Nitric oxide in fruit ripening: Trends and opportunities

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 489-499

  Manjunatha, G ^a   Lokesh, V ^a   Neelwarne, Bhagyalakshmi ^a  

^a CENTRAL FOOD TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Ethylene; Fruit ripening; Nitric oxide; Signals

Indexed keywords

DIRECT LINKS; FRUIT RIPENING; NEW PROCESS; PLANT HORMONE; POSTHARVEST; RIPENING FRUITS; SECONDARY SIGNALS; SHELF LIFE; SIGNAL MOLECULES; TARGET TISSUES;

ETHYLENE; HORMONES; NITRIC OXIDE; SAILING VESSELS;

FRUITS;

ETHYLENE; ETHYLENE DERIVATIVE; NITRIC OXIDE; PHYTOHORMONE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

BIOTECHNOLOGY; ETHYLENE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FRUIT PRODUCTION; HORMONE; MONITORING; NITRIC OXIDE; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; RIPENING;

DRUG EFFECT; FRUIT; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METABOLISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ETHYLENES; FRUIT; NITRIC OXIDE; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 77954864554     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.03.001     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Antonio M.J., Nigel G.E., Mi-Young C., James G.J., Jocelyn R.K.C. Biology and genetic engineering of fruit maturation for enhanced quality and shelf-life. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009, 20:197-203.
2. Arasimowicz-Jelonek M., Floryszak-Wieczorek J., Kubis J. Interaction between polyamine and nitric oxide signaling in adaptive responses to drought in cucumber. J Plant Growth Regul 2009, 28:177-186.
3. Bailey-Serres J., Mittler R. The roles of reactive oxygen species in plant cells. Plant Physiol 2006, 141:311-316.
4. Beligni M.V., Lamattina L. Nitric oxide stimulates seed germination and de-etiolation and inhibits hypocotyl elongation: three light-inducible responses in plants. Planta 2000, 210:215-221.
5. Beligni M.V., Lamattina L. Nitric oxide counteracts cytotoxic processes mediated by reactive oxygen species in plant tissues. Planta 1999, 208:337-344.
6. Beligni M.V., Fath A., Bethke P.C., Lamattina L., Jones R.L. Nitric oxide acts as an antioxidant and delays programmed cell death in barley aleurone layers. Plant Physiol 2002, 129:1642-1650.
7. Besson-Bard A., Antoine G., Pierre R., Pascaline A., Duc, Frederic G.C., et al. Nitric oxide contributes to cadmium toxicity in Arabidopsis by promoting cadmium accumulation in roots and by up-regulating genes related to iron uptake. Plant Physiol 2009, 149:1302-1315.
8. Bethke P.C., Badger M.R., Jones R.L. Apoplastic synthesis of nitric oxide by plant tissues. Plant Cell 2004, 16:332-341.
9. Bhagyalakshmi N., Prabha T.N., Yashodha H.M., Prasanna V., Jagadeesh B.H., Tharanathan R.N. Biotechnological approach for textural regulation in banana and mango fruit during ripening. Acta Hort 2002, 575:717-724.
10. Bolwell G.P. Role of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in plant defense responses. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1999, 2:287-294.
11. Boucher J.L., Genet A., Vadon S., Delaforge M., Mansuy D. Formation of nitrogen oxides and citrulline upon oxidation of N-hydroxy-l-arginine by hemeproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992, 184:1158-1164.
12. Bouchereau A., Aziz A., Larher F., Martin-Tanguy J. Polyamines and environmental challenges:recent developments. Plant Sci 1999, 140:103-125.
13. Bowler C., Neuhaus G., Yamagata H., Chua N. Cyclic GMP and calcium mediate Phytochrome transduction. Cell 1994, 77:73-81.
14. Bowyer M.C., Wills R.B.H., Badiyan D., Ku V.V.V. Extending the postharvest life of carnations with nitric oxide comparison of fumigation and in vivo delivery. Postharvest Biol Technol 2003, 30:281-286.
15. Bruckdorfer R. The basics about nitric oxide. Mol Aspects Med 2005, 26:3-31.
16. Burnham H.D., Pease R.N. Inhibition of the hydrogenation of ethylene by nitric oxide. J Am Chem Soc 1940, 62:453.
17. Carimi F.M., Zottini E., Formentin M., Terzi, Lo Schiavo F. Cytokinins, new apoptotic inducers in plants. Planta 2003, 216:413-421.
18. Carley E., Wolosiuk R.A., Hertig C.M. Regulation of the activation of chloroplast fructose-1,6-bis phosphatase (E.C 3.1.11). Inhibition by spermidine and spermine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983, 115:707-710.
19. Cheng F.Y., Hsu S.Y., Kao C.H. Nitric oxide counteracts the senescence of detached rice leaves induced by dehydration and polyethylene glycol but not by sorbitol. Plant Growth Regul 2002, 38:265-272.
20. Cheng G., En Y., Wangjin L., Yongxia J., Yueming J., Xuewu D. Effect of nitric oxide on ethylene synthesis and softening of banana fruit slice during ripening. J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57:5799-5804.
21. Clark J., Durner D., Navarre A., Klessig D.F. Nitric oxide inhibition of tobacco catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Mol Plant-Microbe Int 2000, 13:1380-1384.
22. Cooney R.V., Harwood P.J., Custer L.J., Franke A.A. Light-mediated conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide by carotenoids. Environ Health Perspect 1994, 102:460-462.
23. Correa-Aragunde N., Graziano M., Lamattina L. Nitric oxide plays a central role in determining lateral root development in tomato. Planta 2004, 218:900-905.
24. Crawford N.M. Mechanisms for nitric oxide synthesis in plants. J Exp Bot 2006, 57:471-478.
25. DeEll J.R., Murr D.P., Wiley L., Porteous M.D. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) increases CO2 injury in apples. ActaHortic 2003, 600:277-280.
26. Delledone M., Xia Y., Dixon R.A., Lamb C. Nitric oxide functions as a signal in plant disease resistance. Nature 1998, 394:585-588.
27. Delledonne M., Zeier J., Marocco A., Lamb C. Signal interactions between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:13454-13459.
28. Desikan R., Griffiths R., Hancock J., Neill S. A new role for an old enzyme:nitrate reductase-mediated nitric oxide generation is required for abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:16314-16318.
29. Duan X., Su X., You Y., Qu H., Li Y., Jiang Y. Effect of nitric oxide on pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit in relation to phenolic metabolism. Food Chem 2007, 104:571-576.
30. Durner J., Wendehenne D., Klessig D.F. Defense gene induction in tobacco by nitric oxide, cyclic GMP, and cyclic ADP-ribose. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:10328-10333.
31. Durzan D.J., Pedroso M.C. Nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxide species in plants. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2002, 19:293-337.
32. Ederli L., Morettini R., Borgogni A., Wasternack C., Miersch O., Reale L., et al. Interaction between nitric oxide and ethylene in the induction of alternative oxidase in ozone-treated tobacco plants. Plant Physiol 2006, 142:595-608.
33. Eum H.L., Kim H.B., Choi S.B., Lee S.K. Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis by nitric oxide in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit harvested at different ripening stages. Eur Food Res Technol 2009, 228:331-338.
34. Fan X.T., Maththeis J.P. 1-Methylcyclopropene and storage temperature influence responses of 'Gala' apple fruit to gamma irradiation. Postharvest Biol Technol 2001, 23:143-151.
35. Fan B., Shen L., Liu K., Zhao D., Yu M. Interaction between nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in post harvest tomato resistance response to Rhizopus nigricans. J Sci Food Agric 2008, 88:1238-1244.
36. Farias-Eisner R., Chaudhuri G., Aeberhard E., Fukuto J.M. The chemistry and tumoricidal activity of nitric oxide/hydrogen peroxide and the implications to cell resistance/susceptibility. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:6144-6151.
37. 2 production by the xylem of Zinnia elegans. Plant Cell Environ 1999, 22:891-897.
38. Feuerstein B.G., Williams L.D., Basu H.S., Marton L.J. Implications and concepts of polyamine-nucleic acid interactions. J Cell biochem 1991, 46:37-47.
39. Flores B.F., Sanchez-Bel P., Monika V., Felix R. Maria, Isabel EM. Effects of a pretreatment with nitric oxide on peach (Prunus persica L.) storage at room temperature. Eur Food Res Technol 2008, 227:1599-1611.
40. Foissner I., Wendehenne D., Langebartels C., Durner J. In vivo imaging of an elicitor-induced nitric oxide burst in tobacco. Plant J 2000, 23:817-824.
41. Francisco F.B., Paloma S., Monika V., Felix R., Isabel E.M. Effects of a pretreatment with nitric oxide on peach (Prunus persica L.) storage at room temperature. Eur Food Res Technol 2008, 227:1599-1611.
42. Furchgott R.F. Special topics:nitric oxide, arginase-negative mutants of Arabidopsis exhibit increased NO signaling in root development. Annu rev Physiol 1995, 57:659-682.
43. Gardner P.R., Costantino G., Salzman A.L. Constitutive and adaptive detoxification of nitric oxide in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:26528-26533.
44. Giovannoni J. Genetic regulation of fruit development and ripening. Plant Cell 2004, 16:170-180.
45. Gniazdowska A., Urszula D., Tomasz B., Renata B. Breaking the apple embryo dormancy by nitric oxide involves the stimulation of ethylene production. Planta 2007, 225:1051-1057.
46. Goretski J.T., Hollocher T.C. Trapping of nitric-oxide produced during denitrification by extracellular hemoglobin. J Biol Chem 1988, 263:2316-232.
47. Gow A.J., Luchsinger B.P., Pawloski J.R., Singel D.J., Stamler J.S. The oxyhaemoglobin reaction of nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:9027-9032.
48. Graziano M., Beligni M.V., Lamattina L. Nitric oxide improves iron availability in plants. Plant Physiol 2002, 130:1852-1859.
49. Guo F.Q., Crawford N.M. Arabidopsis nitric oxide synthase1 is targeted to mitochondria and protects against oxidative damage and dark-induced senescence. Plant Cell 2005, 17:3436-3450.
50. Guo F., Okamoto M., Crawford N.M. Identification of a plant nitric oxide synthase gene involved in hormonal signaling. Science 2003, 302:100-103.
51. Harrison R. Structure and function of xanthine oxidoreductase: where are we now?. Free Radic Biol Med 2002, 33:774-797.
52. Hausladen A., Gow A., Stamler J.S. Flavohemoglobin denitrosylase catalyzes the reaction of a nitroxyl equivalent with molecular oxygen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:10108-10112.
53. He Y., Tang R.H., Hao Y., Stevens R.D., Cook C.W., Ahn S.M., et al. Nitric oxide represses the Arabidopsis floral transition. Science 2004, 305:1968-1971.
54. Hirazumi A., Furusawa E. An immunomodulatory polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citriflora (Noni) with antitumour activity. Phytother Res 1999, 13:380-388.
55. Hofman P.J., Jobin-Decor M., Meiburg G.F., Macnish A.J., Joyce D.C. Ripening and quality responses of avocado, custard apple, mango and papaya fruit to 1-methylcyclopropene. Aust J Exp Agric 2001, 41:567-572.
56. Hu X., Neill S.J., Cai W., Tang Z. Nitric oxide mediates elicitor-induced saponin synthesis in cell cultures of Panax ginseng. Fun Plant Biol 2003, 30:901-907.
57. Huang X., Stettmaier K., Michel C., Hutzler P., Mueller M.J., Durner J. Nitric oxide is induced by wounding and influences jasmonic acid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 2004, 218:938-946.
58. 2 enrichment. New Phytol 1996, 133:495-501.
59. Hung K.T., Kao C.H. Nitric oxide acts as an antioxidant and delays methyl jasmonate-induced senescence of rice leaves. J Plant Physiol 2004, 161:43-52.
60. Jiang Y., Joyce D.C., Macnish A.J. Effect of abscisic acid on banana fruit ripening in relation to the role of ethylene. J Plant Growth Regul 2000, 19:106-111.
61. Jiang Y.M., Joyce D.C., Jiang W.B., Lu W.J. Effects of chilling temperatures on ethylene binding by banana fruit. Plant Growth Regul 2004, 43:109-115.
62. Joshi M.S., Ferguson T.B.J., Han T.H., Hyduke D.R., Liao J.C., Rassaf T., et al. Nitric oxide is consumed, rather than conserved, by reaction with oxyhaemoglobin under physiological conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:10341-10346.
63. Katoh Y., Hasegawa T., Suzuki T. Fujji. Effect of 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid production on the changes in the polyamine levels in Hiproly barley callus after auxin withdrawal. Agric Biol Chem 1987, 51:2457-2463.
64. Khan S.A., Singh Z., Nadeem A. Pre-storage putrescine application suppresses ethylene biosynthesis and retards fruit softening during low temperature storage in 'Angelino' plum. Postharvest Biol Technol 2007, 46:36-46.
65. Klessig D.F., Durner J., Noad R., Navarre D.A., Wendehenne D., Kumar D., et al. Nitric oxide and salicylic acid signaling in plant defense,. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:8849-8855.
66. Kramchote S., Wongs-Aree V., Srilaong A., Uthairatanakij S., Kanlayanarat Influence of nitric oxide on pericarp browning of litchi cv. 'chakrapad'. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 804: Europe-Asia Symposium on Quality Management in Postharvest Systems - Eurasia 2007.
67. Ku V.V.V., Wills R.B.H., Ben-Yehoshua S. 1-methylcyclopropene can differentially affect the postharvest life of strawberries exposed toethylene. Hort Sci 1999, 34:119-120.
68. Lamotte O., Gould K., Lecourieux D., Sequeira-Legrand A., Lebrun-Garcia A., Durner J., et al. Analysis of nitric oxide signaling functions in tobacco cells challenged by the elicitor cryptogein. Plant Physiol 2004, 135:516-529.
69. Lazar E.E., Wills R.B.H., Ho B.T., Harris A.M., Spohr L.J. Antifungal effect of gaseous nitric oxide on mycelium growth, sporulation and spore germination of the postharvest horticulture pathogens, Aspergillus niger, Monilinia fructicola and Penicillium italicum. Lett Appl Microb 2008, 46:688-692.
70. Leshem Y.Y., Wills R.B.H., Ku V.V.V. Evidence for the function of the free radical gas nitric oxide (NO) as an endogenous maturation and senescence regulating factor in higher plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 1998, 36:825-833.
71. Leshem Y.Y. Nitric oxide in plants: occurrence, function and use 2000, Kluwer, Dordrech, The Netherlands.
72. Leshem Y.Y., Haramaty E. Characterisation and contrasting effects of the nitric oxide free radical in vegetable stress and senescence of Pisum sativum Linn. foliage. J Plant Physiol 1996, 148:258-263.
73. Leshem Y.Y., Pinchasov Y. photoacoustic spectroscopic determination of relative endogenous nitric oxide and ethylene content stoichiometry during the ripening of strawberries Fragaria anannasa (Duch.) and avocados Persea Americana (Mill.). J Exp Bot 2000, 51:1471-1473.
74. Leshem Y.Y., Wills R.B.H. Harnessing senescence delaying gases nitric oxide and nitrous oxide: a novel approach to postharvest control of fresh horticultural produce. Biol Plant 1998, 41:1-10.
75. Li H., Poulos T.L. Structure-function studies on nitric oxide synthases. J Inorg Biochem 2005, 99:293-305.
76. Li N., Parsons B.R., Liu D., Mattoo A.K. Accumulation of wound inducible ACC synthase transcripts in tomato fruit is inhibited by salicylic acid and polyamines. Plant Mol Biol 1992, 18:477-487.
77. Lindermayr C., Saalbach G., Bahnweg G., Durner J. Differential inhibition of Arabidopsis methionine adenosyltransferases by protein S-nitrosylation. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:4285-4291.
78. Liu L., Zeng M., Stamler J.S. Hemoglobin induction in mouse macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci Usa 1999, 96:6643-6647.
79. Malik A.U., Singh Z. Pre-storage application of polyamines improves shelf-life and fruit quality of mango. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 2005, 80:363-369.
80. Manjunatha G., Shetty H.S. Involvement of nitric oxide signaling in induction of systemic resistance in pearl millet by endophytic cell wall protein of Penicillium sp. J Mycol Plant Pathol 2006, 36:392-404.
81. Manjunatha G., Niranjan Raj S., Nandini S., Shetty H.S. Nitric oxide donor seed priming enhances defense responses and induces resistance against pearl millet downy mildew disease. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2008, 91:1-11.
82. Manjunatha G., Niranjan-Raj S., Geetha N.P., Deepak S., Amruthesh K.N., Shetty H.S. Nitric oxide is involved in chitosan-induced systemic resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew disease. Pest Manag Sci 2009, 65:737-743.
83. Maolepsza, Rozyalska S. Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in tomato resistance nitric oxide modulates hydrogen peroxide level in hydroxyethylorutin-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato Plant. Physiol Biochem 2005, 43:623-635.
84. Mattoo A.K., Handa A.K. Higher polyamines restore and enhance metabolic memory in ripening fruit. Plant Sci 2008, 174:386-393.
85. Meng-chen L., Wei-hon S., Shu-hua Z., Jie Z. Effects of nitric oxide and exogenous ethylene treatments on ethylene biosynthesis in Feicheng peach. Agric Sci China 2007, 6:290-295.
86. Mirdehghan S.H., Rahemi M., Castillo S., Martinez-Romero D., Maria S., Valero D. Pre-storage application of polyamines by pressure or immersion improves shelf-life of pomegranate stored at chilling temperature by increasing endogenous polyamine levels. Postharvest Biol Technol 2007, 44:26-33.
87. Mur L.A.J., Lucas J.J., Laarhoven, Frans J.M., Harren, Michael A.H., et al. Nitric oxide interacts with salicylate to regulate biphasic ethylene production during the hypersensitive response. Plant Physiol 2008, 148:1537-1546.
88. Murgia I., de Pinto M.C., Delledonne M., Soave C., de Gara L. Comparative effects of various nitric oxide donors on ferritin regulation, programmed cell death, and cell redox state in plant cells. J Plant Physiol 2004, 161:777-783.
89. Nguyen T.B.T., Ketsa S., van Doorn W.G. Relationship between browning and the activities of polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase in banana peel during low temperature storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 2003, 30:187-193.
90. Orozco-Cardenas M.L., Ryan C.A. Nitric oxide negatively modulates wound signaling in tomato plants. Plant Physiol 2002, 130:487-493.
91. Otvos K., Pasternak T.P., Miskolczi P.M., Domoki M., Dorjgotov D., Szucs A., et al. Nitric oxide is required for, and promotes auxin-mediated activation of, cell division and embryogenic cell formation but does not influence cell cycle progression in alfalfa cell cultures. Plant J 2005, 43:849-860.
92. Pagnussat G.C., Lanteri M.L., Lamattina L. Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP are messengers in the indole acetic acid-induced adventitious rooting process. Plant Physiol 2003, 132:1241-1248.
93. Pagnussat G.C., Lanteri M.L., Lombardo M.C., Lamattina L. Nitric oxide mediates the indole acetic acid induction activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in adventitious root development. Plant Physiol 2004, 135:279-286.
94. Pandey S., Ranad S.A., Nagar P.K., Kumar N. Role of polyamines and ethylene as modulators of plant senescence. J Biosci 2000, 25:291-299.
95. Parani M., Rudrabhatla S., Myers R., Weirich H., Smith B., Leaman D.W., et al. Microarray analysis of nitric oxide responsive transcripts in Arabidopsis. Plant Biotechnol J 2004, 2:359-366.
96. Pathak N., Sanwal G.G. Regulation of the ripening of the banana (Musa acuminata) fruits by chemicals. Indian J Agric Sci 1999, 69:17-20.
97. Perazzolli M., Dominici P., Romero-Puertas M.C., Zago E.Z., Sonoda M., Lamb C., et al. Arabidopsis nonsymbiotic haemoglobin AHb1 modulates nitric oxide bioactivity. Plant Cell 2004, 16:2785-2794.
98. Planchet E., Gupta K.J., Sonoda M., Kaiser W.M. Nitric oxide emission from tobacco leaves and cell suspensions: rate-limiting factors and evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial electron transport. Plant J 2005, 41:732-743.
99. Porat R., Weiss B., Cohen L., Daus A., Goren R., Droby S. Effects of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene on the postharvest qualities of 'Shamouti' oranges. Postharvest Biol Technol 1999, 15:155-163.
100. Prabha T.N., Bhagyalakshmi N. Carbohydrate metabolism in ripening banana fruit. Phytochem 1998, 48:915-919.
101. Prado A.M., Porterfield D.M., Feijo J.A. Nitric oxide is involved in growth regulation and re-orientation of pollen tubes. Development 2004, 131:2707-2714.
102. Pristijono P., Wills R.B.H., Golding J.B. Use of the nitric oxide-donor compound, diethylenetriamine-nitric oxide (DETANO), as an inhibitor of browning in apple slices. J Hort Sci Biotech 2008, 83:555-558.
103. Rhoads D.M., McIntosh L. Salicylic acid regulation of respiration in higher plants: alternative oxidase expression. Plant Cell 1992, 4:1131-1139.
104. Romero-Puertas M.C., Perazzolli M., Zago E.D., Delledonne M. Nitric oxide signaling functions in plant-pathogen interactions. Cell Microb 2004, 6:795-803.
105. Rudell R.D., Mattheis P.J. Nitric oxide and nitrite treatments reduce ethylene evolution from apple fruit disks. Horti Sci 2006, 41:1462-1465.
106. Scherer G.F.E., Holk A. NO donors mimic and inhibit cytokinins in betalaine accumulation in Amaranthus caudatus. Plant Growth Regul 2000, 32:345-350.
107. Singh S.P., Singh Z., Swinny E.E. Post harvest nitric oxide fumigation delays fruit ripening and alleviates chilling injury during cold storage of Japanese plums (Prunus salicina Lindell). Postharvest Biol Technol 2009, 53:101-108.
108. Smith T.A. Polyamines. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 1985, 36:117-143.
109. Soegiarto L., Wills R.B.H. Short term fumigation with nitric oxide gas in air to extend the postharvest life of broccoli, green bean, and bok choy. Horti Technol 2004, 14:538-540.
110. Soegiarto L., Wills R.B.H., Serberry J.A., Leshem Y.Y. Nitric oxide degradation in oxygen atmosphere and rate of uptake by horticulture produce. Postharvest Biol Technol 2003, 28:327-331.
111. Song F.R., Goodman M. Activity of nitric oxide is dependent on, but is partially required for function of salicylic acid in the signaling pathway in tobacco systemic acquired resistance. Mol Plant Microb Int 2001, 14:1458-1462.
112. Sozzi G.O., Trinchero G.F., Fraschina A.A. Delayed ripening of 'Bartlet'pears treated with nitric oxide. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 2003, 78:899-903.
113. Srivastava M.K., Dwivedi U.N. Delayed ripening of banana fruit by salicylic acid. Plant Sci 2000, 158:87-96.
114. Stamler J.S., Singel D.J., Loscalzo J. Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms. Science 1992, 258:1898-1902.
115. Stohr C., Strube F., Marx G., Ullrich W.R., Rockel P. A plasma membrane-bound enzyme of tobacco roots catalyses the formation of nitric oxide from nitrite. Planta 2001, 212:835-841.
116. Tun N.N., Holk A., Scherer G.F.E. Rapid increase of NO release in plant cell cultures induced by cytokinin. FEBS Lett 2001, 509:174-176.
117. Tun N.N., Santa-Catarina C., Vanildo S., Walter H., Eny Iochevet S.F., Gunther F.E.S. Polyamines induce rapid biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 2006, 47:346-354.
118. Venancio W.S., Marco A., Rodrigues T., Begliomini E., de Souza N.L. Physiological effects of strobilurin fungicides on plants. Publ. UEPG Ci. Exatas Terra, Ci. Agr. Eng., Ponta Grossa 2003, 3:59-68.
119. Wang J.W., Wu J.Y. Nitric oxide is involved in methyl jasmonate induced defense responses and secondary metabolism activities of Taxus cells. Plant Cell Physiol 2005, 46:923-930.
120. Watkins B.C. The use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on fruits and vegetables. Biotechnol Adv 2006, 24:389-409.
121. Watkins C.B., Nock J.F. SmartFresh™(1-MCP) - the good and bad as we head into the 2004 season. New York Fruit Quarterly 2004, 12:3-8.
122. Wendehenne D., Pugin A., Klessig D.F., Durner J. Nitric oxide: comparative synthesis and signaling in animal and plant cells. Trends Plant Sci 2001, 6:177-183.
123. Wilhelmova H., Fuksova M., Srbova D., Mikov Z., Mytinova D., Prochazkova R., et al. The effect of plant cytokinin hormones on the production of ethylene, nitric oxide, and protein nitrotyrosine in ageing tobacco leaves. Biofators 2006, 27:203-211.
124. Wills R.B.H., Ku V.V.V., Leshem Y.Y. Fumigation with nitric oxide to extend the postharvest life of strawberries. Postharvest Biol Technol 2000, 18:75-79.
125. Wills R.B.H., Soegiarto L., Bowyer Use of solid mixture containing diethylnetriamine/nitric oxide (DETANO) to liberate nitric oxide gas in the presence of horticultural produce to extend postharvest life. Nitric Oxide 2007, 17:44-49.
126. Wills R.B.H., Pristijono P., Golding J.B. Browning on the surface of cut lettuce slices inhibited by short term exposure to nitric oxide (NO). Food Chem 2008, 107:1387-1392.
127. Wink D.A., Cook J.A., Pacelli R., Liebmann J., Krishne M.C., Mitchell J.B. Nitric oxide (NO) protects against cellular damage by reactive oxy gen species. Toxicol Let 1995, 82:221-226.
128. Xu M., Dong J. Nitric oxide stimulates indole alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures through a protein kinase dependent signal pathway. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005, 37:49-53.
129. Xu M., Dong J. Elicitor-induced nitric oxide burst is essential for triggering catharanthine synthesis in Catharanthus roseus suspension cells. App Microb Biotech 2005, 67:782-789.
130. Xu M.J., Dong J.F., Zhu M.Y. Nitric oxide mediates the fungal elicitor-induced hypericin production of Hypericum perforatum cell suspension cultures through a jasmonic-acid-dependent signal pathway. Plant Physiol 2005, 139:991-998.
131. Yamasaki H., Sakihama Y. Simultaneous production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite by plant nitrate reductase: in vitro evidence for the NR-dependent formation of active nitrogen species. FEBS Let 2000, 468:89-92.
132. Yu z., Kun-Song C., Qing-Jun C., Shang-Long Z., Yi-Ping R. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ethylene treatments on ripening and softening of postharvest kiwi fruit. Acta Bot Sin 2003, 45:1447-1452.
133. Zanella A. Control of apple superficial scald and ripening - a comparison between 1-methylcyclopropene and diphenylamine postharvest treatments, initial low oxygen stress and ultra low oxygen storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 2003, 27:69-78.
134. Zeidler D., Zahringer U., Gerber I., Dubery I., Hartung T., Bors W., et al. Innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana: lipopolysaccharides activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and induce defense genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:15811-15816.
135. Zemojtel T., Frochlich A., Palmieri M.C. Plant nitric oxide synthase: a never-ending story?. Trends Plant Sci 2006, 11:524-525.
136. Zhang L., Zhao L. Production of nitric oxide under ultraviolet-b irradiation is mediated by hydrogen peroxide through activation of nitric oxide synthase. J Plant Biol 2008, 51:395-400.
137. Zhang A., Jiang M., Zhang J., Ding H., Xu S., Hu X., et al. Nitric oxide induced by hydrogen peroxide mediates abscisic acid-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in antioxidant defense in maize leaves. New Phytol 2007, 175:36-50.
138. Zhang D.D., Cheng G.P., Li J., Yi C., Yang E., Qu H.X., et al. Effect of Nitric oxide on disorder development and quality maintenance of plum stored at low temperature. ISHS acta horticulture 804: Europe-Asia symposium on quality management in postharvest systems - Eurasia 2007.
139. Zhao M.G., Tian Q.Y., Zhang W.H. Nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide production is associated with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2007, 144:206-217.
140. Zhu S., Zhou E. Effect of nitric oxide on ethylene production in strawberry fruit during storage. Food Chem 2007, 100:1517-1522.
141. Zhu S., Liu M., Zhou J. Inhibition by nitric oxide of ethylene biosynthesis and lipoxygenase activity in peach fruit during storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 2006, 42:41-48.
142. Zhu S., Lina S., Mengchen L., Jie Z. Effect of nitric oxide on reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in kiwi fruit during storage. J Sci Food Agric 2008, 88:2324-2331.
143. Zhu S., Sun L., Zhou J. Effects of nitric oxide fumigation on phenolic metabolism of postharvest Chinese winter jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) in relation to fruit quality. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2009, 42:1009-1014.
144. Ziosi V., Bonghi C., Maria B.A., Trainotti L., Biondi S., Sutthiwal S., et al. Jasmonate-induced transcriptional changes suggest a negative interference with the ripening syndrome in peach fruit. J Exp Bot 2008, 59:563-573.
145. Zottini M., Costa A., De Michele R., Ruzzene M., Carimi F., Lo Schiavo F. Salicylic acid activates nitric oxide synthesis in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2007, 58:1397-1405.