: The effect of evidence of literal immortality on self-esteem striving in response to mortality salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 722-737.
13. Fernandez, S., Castano, E., & Singh, I. (2010). Managing death in the burial grounds of Varanasi, India: A terror management investigation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 182-194.
14. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
15. Fontán, V (2006). Polarization between occupier and occupied in post-Saddam Iraq: Colonial humiliation and the formation of political violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18, 217-238.
16. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. E (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. New York: Psychology Press.
17. Gailliot, M. T., Stillman, T. E, Schmeichel, B. J., Maner, J. K., & Plant, E. A. (2008). Mortality salience increases adherence to salient norms and values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 993-1003.
18. Gillespie, R., & Jessop, D. C (2007). Do Reminders of Terrorist Events Influence Acceptance of Racial Pride? A Terror Management Theory Perspective. Manuscript submitted for publication, University of Sussex, England.
19. Goldenberg J. L., Landau, M.J., Pyszczynski, T, Cox, C., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S. & Dunnam, H. (2003). Gender-typical responses to sexual and emotional infidelity as a function of mortality salience induced self-esteem striving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1585-1595
20. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T, & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of the need for self-esteem: A terror management theory. In R. R Baumeister (Ed.), Public self and private self (pp. 189-212). New York: Springer-Verlag.
21. Greenberg J., Pyszczynski, T, Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A, Veeder, M., Kirkland, S., & Lyon, D. (1990). Evidence for terror management theory II: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who threaten or bolster the cultural worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 308-318.
22. Greenberg J., Solomon, S., & Arndt J. (2008). A uniquely human motivation: Terror management. In J. Shah & W Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 113-134). New York: Guilford.
23. Gupta, D. K. (2006). Tyranny of Data: Going beyond theories. In J. Victoroff (Ed.), Tangled Roots: Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T,
24. Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increase self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 24-36.
25. Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 252-264.
26. Hirschberger, G., & Ein-Dor, T. (2006). Defenders of a lost cause: Terror management and violent resistance to the disengagement plan. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 761-769.
27. Human Genome Project Information (2007). Science behind the human genome project. Retrieved on August 1,2007, from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/ Human-Genome/project/info.shtml
28. Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 807-826.
29. Jonas, E., Schimel, J., GreenbergJ., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1342-1353.
30. Karl, J., & Radia, K. (2008). More suicide bombers, new tactics, more victims. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http://abcnews.go. com/International/ story?id=4756556&page=l
31. Kruglanski, A.W, & Fishman, S. (2006). Terrorism between "syndrome" and "tool". Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 45-48.
32. Landau, MJ., Solomon, S., Greenberg J., Cohen, E., Pyszczynski, T, Arndt J., Miller, C. H., & Ogilvie, D. M. (2004). Deliver us from evil: The effects of mortality salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for President George W Bush. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1136-1150.
33. Laythe, B., Finkel, D. G., & Kirkpatrick, L. (2001). Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 623-635
34. Lifton, R. J. (1999). Destroying the world to save it: Aum Shinriko, apocalyptic violence, and the new global terrorism. New York: Metropolitan Books.
35. Marigold, D. C., McGregor, L, & Zanna, M. R (2010). Defensive conviction as emotion regulation: Goal mechanisms and relationship implications. In R. M. Arkin, K. C. Oleson, & R J. Carroll (Eds.). The Uncertain Self A Handbook of Perspectives from Social and Personality Psychology (pp. 232-248). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
36. McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt J., Simon, L., & Pyszczynski, T. (1998). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience motivates worldview-threatening others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 590-605.
37. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2003). The existential function of close relationships: Introducing death into the science of love. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 20-40.
38. Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). Psychological processes and the "staircase to terrorism." American Psychologist, 60, 1039-1041.
39. Motyl, M., Pyszczynski, T, Cox, C., Maxfield, M., Siedel, A., & Weise, D. (under review). One big family: The effects of mortality salience and a sense of common humanity on prejudice. Manuscript submitted for publication.
40. Motyl, M., Hart, J., Cooper, D., Heflick, D., & Goldenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2010). Creatureliness priming undermines aggression and support for war. Manuscript submitted for publication.
41. Motyl, M., Hart J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2010). When animals attack: The effects of mortality salience, infrahumanization of violence, and authoritarianism on support for war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 46, 200-203
42. Nail, P. R., McGregor, L., Drinkwater, A., Steele, G., & Thompson, A. (2009). Threat causes liberals to think like conservatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 901-907.
43. Proulx, T., & Heine, S. J. (2006). Death and black diamonds. Meaning, mortality, and the meaning maintenance model. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 309-318.
44. Pyszczynski, T., Abdollahi, A., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, E, & Weise, D. (2006). Mortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: The great satan versus the axis of evil. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 525-537.
45. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg J., Koole, S., & Solomon, S. (in press). Experimental existential psychology. In S. Fiske & D. Gilbert (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (8th ed.). New York: Wiley.
46. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Maxfield, M. (2006). On the unique psychological import of the human awareness of mortality: Theme and variations. Psychological Inquiry, 17, 328-356.
47. Pyszczynski, T., Motyl, M., Rothschild, Z., Vail III, K. E., Greenberg, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2010). The effects of global warming as a superordinate threat and mortality salience on support for peacemaking. Manuscript submitted for publication.
48. Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
49. Pyszczynski, T., Wicklund, R. A., Floresky, S., Gauch, G., Koch, S., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (1996). Whisding in the dark: Exaggerated estimates of social consensus in response to incidental reminders of mortality. Psychological Science, 7, 332-336.
50. Richardson, L. (2006). What terrorists want: Understanding the enemy, containing the threat. New York: Random House.
51. Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T, & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory I: The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural worldviews. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 681-690.
52. Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
53. Rothschild, Z. K., Abdollahi, A., & Pyszczynski, T. (2009). Does peace have a prayer? The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward ourgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 816-827.
54. Rowatt, W. C., & Franklin, L. (2004). Christian orthodoxy, religious fundamentalism, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of implicit racial prejudlce. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, 125-138.
55. Schimel, J., Hayes, J., Williams, T, & Jahrig, J. (2008). Is death really the worm at the core? Converging evidence that worldview threat increases death thought accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 789-803
56. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W R., & Sherif, C W (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Book Exchange.
57. Stern, J. (2003). Terror in the name of god: Why religious militants kill. New York: Harper Collins.
58. Stohl, M. (2006). Knowledge claims and the study of terrorism. In J. Victoroff (Ed.), Tangled Roots: Social and Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Terrorism. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
59. Swann, W. B. (1987). Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1038-1051.
60. Terrorism Analyst (2007). National intelligence predicted US invasion would result in rise of al Qaeda in Iraq. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http://democrats.org/a/p/terrorism-analy.html
61. Vail, K. E. III, Arndt, J., Motyl, M., & Pyszczynski, T. (2010). From dust to dust: Depictions of war-torn countries increased deaththought accessibility, radicalism, and support for violence. Manuscript submitted for publication.
62. Victoroff, J. (2005). The mind of the terrorist: A review and critique of psychological approaches. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49, 3-42.
63. Weise, D. R., Pyszczynski, T., Cox, C., Arndt, J., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., et al. (2008). Interpersonal politics: The role of terror management and attachment processes in shaping political processes. Psychological Science, 19, 448-455.
64. Wessells, M. (2006). The impact of U. S. Antiterrorism interventions on terrorist motivation: Preliminary research in Afghanistan an Iraq. In P. R. Kimmel & C E. Stout (Eds.), Collateral damage: The psychological consequences of America's war on terrorism (pp. 165-188). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
65. Widom, C. S. (1989). The cycle of violence. Science, 244, 160-166.