메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 775-786

Thymus hormones as prospective anti-inflammatory agents

Author keywords

Inflammation; Inflammatory diseases; Inflammatory response; Sepsis; Thymic hormones; Thymopentin; Thymopoietin; Thymosin; Thymulin

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ARGIPRESSIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GAMMA INTERFERON; GONADORELIN; GROWTH HORMONE; HYDROCORTISONE; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; PROTHYMOSIN ALPHA; THYMOPENTIN; THYMOPOIETIN; THYMOSIN ALPHA; THYMOSIN ALPHA1; THYMULIN; THYMUS HORMONE; THYROTROPIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 77954811964     PISSN: 14728222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.499127     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (36)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 0029401567 scopus 로고
    • The Italian SEPSIS study: Preliminary results on the incidence and evolution of SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Salvo I, de Clan W, Musicco M. The Italian SEPSIS study: preliminary results on the incidence and evolution of SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Care Med 1995;14:244-249
    • (1995) Care Med , vol.14 , pp. 244-249
    • Salvo, I.1    De Clan, W.2    Musicco, M.3
  • 2
    • 33750047495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of sepsis
    • Russell JA. Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1699-1713
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 1699-1713
    • Russell, J.A.1
  • 3
    • 14544299688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic intervention and targets for sepsis
    • Rice TW, Bernard GR. Therapeutic intervention and targets for sepsis. Annu Rev Med 2005;56:225-248
    • (2005) Annu Rev Med , vol.56 , pp. 225-248
    • Rice, T.W.1    Bernard, G.R.2
  • 4
    • 33646194774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of heat shock proteins, cytokines, and nitric oxide in toxic stress
    • Novoselova EG, Glushkova OV, Cherenkov DA, et al. Production of heat shock proteins, cytokines, and nitric oxide in toxic stress. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2006;71:376-383
    • (2006) Biochemistry (Mosc) , vol.71 , pp. 376-383
    • Novoselova, E.G.1    Glushkova, O.V.2    Cherenkov, D.A.3
  • 5
    • 0029037126 scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation
    • Chrousos GP. The hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1351-1362
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 1351-1362
    • Chrousos, G.P.1
  • 6
    • 0030731484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involution of the mammalian thymus, one of the leading regulators of aging
    • Bodey B, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE. Involution of the mammalian thymus, one of the leading regulators of aging. In Vivo 1997;11:421-440
    • (1997) In Vivo , vol.11 , pp. 421-440
    • Bodey, B.1    Bodey Jr., B.2    Siegel, S.E.3    Kaiser, H.E.4
  • 7
    • 0026667487 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-4 production in mice of different ages by thymopentin
    • Cillari E, Milano S, Perego R, et al. Modulation of IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-4 production in mice of different ages by thymopentin. Int J Immunopharmacol 1992;14:1029-1035
    • (1992) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 1029-1035
    • Cillari, E.1    Milano, S.2    Perego, R.3
  • 8
    • 0025101138 scopus 로고
    • A new radioimmunoassay for the thymic peptide thymulin, and its application for measuring thymulin in blood samples
    • Safieh B, Kendall MD, Norman JC, et al. A new radioimmunoassay for the thymic peptide thymulin, and its application for measuring thymulin in blood samples. J Immunol Methods 1990;127:255-262
    • (1990) J Immunol Methods , vol.127 , pp. 255-262
    • Safieh, B.1    Kendall, M.D.2    Norman, J.C.3
  • 9
    • 0020028436 scopus 로고
    • In vitro induction of monoclonal antibody-defined T cell markers in lymphocytes from immunodeficient children by synthetic serum thymic factor (FTS)
    • Bene MC, Faure G, Bordigoni P, et al. In vitro induction of monoclonal antibody-defined T cell markers in lymphocytes from immunodeficient children by synthetic serum thymic factor (FTS). Clin Exp Immunol 1982;48:423-428
    • (1982) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.48 , pp. 423-428
    • Bene, M.C.1    Faure, G.2    Bordigoni, P.3
  • 10
    • 57349133426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporary views on the nature and clinical application of thymus preparations
    • Arion VY, Zimina IV, Lopuchin YM. Contemporary views on the nature and clinical application of thymus preparations. Russ J Immunol 1997;2:57-16611.
    • (1997) Russ J Immunol , vol.2 , pp. 57-16611
    • Arion, V.Y.1    Zimina, I.V.2    Lopuchin, Y.M.3
  • 11
    • 0017614723 scopus 로고
    • The morphology of the endocrine system in congenitally athymic (nude) mice
    • Ruitenberg EJ, Berkvens JM. The morphology of the endocrine system in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. J Pathol 1977;121:225-231
    • (1977) J Pathol , vol.121 , pp. 225-231
    • Ruitenberg, E.J.1    Berkvens, J.M.2
  • 12
    • 0029015812 scopus 로고
    • Impaired hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function in Swiss nude athymic mice
    • Daneva T, Spinedi E, Hadid R, Gaillard RC. Impaired hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal axis function in Swiss nude athymic mice. Neuroendocrinology 1995;62:79-86
    • (1995) Neuroendocrinology , vol.62 , pp. 79-86
    • Daneva, T.1    Spinedi, E.2    Hadid, R.3    Gaillard, R.C.4
  • 13
    • 0025842802 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of the circadian rhythm of the glucocorticoid hormone level in mice by thymoptin administration at various times of day
    • Shurlygina AV, Letiagin AIu, Chesnokova VM, Trufakin VA. Modulation of the circadian rhythm of the glucocorticoid hormone level in mice by thymoptin administration at various times of day. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 1991;37:57-59
    • (1991) Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) , vol.37 , pp. 57-59
    • Shurlygina, A.V.1    Aiu, L.2    Chesnokova, V.M.3    Trufakin, V.A.4
  • 14
    • 0033953569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melatonin is responsible for the nocturnal increase observed in serum and thymus of thymosin alpha1 and thymulin concentrations: Observations and rat and humans
    • Molinero P, Soutto M, Benot S, et al. Melatonin is responsible for the nocturnal increase observed in serum and thymus of thymosin alpha1 and thymulin concentrations: observations and rat and humans. J Neuroimmunol 2000;103:180-189
    • (2000) J Neuroimmunol , vol.103 , pp. 180-189
    • Molinero, P.1    Soutto, M.2    Benot, S.3
  • 15
    • 0026536665 scopus 로고
    • The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis
    • Chrousos GP, Gold PW. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 1992;267:1244-1252
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.267 , pp. 1244-1252
    • Chrousos, G.P.1    Gold, P.W.2
  • 16
    • 0032562412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of LHRH and TRH on human interferon-gamma production in vivo and in vitro
    • Grasso G, Massai L, De Leo V, Muscettola M. The effect of LHRH and TRH on human interferon-gamma production in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 1998;62:2005-2014
    • (1998) Life Sci , vol.62 , pp. 2005-2014
    • Grasso, G.1    Massai, L.2    De Leo, V.3    Muscettola, M.4
  • 17
    • 0032821795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone increases CD4 T-lymphocyte numbers in an animal model of immunodeficiency
    • Jacobson JD, Ansari MA, Mansfield ME, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone increases CD4 T-lymphocyte numbers in an animal model of immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:653-658
    • (1999) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.104 , pp. 653-658
    • Jacobson, J.D.1    Ansari, M.A.2    Mansfield, M.E.3
  • 18
    • 0026633593 scopus 로고
    • Improvement in the proliferative capacity and natural killer cell activity of murine spleen lymphocytes by thyrotropin
    • Provinciali M, Di Stefano G, Fabris N. Improvement in the proliferative capacity and natural killer cell activity of murine spleen lymphocytes by thyrotropin. Int J Immunopharmacol 1992;14:865-870
    • (1992) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 865-870
    • Provinciali, M.1    Di Stefano, G.2    Fabris, N.3
  • 19
    • 0343517550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone) receptor is expressed on murine dendritic cells and on a subset of CD43RBhigh lymph node T cells: Functional role of thyroid stimulating hormone during immune activation
    • Bagriacik EU, Klein JR. The thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone) receptor is expressed on murine dendritic cells and on a subset of CD43RBhigh lymph node T cells: functional role of thyroid stimulating hormone during immune activation. J Immunol 2000;164:6158-6165
    • (2000) J Immunol , vol.164 , pp. 6158-6165
    • Bagriacik, E.U.1    Klein, J.R.2
  • 20
    • 0027981981 scopus 로고
    • Induction of D2 and D3 cyclin-encoding genes during promotion of G1/S transition by prolactin dependent Nb2 cells
    • Hosokawa Y, Onga T, Nakashima K. Induction of D2 and D3 cyclin-encoding genes during promotion of G1/S transition by prolactin dependent Nb2 cells. Gene 1994;147:249-252
    • (1994) Gene , vol.147 , pp. 249-252
    • Hosokawa, Y.1    Onga, T.2    Nakashima, K.3
  • 21
    • 0021721197 scopus 로고
    • Thymic hormone containing cells. VI. Immunohistologic evidence for the simultaneous presence of thymulin, thymopoietin and thymosin-1 in normal and pathological human thymuses
    • Savino W, Dardenne M. Thymic hormone containing cells. VI. Immunohistologic evidence for the simultaneous presence of thymulin, thymopoietin and thymosin-1 in normal and pathological human thymuses. Clin Exp Immunol 1984;14:987-991
    • (1984) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.14 , pp. 987-991
    • Savino, W.1    Dardenne, M.2
  • 22
    • 0040815826 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor
    • Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Nabarra B, et al. Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79:5370-5373
    • (1982) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.79 , pp. 5370-5373
    • Dardenne, M.1    Pleau, J.M.2    Nabarra, B.3
  • 23
    • 77954777091 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the interaction of zinc with thymulin
    • Laussac JP, Haran R, Dardenne M, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the interaction of zinc with thymulin. Cr Acad Sci Paris 1985;301:47
    • (1985) Cr Acad Sci Paris , vol.301 , pp. 47
    • Laussac, J.P.1    Haran, R.2    Dardenne, M.3
  • 24
    • 0028299813 scopus 로고
    • Concentrations of thymulin in unextracted serum from pigs, sheep and cattle as measured by ELISA
    • Davis SL, Safieh-Garabedian B, Khosraviani M. Concentrations of thymulin in unextracted serum from pigs, sheep and cattle as measured by ELISA. J Immunoassay 1994;15:191-211
    • (1994) J Immunoassay , vol.15 , pp. 191-211
    • Davis, S.L.1    Safieh-Garabedian, B.2    Khosraviani, M.3
  • 25
    • 0019186128 scopus 로고
    • Specific receptors for the serum thymic factor (FTS) in lymphoblastoid cultured cell lines
    • Pleau JM, Fuentes V, Morgat JM, Bach JF. Specific receptors for the serum thymic factor (FTS) in lymphoblastoid cultured cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:2861-2865
    • (1980) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.77 , pp. 2861-2865
    • Pleau, J.M.1    Fuentes, V.2    Morgat, J.M.3    Bach, J.F.4
  • 26
    • 74949125361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of NF-kB transcription factor in the antiinflammatory activity of thymic peptides
    • Novoselova EG, Lunin SM, Khrenov MO, et al. Involvement of NF-kB transcription factor in the antiinflammatory activity of thymic peptides. Dokl Biol Sci 2009;428:484-486
    • (2009) Dokl Biol Sci , vol.428 , pp. 484-486
    • Novoselova, E.G.1    Lunin, S.M.2    Khrenov, M.O.3
  • 27
    • 70450257811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymulin and zinc (Zn2+)-mediated inhibition of endotoxin-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB nuclear translocation and activation in the alveolar epithelium: Unraveling the molecular immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory effect of thymulin/Zn2+ in vitro
    • Haddad JJ. Thymulin and zinc (Zn2+)-mediated inhibition of endotoxin-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB nuclear translocation and activation in the alveolar epithelium: unraveling the molecular immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory effect of thymulin/Zn2+ in vitro. Mol Immunol 2009;47:205-214
    • (2009) Mol Immunol , vol.47 , pp. 205-214
    • Haddad, J.J.1
  • 28
    • 50449087582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymulin inhibits monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension modulating interleukin-6 expression and suppressing p38 pathway
    • Henriques-Coelho T, Oliveira SM, Moura RS, et al. Thymulin inhibits monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension modulating interleukin-6 expression and suppressing p38 pathway. Endocrinology 2008;149:4367-4373
    • (2008) Endocrinology , vol.149 , pp. 4367-4373
    • Henriques-Coelho, T.1    Oliveira, S.M.2    Moura, R.S.3
  • 29
    • 0031454396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymulin stimulates corticotropin release and cyclic nucleotide formation in the rat anterior pituitary gland
    • Hadley AJ, Rantle CM, Buckinham JC. Thymulin stimulates corticotropin release and cyclic nucleotide formation in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Neuroimmunomodulation 1997;4:62-69
    • (1997) Neuroimmunomodulation , vol.4 , pp. 62-69
    • Hadley, A.J.1    Rantle, C.M.2    Buckinham, J.C.3
  • 30
    • 0024155430 scopus 로고
    • The release of luteinizing hormone from pituitaries perifused with thymic extracts
    • Zaidi SA, Kendall MD, Gillham B, Jones MT. The release of luteinizing hormone from pituitaries perifused with thymic extracts. Thymus 1988;12:253-264
    • (1988) Thymus , vol.12 , pp. 253-264
    • Zaidi, S.A.1    Kendall, M.D.2    Gillham, B.3    Jones, M.T.4
  • 31
    • 0028643645 scopus 로고
    • In vitro studies on the thymus-pituitary axis in young and old rats
    • Goya RG, Sosa YE, Brown OA, Dardenne M. In vitro studies on the thymus-pituitary axis in young and old rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;741:108-114
    • (1994) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.741 , pp. 108-114
    • Goya, R.G.1    Sosa, Y.E.2    Brown, O.A.3    Dardenne, M.4
  • 32
    • 0034453056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology
    • Savino W, Dardenne M. Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology. Endocr Rev 2000;21(4):412-443
    • (2000) Endocr Rev , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 412-443
    • Savino, W.1    Dardenne, M.2
  • 33
    • 0029987351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymulin, zinc and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) activity before and during recombinant growth hormone (rec-GH) therapy in children and adults with GH deficiency
    • Mocchegiani E, Sartorio A, Santarelli L, et al. Thymulin, zinc and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) activity before and during recombinant growth hormone (rec-GH) therapy in children and adults with GH deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 1996;19:630-637
    • (1996) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.19 , pp. 630-637
    • Mocchegiani, E.1    Sartorio, A.2    Santarelli, L.3
  • 34
    • 0026623421 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I stimulate hormonal function and proliferation of thymic epithelial cells
    • Timsit J, Savino W, Safieh B, et al. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I stimulate hormonal function and proliferation of thymic epithelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:183-188
    • (1992) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.75 , pp. 183-188
    • Timsit, J.1    Savino, W.2    Safieh, B.3
  • 35
    • 0027203526 scopus 로고
    • Pleiotropic influence of triiodothyronine on thymus physiology
    • Villa-Verde DMS, de Mello-Coelho V, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, et al. Pleiotropic influence of triiodothyronine on thymus physiology. Endocrinology 1993;133:867-875
    • (1993) Endocrinology , vol.133 , pp. 867-875
    • Dms, V.1    De Mello-Coelho, V.2    Farias-De-Oliveira, D.A.3
  • 36
    • 0023711104 scopus 로고
    • Thymic hormone containing cells. IX. Steroids in vitro modulate thymulin secretion by human and murine thymic epithelial cells
    • Savino W, Bartoccioni E, Homo-Delarche F, et al. Thymic hormone containing cells. IX. Steroids in vitro modulate thymulin secretion by human and murine thymic epithelial cells. J Steroid Biochem 1988;30:479-484
    • (1988) J Steroid Biochem , vol.30 , pp. 479-484
    • Savino, W.1    Bartoccioni, E.2    Homo-Delarche, F.3
  • 37
    • 1842284490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a nonapeptide thymic hormone on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in mice following administration of 5-fluorouracil
    • Inagaki-Ohara K, Kobayashi N, Nishimura H, et al. Effects of a nonapeptide thymic hormone on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in mice following administration of 5-fluorouracil. Cell Immunol 1996;171:30-40
    • (1996) Cell Immunol , vol.171 , pp. 30-40
    • Inagaki-Ohara, K.1    Kobayashi, N.2    Nishimura, H.3
  • 38
    • 0035123348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the direct action of thymulin on avian NK cells
    • Merlino PG, Marsh JA. Evidence for the direct action of thymulin on avian NK cells. Dev Comp Immunol 2001;25:337-343
    • (2001) Dev Comp Immunol , vol.25 , pp. 337-343
    • Merlino, P.G.1    Marsh, J.A.2
  • 39
    • 0019409406 scopus 로고
    • Prolongation of murine skin grafts by FTS and its synthetic analogues
    • Kaiserlian D, Dujic A, Dardenne M, et al. Prolongation of murine skin grafts by FTS and its synthetic analogues. Clin Exp Immunol 1981;45:338-343
    • (1981) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.45 , pp. 338-343
    • Kaiserlian, D.1    Dujic, A.2    Dardenne, M.3
  • 40
    • 0027314376 scopus 로고
    • Thymulin modulates cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells: A comparison between healthy volunteers and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Safieh-Garabedian B, Ahmed K, Khamashta MA, et al. Thymulin modulates cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells: A comparison between healthy volunteers and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1993;101:126-131
    • (1993) Int Arch Allergy Immunol , vol.101 , pp. 126-131
    • Safieh-Garabedian, B.1    Ahmed, K.2    Khamashta, M.A.3
  • 41
    • 4644356462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum thymic factor prevents LPS-induced pancreatic cell damage in mice via up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in pancreas
    • Saitoh N, Awaya A, Sakudo A, et al. Serum thymic factor prevents LPS-induced pancreatic cell damage in mice via up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in pancreas. Microbiol Immunol 2004;48:629-638
    • (2004) Microbiol Immunol , vol.48 , pp. 629-638
    • Saitoh, N.1    Awaya, A.2    Sakudo, A.3
  • 42
    • 0036022638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of a novel thymulin-related peptide in the rat
    • Safieh-Garabedian B, Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Saade NE. Potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of a novel thymulin-related peptide in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2002;136(6):947-955
    • (2002) Br J Pharmacol , vol.136 , Issue.6 , pp. 947-955
    • Safieh-Garabedian, B.1    Dardenne, M.2    Pleau, J.M.3    Saade, N.E.4
  • 43
    • 34447623547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of thymulin or its analogue as a new analgesic molecule
    • Dardenne M, Saade N, Safieh-Garabedian B. Role of thymulin or its analogue as a new analgesic molecule. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1088:153-163
    • (2006) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.1088 , pp. 153-163
    • Dardenne, M.1    Saade, N.2    Safieh-Garabedian, B.3
  • 44
    • 57349127309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymulin, a thymic peptide, prevents the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein Hsp70 in inflammation-bearing mice
    • Lunin SM, Khrenov MO, Novoselova TV, et al. Thymulin, a thymic peptide, prevents the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein Hsp70 in inflammation-bearing mice. Immunol Invest 2008;37:858-870
    • (2008) Immunol Invest , vol.37 , pp. 858-870
    • Lunin, S.M.1    Khrenov, M.O.2    Novoselova, T.V.3
  • 46
    • 0038306841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prothymosin alpha is processed to thymosin alpha1 and thymosin alpha11 by a lysosomal asparaginyl endopeptidase
    • Sarandeses CS, Covelo G, Diaz-Jullien C, Freire M. Prothymosin alpha is processed to thymosin alpha1 and thymosin alpha11 by a lysosomal asparaginyl endopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2003;278(15):13286-13293
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , Issue.15 , pp. 13286-13293
    • Sarandeses, C.S.1    Covelo, G.2    Diaz-Jullien, C.3    Freire, M.4
  • 47
    • 0025358266 scopus 로고
    • Cellular levels of thymosin immunoreactive peptides are linked to proliferative events: Evidence for a nuclear site of action
    • Conteas CN, Mutchnick MG, Palmer KC, et al. Cellular levels of thymosin immunoreactive peptides are linked to proliferative events: evidence for a nuclear site of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:3269-3273
    • (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.87 , pp. 3269-3273
    • Conteas, C.N.1    Mutchnick, M.G.2    Palmer, K.C.3
  • 48
    • 56749101682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of thymosin alpha1-thymopentin fusion Peptide in Pichia pastoris and its characterization
    • Gao D, Zhang X, Zhang J, et al. Expression of thymosin alpha1-thymopentin fusion Peptide in Pichia pastoris and its characterization. Arch Pharm Res 2008;31(11):1471-1476
    • (2008) Arch Pharm Res , vol.31 , Issue.11 , pp. 1471-1476
    • Gao, D.1    Zhang, X.2    Zhang, J.3
  • 49
    • 0026545993 scopus 로고
    • Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults
    • Weller FE, Shah U, Cummings GD, et al. Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults. Thymus 1992;19:45-52
    • (1992) Thymus , vol.19 , pp. 45-52
    • Weller, F.E.1    Shah, U.2    Cummings, G.D.3
  • 50
    • 0020062607 scopus 로고
    • Immunochemical studies on thymosin: Radioimmunoassay of thymosin alpha 1
    • McClure JE, Lameris N, Wara DW, Goldstein AL. Immunochemical studies on thymosin: radioimmunoassay of thymosin alpha 1. J Immunol 1982;128:368-375
    • (1982) J Immunol , vol.128 , pp. 368-375
    • McClure, J.E.1    Lameris, N.2    Wara, D.W.3    Goldstein, A.L.4
  • 51
    • 0020564758 scopus 로고
    • Circadian rhythm of thymosin-alpha 1 in normal and thymectomized mice
    • McGilles JP, Hall NR, Goldstein AL. Circadian rhythm of thymosin-alpha 1 in normal and thymectomized mice. J Immunol 1983;131:148-151
    • (1983) J Immunol , vol.131 , pp. 148-151
    • McGilles, J.P.1    Hall, N.R.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 53
    • 0029098285 scopus 로고
    • Prothymosin alpha: In search of a function
    • Smith MR. Prothymosin alpha: in search of a function. Leuk Lymphoma 1994;18:209-214
    • (1994) Leuk Lymphoma , vol.18 , pp. 209-214
    • Smith, M.R.1
  • 54
    • 0018649884 scopus 로고
    • Cyclic nucleotide changes in murine lymphocytes following thymosin incubation in vitro
    • Naylor PH, Thurman GB, Goldstein AL. Cyclic nucleotide changes in murine lymphocytes following thymosin incubation in vitro. Immunopharmacology 1979;1:89-101
    • (1979) Immunopharmacology , vol.1 , pp. 89-101
    • Naylor, P.H.1    Thurman, G.B.2    Goldstein, A.L.3
  • 55
    • 0026099022 scopus 로고
    • The MYC protein activates transcription of the alpha-prothymosin gene
    • Eilers M, Schirm S, Bishop JM. The MYC protein activates transcription of the alpha-prothymosin gene. EMBO J 1991;10:133-142
    • (1991) EMBO J , vol.10 , pp. 133-142
    • Eilers, M.1    Schirm, S.2    Bishop, J.M.3
  • 57
    • 22144466919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of IKK by thymosin alpha1 requires the TRAF6 signalling pathway
    • Zhang P, Chan J, Dragoi AM, et al. Activation of IKK by thymosin alpha1 requires the TRAF6 signalling pathway. EMBO Rep 2005;6:531-537
    • (2005) EMBO Rep , vol.6 , pp. 531-537
    • Zhang, P.1    Chan, J.2    Dragoi, A.M.3
  • 58
    • 35349010606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymosin alpha1 activates the TLR9/MyD88/IRF7-dependent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for induction of anti-viral responses in vivo
    • Bozza S, Gaziano R, Bonifazi P, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates the TLR9/MyD88/IRF7-dependent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for induction of anti-viral responses in vivo. Int Immunol 2007;19:1261-1270
    • (2007) Int Immunol , vol.19 , pp. 1261-1270
    • Bozza, S.1    Gaziano, R.2    Bonifazi, P.3
  • 59
    • 0020684983 scopus 로고
    • Thymosin peptides and lymphokines do not directly stimulate adrenal corticosteroid production in vitro
    • Vahouny GV, Kyeyune-Nyombi E, McGillis JP, et al. Thymosin peptides and lymphokines do not directly stimulate adrenal corticosteroid production in vitro. J Immunol 1983;130(2):791-794
    • (1983) J Immunol , vol.130 , Issue.2 , pp. 791-794
    • Vahouny, G.V.1    Kyeyune-Nyombi, E.2    McGillis, J.P.3
  • 61
    • 0026513039 scopus 로고
    • Effects of thymosin alpha-1 on pituitary hormone release
    • Milenkovic L, McCann SM. Effects of thymosin alpha-1 on pituitary hormone release. Neuroendocrinology 1992;55:14-19
    • (1992) Neuroendocrinology , vol.55 , pp. 14-19
    • Milenkovic, L.1    McCann, S.M.2
  • 62
    • 0029929544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-1, ICAM-1, LFA-3, and hydrocortisone differentially regulate cytokine secretion by human fetal thymic epithelial cells
    • Shu S, Naylor P, Touraine JL, Hadden JW. IL-1, ICAM-1, LFA-3, and hydrocortisone differentially regulate cytokine secretion by human fetal thymic epithelial cells. Thymus 1996;24:89-99
    • (1996) Thymus , vol.24 , pp. 89-99
    • Shu, S.1    Naylor, P.2    Touraine, J.L.3    Hadden, J.W.4
  • 63
    • 0037043823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of prothymosin alpha by estrogen receptor alpha: Molecular mechanisms and relevance in estrogen-mediated breast cell growth
    • Bianco NR, Montano MM. Regulation of prothymosin alpha by estrogen receptor alpha: molecular mechanisms and relevance in estrogen-mediated breast cell growth. Oncogene 2002;21:5233-5244
    • (2002) Oncogene , vol.21 , pp. 5233-5244
    • Bianco, N.R.1    Montano, M.M.2
  • 64
    • 0000095902 scopus 로고
    • Prothymosin alpha: Isolation and properties of the major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha1 in rat thymus
    • Haritos HA, Goodal YJ, Horecker BL. Prothymosin alpha: isolation and properties of the major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha1 in rat thymus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:1008-1011
    • (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.81 , pp. 1008-1011
    • Haritos, H.A.1    Goodal, Y.J.2    Horecker, B.L.3
  • 65
    • 0034535749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: From basic research to clinical application
    • Garaci E, Pica F, Rasi G, Favalli C. Thymosin alpha 1 in the treatment of cancer: from basic research to clinical application. Int J Immunopharmacol 2000;22:1067-1076
    • (2000) Int J Immunopharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 1067-1076
    • Garaci, E.1    Pica, F.2    Rasi, G.3    Favalli, C.4
  • 66
    • 33846444357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of thymosin alpha1 on immunological function and metabolism in peritoneal sepsis rats
    • Jiang J, Li N, Li JS. Effect of thymosin alpha1 on immunological function and metabolism in peritoneal sepsis rats. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2004;42:1377-1380
    • (2004) Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi , vol.42 , pp. 1377-1380
    • Jiang, J.1    Li, N.2    Li, J.S.3
  • 67
    • 77954785982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune and inflammation confusion in severe sepsis and effects of bi-immunomodulation therapy: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial
    • Zhou LX, Tan JJ, Li YN, et al. Immune and inflammation confusion in severe sepsis and effects of bi-immunomodulation therapy: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2009;89:1028-1033
    • (2009) Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi , vol.89 , pp. 1028-1033
    • Zhou, L.X.1    Tan, J.J.2    Li, Y.N.3
  • 68
    • 68249138156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of patients with severe sepsis using Ulinastatin and Thymosin alpha1: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study
    • Chen H, He M, Li Y. Treatment of patients with severe sepsis using Ulinastatin and Thymosin alpha1: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study. Chin Med J 2009;122:883-888
    • (2009) Chin Med J , vol.122 , pp. 883-888
    • Chen, H.1    He, M.2    Li, Y.3
  • 69
    • 0025946173 scopus 로고
    • Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify thymopoietin in cultured human thymic epithelial cells
    • Talle MA, Brown MJ, Blynn CM, et al. Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify thymopoietin in cultured human thymic epithelial cells. Thymus 1991;18:169-184
    • (1991) Thymus , vol.18 , pp. 169-184
    • Talle, M.A.1    Brown, M.J.2    Blynn, C.M.3
  • 70
    • 0031031105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ubiquitous expression of a cloned murine thymopoietin cDNA
    • Theodor L, Shoham J, Berger R, et al. Ubiquitous expression of a cloned murine thymopoietin cDNA. Acta Haematol 1997;97(3):153-163
    • (1997) Acta Haematol , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 153-163
    • Theodor, L.1    Shoham, J.2    Berger, R.3
  • 71
    • 0029155876 scopus 로고
    • Structure and mapping of the human thymopoietin (TMPO) gene and relationship of human TMPO beta to rat lamin-associated polypeptide 2
    • Harris CA, Andryuk PJ, Cline SW, et al. Structure and mapping of the human thymopoietin (TMPO) gene and relationship of human TMPO beta to rat lamin-associated polypeptide 2. Genomics 1995;28(2):198-205
    • (1995) Genomics , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 198-205
    • Harris, C.A.1    Andryuk, P.J.2    Cline, S.W.3
  • 72
    • 1842297278 scopus 로고
    • Contrasting biological activities of thymopoietin and splenin, two closely related polypeptide products of thymus and spleen
    • Audhya T, Scheidt MP, Goldstein G. Contrasting biological activities of thymopoietin and splenin, two closely related polypeptide products of thymus and spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:2847-2849
    • (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.81 , pp. 2847-2849
    • Audhya, T.1    Scheidt, M.P.2    Goldstein, G.3
  • 73
    • 0027401515 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells by thymopentin
    • Afar R, Trifaro JM, Quik M. Modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells by thymopentin. Brain Res 1993;606(2):346-350
    • (1993) Brain Res , vol.606 , Issue.2 , pp. 346-350
    • Afar, R.1    Trifaro, J.M.2    Quik, M.3
  • 74
    • 0018778595 scopus 로고
    • A synthetic pentapeptide with biological activity characteristic of the thymic hormone thymopoietin
    • Goldstein G, Scheid MP, Boyse EA, et al. A synthetic pentapeptide with biological activity characteristic of the thymic hormone thymopoietin. Science 1979;204:1309-1310
    • (1979) Science , vol.204 , pp. 1309-1310
    • Goldstein, G.1    Scheid, M.P.2    Boyse, E.A.3
  • 75
    • 0242558790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability evaluation of thymopentin in preparation process
    • He W, Zhang Z, Jiang X, et al. Stability evaluation of thymopentin in preparation process. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2003;34(2):292-294
    • (2003) Sichuan da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 292-294
    • He, W.1    Zhang, Z.2    Jiang, X.3
  • 76
    • 0031561771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD10 (Endopeptidase 24.11) is a thymic peptide-degrading enzyme possibly involved in the regulation of thymocyte function
    • Guerin S, Maci B, Belhacene N, et al. CD10 (Endopeptidase 24.11) is a thymic peptide-degrading enzyme possibly involved in the regulation of thymocyte function. Cell Immunol 1997;175:85-91
    • (1997) Cell Immunol , vol.175 , pp. 85-91
    • Guerin, S.1    MacI, B.2    Belhacene, N.3
  • 77
    • 75649143286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct binding of thymopentin to surface class II major histocompatibility complex in living cells
    • Liu Z, Wang J, Wang E. Direct binding of thymopentin to surface class II major histocompatibility complex in living cells. J Phys Chem B 2010;114(1):638-642
    • J Phys Chem B 2010 , vol.114 , Issue.1 , pp. 638-642
    • Liu, Z.1    Wang, J.2    Wang, E.3
  • 78
    • 0033035122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TP5 triggers signal transduction involving mitogen activated protein kinases in monocytes
    • Gonser S, Crompton NE, Weber PJ, et al. TP5 triggers signal transduction involving mitogen activated protein kinases in monocytes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 1999;19:155-166
    • (1999) J Recept Signal Transduct Res , vol.19 , pp. 155-166
    • Gonser, S.1    Crompton, N.E.2    Weber, P.J.3
  • 79
    • 53449099928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of thymopentin on production of cytokines, heat shock proteins, and NF-κB signaling proteins
    • Novoselova EG, Lunin SM, Khrenov MO, et al. Effect of thymopentin on production of cytokines, heat shock proteins, and NF-κB signaling proteins. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2008;4:422-428
    • (2008) Izv Akad Nauk ser Biol , vol.4 , pp. 422-428
    • Novoselova, E.G.1    Lunin, S.M.2    Khrenov, M.O.3
  • 80
    • 0023237550 scopus 로고
    • Thymopoietin and thymopentin enhance the levels of ACTH, beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin from rat pituitary cells in vitro
    • Malaise MG, Hazee-Hagelstein MT, Reuter AM, et al. Thymopoietin and thymopentin enhance the levels of ACTH, beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin from rat pituitary cells in vitro. Acta Endocrinol 1987;115(4):455-460
    • (1987) Acta Endocrinol , vol.115 , Issue.4 , pp. 455-460
    • Malaise, M.G.1    Hazee-Hagelstein, M.T.2    Reuter, A.M.3
  • 81
    • 0026661209 scopus 로고
    • Acute beta-interferon or thymopentin administration increases plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels in children
    • Angioni S, Iori G, Cellini M, et al. Acute beta-interferon or thymopentin administration increases plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels in children. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1992;127:237-241
    • (1992) Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) , vol.127 , pp. 237-241
    • Angioni, S.1    Iori, G.2    Cellini, M.3
  • 82
    • 0023191323 scopus 로고
    • In vitro effects of thymopentin on the gamma-interferon production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis
    • Malaise MG, Bastings M, Reuter AM, et al. In vitro effects of thymopentin on the gamma-interferon production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal subjects and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 1987;15(4):323-327
    • (1987) Immunol Lett , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 323-327
    • Malaise, M.G.1    Bastings, M.2    Reuter, A.M.3
  • 83
    • 0035490443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulating effects of thymopentin on the immune system of severely burned patients
    • Xin G, Zeng Y, Li G. Modulating effects of thymopentin on the immune system of severely burned patients. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2001;17(5):298-330
    • (2001) Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 298-330
    • Xin, G.1    Zeng, Y.2    Li, G.3
  • 84
    • 0025806819 scopus 로고
    • Effect of thymic hormone treatment on several immune functions of nude mice
    • Ghanta VK, Hiramoto NS, Soong SJ, Hiramoto RN. Effect of thymic hormone treatment on several immune functions of nude mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1991;58:245-254
    • (1991) Mech Ageing Dev , vol.58 , pp. 245-254
    • Ghanta, V.K.1    Hiramoto, N.S.2    Soong, S.J.3    Hiramoto, R.N.4
  • 86
    • 0029880295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymopentin modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokine response and host survival in experimental injury
    • Braga M, Gianotti L, Gentilini O, et al. Thymopentin modulates Th1 and Th2 cytokine response and host survival in experimental injury. J Surg Res 1996;62(2):197-200
    • (1996) J Surg Res , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-200
    • Braga, M.1    Gianotti, L.2    Gentilini, O.3
  • 87
    • 0020620601 scopus 로고
    • Synthetic immunomodulators for prevention of fatal infections in a burned guinea pig model
    • Stinnett JD, Loose LD, Miskell P, et al. Synthetic immunomodulators for prevention of fatal infections in a burned guinea pig model. Ann Surg 1983;198(1):53-57
    • (1983) Ann Surg , vol.198 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-57
    • Stinnett, J.D.1    Loose, L.D.2    Miskell, P.3
  • 88
    • 67649409316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory effects of thymopentin under acute and chronic inflammations in mice
    • Lunin SM, Novoselova TV, Khrenov MO, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of thymopentin under acute and chronic inflammations in mice. Biofizika 2009;54(2):260-266
    • (2009) Biofizika , vol.54 , Issue.2 , pp. 260-266
    • Lunin, S.M.1    Novoselova, T.V.2    Khrenov, M.O.3
  • 89
    • 0028274190 scopus 로고
    • Impact of thymopentin on the incidence and severity of postoperative infection: A randomized controlled trial
    • Braga M, Costantini E, Di Francesco A, et al. Impact of thymopentin on the incidence and severity of postoperative infection: A randomized controlled trial. Br J Surg 1994;81(2):205-208
    • (1994) Br J Surg , vol.81 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-208
    • Braga, M.1    Costantini, E.2    Di Francesco, A.3
  • 90
    • 76349083145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential role of thymosin-alpha1 adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma
    • Sungarian A, Cielo D, Sampath P, et al. Potential role of thymosin-alpha1 adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma. J Oncol 2009;2009:302084
    • (2009) J Oncol , vol.2009 , pp. 302084
    • Sungarian, A.1    Cielo, D.2    Sampath, P.3
  • 91
    • 11144234234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B
    • Liaw YF. Thymalfasin (thymosin-alpha 1) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;19(12):S73-5
    • (2004) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.19 , Issue.12
    • Liaw, Y.F.1
  • 92
    • 0019929935 scopus 로고
    • Current management of the septic shock patient: Experimental basis for treatment
    • Hinshaw LB, Beller-Todd BK, Archer LT. Current management of the septic shock patient: experimental basis for treatment. Circ Shock 1982;9:543-553
    • (1982) Circ Shock , vol.9 , pp. 543-553
    • Hinshaw, L.B.1    Beller-Todd, B.K.2    Archer, L.T.3
  • 93
    • 0029090390 scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: A critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature
    • Cronin L, Cook DJ, Carlet J, et al. Corticosteroid treatment for sepsis: A critical appraisal and meta-analysis of the literature. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1430-1439
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 1430-1439
    • Cronin, L.1    Cook, D.J.2    Carlet, J.3
  • 94
    • 0029036182 scopus 로고
    • Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: A meta-analysis
    • Lefering R, Neugebauer EA. Steroid controversy in sepsis and septic shock: A meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1995;23(7):1294-1303
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , Issue.7 , pp. 1294-1303
    • Lefering, R.1    Neugebauer, E.A.2
  • 95
    • 34247177126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunostimulation is a rational therapeutic strategy in sepsis
    • Pugin J. Immunostimulation is a rational therapeutic strategy in sepsis. Novartis Found Symp 2007;280:21-27
    • (2007) Novartis Found Symp , vol.280 , pp. 21-27
    • Pugin, J.1
  • 96
    • 49249112430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation and evaluation of poly-butylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles for oral delivery of thymopentin
    • He W, Jiang X, Zhang ZR. Preparation and evaluation of poly-butylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles for oral delivery of thymopentin. J Pharm Sci 2008;97(6):2250-2259
    • (2008) J Pharm Sci , vol.97 , Issue.6 , pp. 2250-2259
    • He, W.1    Jiang, X.2    Zhang, Z.R.3
  • 97
    • 34948890106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research on thymopentin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles administered through mouth
    • Tang SW, Yuan XJ, Zhang ZR, et al. Research on thymopentin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles administered through mouth. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2007;38(5):885-888
    • (2007) Sichuan da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban , vol.38 , Issue.5 , pp. 885-888
    • Tang, S.W.1    Yuan, X.J.2    Zhang, Z.R.3
  • 98
    • 60349099258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: Physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin
    • Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Console GM, et al. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1153:98-106
    • (2009) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.1153 , pp. 98-106
    • Reggiani, P.C.1    Morel, G.R.2    Console, G.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.