메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 117, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 864-901

Two-stage dynamic signal detection: A theory of choice, decision time, and confidence

Author keywords

Confidence; Diffusion model; Optimal solution; Subjective probability; Time pressure

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; REACTION TIME; TIME;

EID: 77955313168     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019737     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (510)

References (164)
  • 1
    • 84951612392 scopus 로고
    • Remarks on the measurement of subjective probability and information
    • Aczel J., Pfanzagal J. Remarks on the measurement of subjective probability and information. Metrika 1966, 11:91-105.
    • (1966) Metrika , vol.11 , pp. 91-105
    • Aczel, J.1    Pfanzagal, J.2
  • 2
    • 4444334287 scopus 로고
    • A confidence scale defined in terms of expected percentages
    • Adams J.K. A confidence scale defined in terms of expected percentages. The American Journal of Psychology 1957, 70:432-436.
    • (1957) The American Journal of Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 432-436
    • Adams, J.K.1
  • 7
    • 77955341175 scopus 로고
    • A model for confidence judgments in choice tasks. Unpublished manuscript, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
    • Ascher, D. (1974). A model for confidence judgments in choice tasks. Unpublished manuscript, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
    • (1974)
    • Ascher, D.1
  • 8
    • 0009885483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stochastic version of general recognition theory
    • Ashby F.G. A stochastic version of general recognition theory. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2000, 44:310-329.
    • (2000) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 310-329
    • Ashby, F.G.1
  • 9
    • 0040763241 scopus 로고
    • A stochastic model for individual choice behavior
    • Audley R.J. A stochastic model for individual choice behavior. Psychological Review 1960, 67:1-15.
    • (1960) Psychological Review , vol.67 , pp. 1-15
    • Audley, R.J.1
  • 11
    • 0028415656 scopus 로고
    • The calibration and resolution of confidence in perceptual judgments
    • Baranski J.V., Petrusic W.M. The calibration and resolution of confidence in perceptual judgments. Perception & Psychophysics 1994, 55:412-428.
    • (1994) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.55 , pp. 412-428
    • Baranski, J.V.1    Petrusic, W.M.2
  • 16
    • 0027631057 scopus 로고
    • Realism of confidence in sensory discrimination-The underconfidence phenomenon
    • Björkman M., Juslin P., Winman A. Realism of confidence in sensory discrimination-The underconfidence phenomenon. Perception & Psychophysics 1993, 54:75-81.
    • (1993) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.54 , pp. 75-81
    • Björkman, M.1    Juslin, P.2    Winman, A.3
  • 17
    • 33750347385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physics of optimal decision making: A formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks
    • Bogacz R., Brown E., Moehlis J., Holmes P., Cohen J.D. The physics of optimal decision making: A formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks. Psychological Review 2006, 113:700-765.
    • (2006) Psychological Review , vol.113 , pp. 700-765
    • Bogacz, R.1    Brown, E.2    Moehlis, J.3    Holmes, P.4    Cohen, J.D.5
  • 19
    • 0003010182 scopus 로고
    • Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability
    • Brier G.W. Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability. Monthly Weather Review 1950, 78:1-3.
    • (1950) Monthly Weather Review , vol.78 , pp. 1-3
    • Brier, G.W.1
  • 20
    • 52749091564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The simplest complete model of choice response time: Linear ballistic accumulation
    • Brown S.D., Heathcote A. The simplest complete model of choice response time: Linear ballistic accumulation. Cognitive Psychology 2008, 57:153-178.
    • (2008) Cognitive Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 153-178
    • Brown, S.D.1    Heathcote, A.2
  • 21
    • 21744441843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the importance of random error in the study of probability judgment: Part I. New theoretical developments
    • Budescu D.V., Erev I., Wallsten T.S. On the importance of random error in the study of probability judgment: Part I. New theoretical developments. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 1997, 10:157-171.
    • (1997) Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , vol.10 , pp. 157-171
    • Budescu, D.V.1    Erev, I.2    Wallsten, T.S.3
  • 22
    • 77957082246 scopus 로고
    • Processing linguistic probabilities: General principles and empirical evidence
    • Academic Press, New York, NY, J.R. Busemeyer, R. Hestie, D. Medin (Eds.)
    • Budescu D.V., Wallsten T.S. Processing linguistic probabilities: General principles and empirical evidence. Decision making from the perspective of cognitive psychology 1995, 275-318. Academic Press, New York, NY. J.R. Busemeyer, R. Hestie, D. Medin (Eds.).
    • (1995) Decision making from the perspective of cognitive psychology , pp. 275-318
    • Budescu, D.V.1    Wallsten, T.S.2
  • 23
    • 21744461424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the importance of random error in the study of probability judgment: Part II. Applying the stochastic judgment model to detect systematic trends
    • Budescu D.V., Wallsten T.S., Au W.T. On the importance of random error in the study of probability judgment: Part II. Applying the stochastic judgment model to detect systematic trends. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 1997, 10:173-188.
    • (1997) Journal of Behavioral Decision Making , vol.10 , pp. 173-188
    • Budescu, D.V.1    Wallsten, T.S.2    Au, W.T.3
  • 25
    • 38249007902 scopus 로고
    • Linking together different measures of preference: A dynamic model of matching derived from decision field theory
    • Busemeyer J.R., Goldstein D. Linking together different measures of preference: A dynamic model of matching derived from decision field theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1992, 52:370-396.
    • (1992) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.52 , pp. 370-396
    • Busemeyer, J.R.1    Goldstein, D.2
  • 26
    • 33749046444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building bridges between neural models and complex decision making behaviour
    • Busemeyer J.R., Jessup R.K., Johnson J.G., Townsend J.T. Building bridges between neural models and complex decision making behaviour. Neural Networks 2006, 19:1047-1058.
    • (2006) Neural Networks , vol.19 , pp. 1047-1058
    • Busemeyer, J.R.1    Jessup, R.K.2    Johnson, J.G.3    Townsend, J.T.4
  • 28
    • 0027637720 scopus 로고
    • Decision field theory: A dynamic-cognitive approach to decision making in an uncertain environment
    • Busemeyer J.R., Townsend J.T. Decision field theory: A dynamic-cognitive approach to decision making in an uncertain environment. Psychological Review 1993, 100:432-459.
    • (1993) Psychological Review , vol.100 , pp. 432-459
    • Busemeyer, J.R.1    Townsend, J.T.2
  • 31
    • 0002552275 scopus 로고
    • Confidence in intellectual judgments vs. confidence in perceptual judgments
    • Humber, Bern, Switzerland, E.D. Lantermann, H. Feger (Eds.)
    • Dawes R.M. Confidence in intellectual judgments vs. confidence in perceptual judgments. Similarity and choice: Papers in honour of Clyde Coombs 1980, 327-345. Humber, Bern, Switzerland. E.D. Lantermann, H. Feger (Eds.).
    • (1980) Similarity and choice: Papers in honour of Clyde Coombs , pp. 327-345
    • Dawes, R.M.1
  • 32
    • 0010391830 scopus 로고
    • Does it make sense to speak of 'good probability appraisers'?
    • Basic Books, New York, NY, I.J. Good (Ed.)
    • de Finetti B. Does it make sense to speak of 'good probability appraisers'?. The scientist speculates: An anthology of partly-baked ideas 1962, 357-364. Basic Books, New York, NY. I.J. Good (Ed.).
    • (1962) The scientist speculates: An anthology of partly-baked ideas , pp. 357-364
    • de Finetti, B.1
  • 33
    • 0001429177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic stochastic models for decision making under time constraints
    • Diederich A. Dynamic stochastic models for decision making under time constraints. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 1997, 41:260-274.
    • (1997) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 260-274
    • Diederich, A.1
  • 34
    • 4444278643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple matrix methods for analyzing diffusion models of choice probability, choice response time, and simple response time
    • Diederich A., Busemeyer J.R. Simple matrix methods for analyzing diffusion models of choice probability, choice response time, and simple response time. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2003, 47:304-322.
    • (2003) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 304-322
    • Diederich, A.1    Busemeyer, J.R.2
  • 35
    • 85047685105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integration of the ecological and error models of overconfidence using a multiple-trace memory model
    • Dougherty M.R.P. Integration of the ecological and error models of overconfidence using a multiple-trace memory model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2001, 130:579-599.
    • (2001) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.130 , pp. 579-599
    • Dougherty, M.R.P.1
  • 36
    • 0002251031 scopus 로고
    • Optimal strategies for seeking information-Models for statistics, choice reaction-times, and human information-processing
    • Edwards W. Optimal strategies for seeking information-Models for statistics, choice reaction-times, and human information-processing. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 1965, 2:312-329.
    • (1965) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 312-329
    • Edwards, W.1
  • 38
    • 12044259660 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous over- and underconfidence: The role of error in judgment processes
    • Erev I., Wallsten T.S., Budescu D.V. Simultaneous over- and underconfidence: The role of error in judgment processes. Psychological Review 1994, 101:519-527.
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 519-527
    • Erev, I.1    Wallsten, T.S.2    Budescu, D.V.3
  • 39
    • 0345615753 scopus 로고
    • Reaction time in relation to display size and correctness of response in forced-choice visual signal detection
    • Estes W.K., Wessel D.L. Reaction time in relation to display size and correctness of response in forced-choice visual signal detection. Perception & Psychophysics 1966, 1:369-373.
    • (1966) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.1 , pp. 369-373
    • Estes, W.K.1    Wessel, D.L.2
  • 42
    • 0001220761 scopus 로고
    • Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment, and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference
    • Festinger L. Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment, and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1943, 32:291-306.
    • (1943) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 291-306
    • Festinger, L.1
  • 44
    • 0002612917 scopus 로고
    • A study of the relation of accuracy to speed
    • Garrett H.E. A study of the relation of accuracy to speed. Archives of Psychology 1922, 56:1-105.
    • (1922) Archives of Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 1-105
    • Garrett, H.E.1
  • 45
    • 0026234897 scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic mental models: A Brunswikian theory of confidence
    • Gigerenzer G., Hoffrage U., Kleinbölting H. Probabilistic mental models: A Brunswikian theory of confidence. Psychological Review 1991, 98:506-528.
    • (1991) Psychological Review , vol.98 , pp. 506-528
    • Gigerenzer, G.1    Hoffrage, U.2    Kleinbölting, H.3
  • 46
    • 0035155538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli
    • Gold J.I., Shadlen M.N. Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2001, 5:10-16.
    • (2001) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 10-16
    • Gold, J.I.1    Shadlen, M.N.2
  • 47
    • 0037057757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Banburismus and the brain: Decoding the relationship between sensory stimuli, decisions, and reward
    • Gold J.I., Shadlen M.N. Banburismus and the brain: Decoding the relationship between sensory stimuli, decisions, and reward. Neuron 2002, 36:299-308.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 299-308
    • Gold, J.I.1    Shadlen, M.N.2
  • 49
    • 0036358569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Models of ecological rationality: The recognition heuristic
    • Goldstein D.G., Gigerenzer G. Models of ecological rationality: The recognition heuristic. Psychological Review 2002, 109:75-90.
    • (2002) Psychological Review , vol.109 , pp. 75-90
    • Goldstein, D.G.1    Gigerenzer, G.2
  • 51
    • 0029687617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring ordinal association in situations that contain tied scores
    • Gonzalez R., Nelson T.O. Measuring ordinal association in situations that contain tied scores. Psychological Bulletin 1996, 119:159-165.
    • (1996) Psychological Bulletin , vol.119 , pp. 159-165
    • Gonzalez, R.1    Nelson, T.O.2
  • 54
    • 84889458757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on probability judgment calibration
    • Blackwell, Oxford, England, D.J. Koehler, N. Harvey (Eds.)
    • Griffin D., Brenner L. Perspectives on probability judgment calibration. Blackwell handbook of judgment & decision making 2004, 177-199. Blackwell, Oxford, England. D.J. Koehler, N. Harvey (Eds.).
    • (2004) Blackwell handbook of judgment & decision making , pp. 177-199
    • Griffin, D.1    Brenner, L.2
  • 55
    • 44049114641 scopus 로고
    • The weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence
    • Griffin D., Tversky A. The weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence. Cognitive Psychology 1992, 24:411-435.
    • (1992) Cognitive Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 411-435
    • Griffin, D.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 56
    • 0029806801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural control of voluntary movement initiation
    • O 18
    • Hanes D.P., Schall J.D. Neural control of voluntary movement initiation. Science 1996, October 18, 274:427-430.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 427-430
    • Hanes, D.P.1    Schall, J.D.2
  • 57
    • 0021197407 scopus 로고
    • Random-walk and accumulator models of psychophysical discrimination-A critical evaluation
    • Heath R.A. Random-walk and accumulator models of psychophysical discrimination-A critical evaluation. Perception 1984, 13:57-65.
    • (1984) Perception , vol.13 , pp. 57-65
    • Heath, R.A.1
  • 58
    • 0036617976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantile maximum likelihood estimation of response time distributions
    • Heathcote A., Brown S., Mewhort D.J.K. Quantile maximum likelihood estimation of response time distributions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2002, 9:394-401.
    • (2002) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.9 , pp. 394-401
    • Heathcote, A.1    Brown, S.2    Mewhort, D.J.K.3
  • 59
    • 0002413151 scopus 로고
    • The relation of the time of a judgment to its accuracy
    • Henmon V.A.C. The relation of the time of a judgment to its accuracy. Psychological Review 1911, 18:186-201.
    • (1911) Psychological Review , vol.18 , pp. 186-201
    • Henmon, V.A.C.1
  • 61
    • 0003182354 scopus 로고
    • Confidence and speed in the two-category judgment
    • Johnson D.M. Confidence and speed in the two-category judgment. Archives of Psychology 1939, 34:1-53.
    • (1939) Archives of Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 1-53
    • Johnson, D.M.1
  • 62
    • 27944447000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamic, stochastic, computational model of preference reversal phenomena
    • Johnson J.G., Busemeyer J.R. A dynamic, stochastic, computational model of preference reversal phenomena. Psychological Review 2005, 112:841-861.
    • (2005) Psychological Review , vol.112 , pp. 841-861
    • Johnson, J.G.1    Busemeyer, J.R.2
  • 63
    • 43949155437 scopus 로고
    • The overconfidence phenomenon as a consequence of informal experimenter-guided selection of almanac items
    • Juslin P. The overconfidence phenomenon as a consequence of informal experimenter-guided selection of almanac items. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1994, 57:226-246.
    • (1994) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.57 , pp. 226-246
    • Juslin, P.1
  • 64
    • 0031114361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thurstonian and Brunswikian origins of uncertainty in judgment: A sampling model of confidence in sensory discrimination
    • Juslin P., Olsson H. Thurstonian and Brunswikian origins of uncertainty in judgment: A sampling model of confidence in sensory discrimination. Psychological Review 1997, 104:344-366.
    • (1997) Psychological Review , vol.104 , pp. 344-366
    • Juslin, P.1    Olsson, H.2
  • 65
    • 0034169210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naive empiricism and dogmatism in confidence research: A critical examination of the hard-easy effect
    • Juslin P., Winman A., Olsson H. Naive empiricism and dogmatism in confidence research: A critical examination of the hard-easy effect. Psychological Review 2000, 107:384-396.
    • (2000) Psychological Review , vol.107 , pp. 384-396
    • Juslin, P.1    Winman, A.2    Olsson, H.3
  • 66
    • 0029195018 scopus 로고
    • Can overconfidence be used as an indicator of reconstructive rather than retrieval processes?
    • Juslin P., Winman A., Persson T. Can overconfidence be used as an indicator of reconstructive rather than retrieval processes?. Cognition 1995, 54:99-130.
    • (1995) Cognition , vol.54 , pp. 99-130
    • Juslin, P.1    Winman, A.2    Persson, T.3
  • 67
    • 0024009378 scopus 로고
    • On the ability of monitoring non-veridical perceptions and uncertain knowledge-Some calibration studies
    • Keren G. On the ability of monitoring non-veridical perceptions and uncertain knowledge-Some calibration studies. Acta Psychologica 1988, 67:95-119.
    • (1988) Acta Psychologica , vol.67 , pp. 95-119
    • Keren, G.1
  • 68
    • 65649149780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex
    • M 8
    • Kiani R., Shadlen M.N. Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex. Science 2009, May 8, 324:759-764.
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 759-764
    • Kiani, R.1    Shadlen, M.N.2
  • 69
    • 0033359602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque
    • Kim J.N., Shadlen M.N. Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Nature Neuroscience 1999, 2:176-185.
    • (1999) Nature Neuroscience , vol.2 , pp. 176-185
    • Kim, J.N.1    Shadlen, M.N.2
  • 70
    • 0038266698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The calibration of expert judgment: Heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory
    • Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, T.G. Gilovich, D. Griffin (Eds.)
    • Koehler D.J., Brenner L., Griffin D. The calibration of expert judgment: Heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory. Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment 2002, 686-715. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. T.G. Gilovich, D. Griffin (Eds.).
    • (2002) Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment , pp. 686-715
    • Koehler, D.J.1    Brenner, L.2    Griffin, D.3
  • 71
    • 0031494049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring one's own knowledge during study: A cue-utilization approach to judgments of learning
    • Koriat A. Monitoring one's own knowledge during study: A cue-utilization approach to judgments of learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1997, 126:349-370.
    • (1997) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.126 , pp. 349-370
    • Koriat, A.1
  • 74
    • 4644354372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence accumulation in decision making: Unifying the " take the best" and the " rational" models
    • Lee M.D., Cummins T.D.R. Evidence accumulation in decision making: Unifying the " take the best" and the " rational" models. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2004, 11:343-352.
    • (2004) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.11 , pp. 343-352
    • Lee, M.D.1    Cummins, T.D.R.2
  • 75
    • 0002941732 scopus 로고
    • Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, A. Tversky (Eds.)
    • Lichtenstein S., Fischhoff B., Phillips L.D. Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases 1982, 306-334. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, A. Tversky (Eds.).
    • (1982) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases , pp. 306-334
    • Lichtenstein, S.1    Fischhoff, B.2    Phillips, L.D.3
  • 78
    • 0002922916 scopus 로고
    • Sequential theory of psychological discrimination
    • Link S.W., Heath R.A. Sequential theory of psychological discrimination. Psychometrika 1975, 40:77-105.
    • (1975) Psychometrika , vol.40 , pp. 77-105
    • Link, S.W.1    Heath, R.A.2
  • 81
    • 0000007264 scopus 로고
    • The calibration of subjective probabilities: Theories and models 1980-94
    • Wiley, Chichester, England, G. Wright, P. Ayton (Eds.)
    • McClelland A.G.R., Bolger F. The calibration of subjective probabilities: Theories and models 1980-94. Subjective probability 1994, 453-482. Wiley, Chichester, England. G. Wright, P. Ayton (Eds.).
    • (1994) Subjective probability , pp. 453-482
    • McClelland, A.G.R.1    Bolger, F.2
  • 83
    • 77956003389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision confidence and uncertainty in diffusion models with partially correlated neural integrators
    • (in press).
    • Moreno-Bote, R. (in press). Decision confidence and uncertainty in diffusion models with partially correlated neural integrators. Neural Computation.
    • Neural Computation
    • Moreno-Bote, R.1
  • 84
    • 0000918735 scopus 로고
    • A new vector partition of the probability score
    • Murphy A.H. A new vector partition of the probability score. Journal of Applied Meteorology 1973, 12:595-600.
    • (1973) Journal of Applied Meteorology , vol.12 , pp. 595-600
    • Murphy, A.H.1
  • 85
    • 0002566236 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of subjective probability forecasts of precipitation and temperature
    • Murphy A.H., Winkler R.L. Reliability of subjective probability forecasts of precipitation and temperature. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 1977, 26:41-47.
    • (1977) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , vol.26 , pp. 41-47
    • Murphy, A.H.1    Winkler, R.L.2
  • 86
    • 0000238336 scopus 로고
    • A simplex-method for function minimization
    • Nelder J.A., Mead R. A simplex-method for function minimization. Computer Journal 1965, 7:308-313.
    • (1965) Computer Journal , vol.7 , pp. 308-313
    • Nelder, J.A.1    Mead, R.2
  • 87
    • 0021117159 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing predictions
    • Nelson T.O. A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing predictions. Psychological Bulletin 1984, 95:109-133.
    • (1984) Psychological Bulletin , vol.95 , pp. 109-133
    • Nelson, T.O.1
  • 88
    • 0039630355 scopus 로고
    • The Goodman-Kruskal gamma coefficient as an alternative to signal-detection theory's measures of absolute-judgment accuracy
    • Elsevier Science, New York, NY, E. Roskam, R. Suck (Eds.)
    • Nelson T.O. The Goodman-Kruskal gamma coefficient as an alternative to signal-detection theory's measures of absolute-judgment accuracy. Progress in mathematical psychology 1987, 299-306. Elsevier Science, New York, NY. E. Roskam, R. Suck (Eds.).
    • (1987) Progress in mathematical psychology , pp. 299-306
    • Nelson, T.O.1
  • 89
    • 0000101834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consciousness and metacognition
    • Nelson T.O. Consciousness and metacognition. American Psychologist 1996, 51:102-116.
    • (1996) American Psychologist , vol.51 , pp. 102-116
    • Nelson, T.O.1
  • 90
    • 0039095367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The meta-level versus object-level distinction (and other issues) in formulations of metacognition
    • Nelson T.O. The meta-level versus object-level distinction (and other issues) in formulations of metacognition. American Psychologist 1997, 52:179-180.
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 179-180
    • Nelson, T.O.1
  • 92
    • 0031112464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exemplar-based random walk model of speeded classification
    • Nosofsky R.M., Palmeri T.J. An exemplar-based random walk model of speeded classification. Psychological Review 1997, 104:266-300.
    • (1997) Psychological Review , vol.104 , pp. 266-300
    • Nosofsky, R.M.1    Palmeri, T.J.2
  • 93
    • 85131491032 scopus 로고
    • The interpretation of reaction time in information-processing research
    • Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, B.H. Kantowitz (Ed.)
    • Pachella R.G. The interpretation of reaction time in information-processing research. Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition 1974, 41-82. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. B.H. Kantowitz (Ed.).
    • (1974) Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition , pp. 41-82
    • Pachella, R.G.1
  • 94
    • 0042779670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judging confidence influences decision processing in comparative judgments
    • Petrusic W.M., Baranski J.V. Judging confidence influences decision processing in comparative judgments. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2003, 10:177-183.
    • (2003) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.10 , pp. 177-183
    • Petrusic, W.M.1    Baranski, J.V.2
  • 95
    • 0001631314 scopus 로고
    • Illustrations of the logic of science: The probability of induction
    • Pierce C.S. Illustrations of the logic of science: The probability of induction. The Popular Science Monthly 1877, 12:705-718.
    • (1877) The Popular Science Monthly , vol.12 , pp. 705-718
    • Pierce, C.S.1
  • 97
    • 0346929567 scopus 로고
    • Some relationships between comparative judgment, confidence, and decision-time in weight-lifting
    • Pierrel R., Murray C.S. Some relationships between comparative judgment, confidence, and decision-time in weight-lifting. American Journal of Psychology 1963, 76:28-38.
    • (1963) American Journal of Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 28-38
    • Pierrel, R.1    Murray, C.S.2
  • 98
    • 0015548394 scopus 로고
    • Response latency models for signal detection
    • Pike R. Response latency models for signal detection. Psychological Review 1973, 80:53-68.
    • (1973) Psychological Review , vol.80 , pp. 53-68
    • Pike, R.1
  • 100
    • 58149404021 scopus 로고
    • Theory of memory retrieval
    • Ratcliff R. Theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review 1978, 85:59-108.
    • (1978) Psychological Review , vol.85 , pp. 59-108
    • Ratcliff, R.1
  • 101
    • 0036618053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diffusion model account of reaction time and accuracy in a brightness discrimination task: Fitting real data and failing to fit fake but plausible data
    • Ratcliff R. A diffusion model account of reaction time and accuracy in a brightness discrimination task: Fitting real data and failing to fit fake but plausible data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2002, 9:278-291.
    • (2002) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.9 , pp. 278-291
    • Ratcliff, R.1
  • 103
    • 0039052586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling response times for two-choice decisions
    • Ratcliff R., Rouder J.N. Modeling response times for two-choice decisions. Psychological Science 1998, 9:347-356.
    • (1998) Psychological Science , vol.9 , pp. 347-356
    • Ratcliff, R.1    Rouder, J.N.2
  • 105
    • 1942507523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of sequential sampling models for two-choice reaction time
    • Ratcliff R., Smith P. A comparison of sequential sampling models for two-choice reaction time. Psychological Review 2004, 111:333-367.
    • (2004) Psychological Review , vol.111 , pp. 333-367
    • Ratcliff, R.1    Smith, P.2
  • 106
    • 60749135031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling confidence and response time in recognition memory
    • Ratcliff R., Starns J.J. Modeling confidence and response time in recognition memory. Psychological Review 2009, 116:59-83.
    • (2009) Psychological Review , vol.116 , pp. 59-83
    • Ratcliff, R.1    Starns, J.J.2
  • 107
    • 0036731339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating parameters of the diffusion model: Approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability
    • Ratcliff R., Tuerlinckx F. Estimating parameters of the diffusion model: Approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2002, 9:438-481.
    • (2002) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.9 , pp. 438-481
    • Ratcliff, R.1    Tuerlinckx, F.2
  • 108
    • 0033111505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connectionist and diffusion models of reaction time
    • Ratcliff R., Van Zandt T., McKoon G. Connectionist and diffusion models of reaction time. Psychological Review 1999, 106:261-300.
    • (1999) Psychological Review , vol.106 , pp. 261-300
    • Ratcliff, R.1    Van Zandt, T.2    McKoon, G.3
  • 109
    • 70249092109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes of mind in decision-making
    • S 10
    • Resulaj A., Kiani R., Wolpert D.M., Shadlen M.N. Changes of mind in decision-making. Nature 2009, September 10, 461:263-268.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.461 , pp. 263-268
    • Resulaj, A.1    Kiani, R.2    Wolpert, D.M.3    Shadlen, M.N.4
  • 110
    • 85047684990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multialternative decision field theory: A dynamic connectionist model of decision making
    • Roe R.M., Busemeyer J.R., Townsend J.T. Multialternative decision field theory: A dynamic connectionist model of decision making. Psychological Review 2001, 108:370-392.
    • (2001) Psychological Review , vol.108 , pp. 370-392
    • Roe, R.M.1    Busemeyer, J.R.2    Townsend, J.T.3
  • 111
    • 0036829016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal correlates of decision-making in secondary somatosensory cortex
    • Romo R., Hernandez A., Zainos A., Lemus L., Brody C.D. Neuronal correlates of decision-making in secondary somatosensory cortex. Nature Neuroscience 2002, 5:1217-1225.
    • (2002) Nature Neuroscience , vol.5 , pp. 1217-1225
    • Romo, R.1    Hernandez, A.2    Zainos, A.3    Lemus, L.4    Brody, C.D.5
  • 112
    • 0031112849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory
    • Rottenstreich Y., Tversky A. Unpacking, repacking, and anchoring: Advances in support theory. Psychological Review 1997, 104:406-415.
    • (1997) Psychological Review , vol.104 , pp. 406-415
    • Rottenstreich, Y.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 116
    • 0001424765 scopus 로고
    • Combining estimates of effect size
    • Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY, H. Cooper, L.V. Hedges (Eds.)
    • Shadish W.R., Haddock K.C. Combining estimates of effect size. The handbook of research synthesis 1994, 261-281. Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY. H. Cooper, L.V. Hedges (Eds.).
    • (1994) The handbook of research synthesis , pp. 261-281
    • Shadish, W.R.1    Haddock, K.C.2
  • 118
    • 0034796381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area LIP) of the rhesus monkey
    • Shadlen M.N., Newsome W.T. Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area LIP) of the rhesus monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 2001, 86:1916-1936.
    • (2001) Journal of Neurophysiology , vol.86 , pp. 1916-1936
    • Shadlen, M.N.1    Newsome, W.T.2
  • 120
    • 38249018222 scopus 로고
    • A note on the distribution of response times for a random walk with Gaussian increments
    • Smith P.L. A note on the distribution of response times for a random walk with Gaussian increments. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 1990, 34:445-459.
    • (1990) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 445-459
    • Smith, P.L.1
  • 121
    • 0039052587 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysically principled models of visual simple reaction time
    • Smith P.L. Psychophysically principled models of visual simple reaction time. Psychological Review 1995, 102:567-593.
    • (1995) Psychological Review , vol.102 , pp. 567-593
    • Smith, P.L.1
  • 122
    • 0034259473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic dynamic models of response time and accuracy: A foundational primer
    • Smith P.L. Stochastic dynamic models of response time and accuracy: A foundational primer. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2000, 44:408-463.
    • (2000) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 408-463
    • Smith, P.L.1
  • 123
    • 4544354778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comment on Heathcote, Brown, and Mewhort's QMLE method for response time distributions
    • Speckman P.L., Rouder J.N. A comment on Heathcote, Brown, and Mewhort's QMLE method for response time distributions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2004, 11:574-576.
    • (2004) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.11 , pp. 574-576
    • Speckman, P.L.1    Rouder, J.N.2
  • 124
    • 35548955919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: A new perspective
    • Squire L.R., Wixted J.T., Clark R.E. Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: A new perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2007, 8:872-883.
    • (2007) Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol.8 , pp. 872-883
    • Squire, L.R.1    Wixted, J.T.2    Clark, R.E.3
  • 125
    • 25344479338 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of subjective probability
    • Stäel von Holstein C. Measurement of subjective probability. Acta Psychologica 1970, 34:146-159.
    • (1970) Acta Psychologica , vol.34 , pp. 146-159
    • Stäel von Holstein, C.1
  • 126
    • 0001277632 scopus 로고
    • Models for choice-reaction time
    • Stone M. Models for choice-reaction time. Psychometrika 1960, 25:251-260.
    • (1960) Psychometrika , vol.25 , pp. 251-260
    • Stone, M.1
  • 129
    • 0002905559 scopus 로고
    • Elusive tradeoff-Speed vs. accuracy in visual discrimination tasks
    • Swensson R.G. Elusive tradeoff-Speed vs. accuracy in visual discrimination tasks. Perception & Psychophysics 1972, 12:16-32.
    • (1972) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.12 , pp. 16-32
    • Swensson, R.G.1
  • 130
    • 0039474477 scopus 로고
    • Response strategies in a two-choice reaction task with a continuous cost for time
    • Swensson R.G., Edwards W. Response strategies in a two-choice reaction task with a continuous cost for time. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1971, 88:67-81.
    • (1971) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 67-81
    • Swensson, R.G.1    Edwards, W.2
  • 131
    • 58149426837 scopus 로고
    • A law of comparative judgment
    • Thurstone L.L. A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review 1927, 34:273-286.
    • (1927) Psychological Review , vol.34 , pp. 273-286
    • Thurstone, L.L.1
  • 133
    • 0016264378 scopus 로고
    • Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases
    • S 27
    • Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 1974, September 27, 185:1124-1131.
    • (1974) Science , vol.185 , pp. 1124-1131
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 134
    • 12044256982 scopus 로고
    • Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability
    • Tversky A., Koehler D.J. Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review 1994, 101:547-567.
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 547-567
    • Tversky, A.1    Koehler, D.J.2
  • 135
    • 85047685362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model
    • Usher M., McClelland J.L. The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model. Psychological Review 2001, 108:550-592.
    • (2001) Psychological Review , vol.108 , pp. 550-592
    • Usher, M.1    McClelland, J.L.2
  • 136
    • 3042857556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss aversion and inhibition in dynamical models of multialternative choice
    • Usher M.M., McClelland J.L. Loss aversion and inhibition in dynamical models of multialternative choice. Psychological Review 2004, 111:757-769.
    • (2004) Psychological Review , vol.111 , pp. 757-769
    • Usher, M.M.1    McClelland, J.L.2
  • 137
    • 0034279480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to fit a response time distribution
    • Van Zandt T. How to fit a response time distribution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2000, 7:424-465.
    • (2000) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.7 , pp. 424-465
    • Van Zandt, T.1
  • 139
    • 0034199407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of two response time models applied to perceptual matching
    • Van Zandt T., Colonius H., Proctor R.W. A comparison of two response time models applied to perceptual matching. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2000, 7:208-256.
    • (2000) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.7 , pp. 208-256
    • Van Zandt, T.1    Colonius, H.2    Proctor, R.W.3
  • 142
    • 0012546276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where does the balance of evidence lie with respect to confidence?
    • Pabst, Lengerich, Germany, E. Sommerfeld, R. Kompass, T. Lachmann (Eds.)
    • Vickers D. Where does the balance of evidence lie with respect to confidence?. Proceedings of the seventeenth annual meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics 2001, 148-153. Pabst, Lengerich, Germany. E. Sommerfeld, R. Kompass, T. Lachmann (Eds.).
    • (2001) Proceedings of the seventeenth annual meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics , pp. 148-153
    • Vickers, D.1
  • 143
    • 0000829719 scopus 로고
    • Experimental paradigms emphasizing state or process limitations: 1. Effects on speed accuracy tradeoffs
    • Vickers D., Burt J., Smith P., Brown M. Experimental paradigms emphasizing state or process limitations: 1. Effects on speed accuracy tradeoffs. Acta Psychologica 1985, 59:129-161.
    • (1985) Acta Psychologica , vol.59 , pp. 129-161
    • Vickers, D.1    Burt, J.2    Smith, P.3    Brown, M.4
  • 144
    • 0020107035 scopus 로고
    • Effects of alternating set for speed or accuracy on response-time, accuracy and confidence in a unidimensional discrimination task
    • Vickers D., Packer J. Effects of alternating set for speed or accuracy on response-time, accuracy and confidence in a unidimensional discrimination task. Acta Psychologica 1982, 50:179-197.
    • (1982) Acta Psychologica , vol.50 , pp. 179-197
    • Vickers, D.1    Packer, J.2
  • 145
    • 0022307598 scopus 로고
    • Accumulator and random-walk models of psychophysical discrimination: A counter-evaluation
    • Vickers D., Smith P. Accumulator and random-walk models of psychophysical discrimination: A counter-evaluation. Perception 1985, 14:471-497.
    • (1985) Perception , vol.14 , pp. 471-497
    • Vickers, D.1    Smith, P.2
  • 146
    • 0040158508 scopus 로고
    • Experimental paradigms emphasizing state or process limitations: 2. Effects on confidence
    • Vickers D., Smith P., Burt J., Brown M. Experimental paradigms emphasizing state or process limitations: 2. Effects on confidence. Acta Psychologica 1985, 59:163-193.
    • (1985) Acta Psychologica , vol.59 , pp. 163-193
    • Vickers, D.1    Smith, P.2    Burt, J.3    Brown, M.4
  • 147
    • 0347560668 scopus 로고
    • The relation of the time of judgment to the certainty of judgment
    • Volkman J. The relation of the time of judgment to the certainty of judgment. Psychological Bulletin 1934, 31:672-673.
    • (1934) Psychological Bulletin , vol.31 , pp. 672-673
    • Volkman, J.1
  • 149
    • 40749149223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fast numerical algorithm for the estimation of diffusion model parameters
    • Voss A., Voss J. A fast numerical algorithm for the estimation of diffusion model parameters. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 2008, 52:1-9.
    • (2008) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 1-9
    • Voss, A.1    Voss, J.2
  • 152
    • 0000193326 scopus 로고
    • Optimum character of the sequential probability ratio test
    • Wald A., Wolfowitz J. Optimum character of the sequential probability ratio test. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 1948, 19:326-339.
    • (1948) Annals of Mathematical Statistics , vol.19 , pp. 326-339
    • Wald, A.1    Wolfowitz, J.2
  • 154
  • 156
    • 0001598111 scopus 로고
    • Comparing the calibration and coherence of numerical and verbal probability judgments
    • Wallsten T.S., Budescu D.V., Zwick R. Comparing the calibration and coherence of numerical and verbal probability judgments. Management Science 1993, 39:176-190.
    • (1993) Management Science , vol.39 , pp. 176-190
    • Wallsten, T.S.1    Budescu, D.V.2    Zwick, R.3
  • 157
    • 12044255731 scopus 로고
    • Statement verification: A stochastic model of judgment and response
    • Wallsten T.S., González-Vallejo C. Statement verification: A stochastic model of judgment and response. Psychological Review 1994, 101:490-504.
    • (1994) Psychological Review , vol.101 , pp. 490-504
    • Wallsten, T.S.1    González-Vallejo, C.2
  • 158
    • 0037028039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probabilistic decision making by slow reverberation in cortical circuits
    • Wang X.J. Probabilistic decision making by slow reverberation in cortical circuits. Neuron 2002, 36:955-968.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 955-968
    • Wang, X.J.1
  • 159
    • 0003007999 scopus 로고
    • Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information-processing dynamics
    • Wickelgren W.A. Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information-processing dynamics. Acta Psychologica 1977, 41:67-85.
    • (1977) Acta Psychologica , vol.41 , pp. 67-85
    • Wickelgren, W.A.1
  • 161
    • 84983965807 scopus 로고
    • Calibration of sensory and cognitive judgments-Two different accounts
    • Winman A., Juslin P. Calibration of sensory and cognitive judgments-Two different accounts. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 1993, 34:135-148.
    • (1993) Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 135-148
    • Winman, A.1    Juslin, P.2
  • 163
    • 84984488684 scopus 로고
    • Conditional distribution analyses of probabilistic forecasts
    • Yates J.F., Curley S.P. Conditional distribution analyses of probabilistic forecasts. Journal of Forecasting 1985, 4:61-73.
    • (1985) Journal of Forecasting , vol.4 , pp. 61-73
    • Yates, J.F.1    Curley, S.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.