메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 747-757

Sentencing disparities for juvenile offenders sentenced to adult prisons: An individual and contextual analysis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 77954763056     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (96)
  • 1
    • 84984339204 scopus 로고
    • Criminality, prosecutorial screening, and uncertainty: Toward a theory of discretionary decision making in felony case processing
    • Albonetti C.A. Criminality, prosecutorial screening, and uncertainty: Toward a theory of discretionary decision making in felony case processing. Criminology 1986, 24:623-644.
    • (1986) Criminology , vol.24 , pp. 623-644
    • Albonetti, C.A.1
  • 2
    • 0040086744 scopus 로고
    • Increasing imprisonment: A function of crime or socioeconomic factors
    • Arvanites T.M. Increasing imprisonment: A function of crime or socioeconomic factors. American Journal of Criminal Justice 1993, 17:19-38.
    • (1993) American Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.17 , pp. 19-38
    • Arvanites, T.M.1
  • 4
    • 0002376381 scopus 로고
    • Legal versus extralegal determinants of juvenile court dispositions
    • Bailey W.C., Peterson R.D. Legal versus extralegal determinants of juvenile court dispositions. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 1981, 32:4-56.
    • (1981) Juvenile and Family Court Journal , vol.32 , pp. 4-56
    • Bailey, W.C.1    Peterson, R.D.2
  • 6
    • 19744370889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why whites favor spending more money to fight crime: The role of racial prejudice
    • Barkan S.E., Cohen S.F. Why whites favor spending more money to fight crime: The role of racial prejudice. Social Problems 2005, 52:300-314.
    • (2005) Social Problems , vol.52 , pp. 300-314
    • Barkan, S.E.1    Cohen, S.F.2
  • 9
    • 84933493294 scopus 로고
    • Gender bias in juvenile justice processing: Implications of the JJDP Act
    • Bishop D.M., Frazier C.E. Gender bias in juvenile justice processing: Implications of the JJDP Act. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1992, 82:1162-1266.
    • (1992) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , vol.82 , pp. 1162-1266
    • Bishop, D.M.1    Frazier, C.E.2
  • 10
    • 84936823554 scopus 로고
    • Oxford University Press, New York
    • Black D. Sociological justice 1989, Oxford University Press, New York.
    • (1989) Sociological justice
    • Black, D.1
  • 12
    • 84964179951 scopus 로고
    • Race prejudice as a sense of group position
    • Blumer H. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociological Review 1958, 1:3-7.
    • (1958) Pacific Sociological Review , vol.1 , pp. 3-7
    • Blumer, H.1
  • 13
    • 0030318221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position in a multiracial social context
    • Bobo L., Hutchings V. Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position in a multiracial social context. American Sociological Review 1996, 61:951-972.
    • (1996) American Sociological Review , vol.61 , pp. 951-972
    • Bobo, L.1    Hutchings, V.2
  • 14
    • 19744370807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A taste for punishment: Black and White Americans' views on the death penalty and the war on drugs
    • Bobo L., Johnson D. A taste for punishment: Black and White Americans' views on the death penalty and the war on drugs. Du Bois Review 2004, 1:151-180.
    • (2004) Du Bois Review , vol.1 , pp. 151-180
    • Bobo, L.1    Johnson, D.2
  • 15
    • 84984299851 scopus 로고
    • Gender and criminal court outcomes: An historical analysis
    • Boritch H. Gender and criminal court outcomes: An historical analysis. Criminology 1992, 30:293-325.
    • (1992) Criminology , vol.30 , pp. 293-325
    • Boritch, H.1
  • 16
    • 84976194581 scopus 로고
    • The traditional rhetoric, organizational realities: Remand of juveniles to adult court
    • Bortner M.A. The traditional rhetoric, organizational realities: Remand of juveniles to adult court. Crime and Delinquency 1986, 32:53-73.
    • (1986) Crime and Delinquency , vol.32 , pp. 53-73
    • Bortner, M.A.1
  • 17
    • 0031260727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interplay of preferences, case facts, context, and rules in the politics of judicial choice
    • Brace P., Hall M.G. The interplay of preferences, case facts, context, and rules in the politics of judicial choice. Journal of Politics 1997, 59:1206-1223.
    • (1997) Journal of Politics , vol.59 , pp. 1206-1223
    • Brace, P.1    Hall, M.G.2
  • 18
    • 84925922195 scopus 로고
    • Budgets, institutions, and change: Criminal justice policy in America
    • Caldeira G.A., Cowart A.T. Budgets, institutions, and change: Criminal justice policy in America. American Journal of Political Science 1980, 24:413-438.
    • (1980) American Journal of Political Science , vol.24 , pp. 413-438
    • Caldeira, G.A.1    Cowart, A.T.2
  • 19
    • 25144451429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The determinants of jail admission rates across large U.S. cities: An analysis of racial and ethnic threat theory
    • Carmichael J.T. The determinants of jail admission rates across large U.S. cities: An analysis of racial and ethnic threat theory. Social Science Research 2005, 34:538-569.
    • (2005) Social Science Research , vol.34 , pp. 538-569
    • Carmichael, J.T.1
  • 20
    • 84937310473 scopus 로고
    • Policing the ghetto underclass: The politics of law and law enforcement
    • Chambliss W.J. Policing the ghetto underclass: The politics of law and law enforcement. Social Problems 1994, 41:177-194.
    • (1994) Social Problems , vol.41 , pp. 177-194
    • Chambliss, W.J.1
  • 22
    • 0012804439 scopus 로고
    • Race and imprisonment: A contextual assessment of the evidence
    • State University of New York Press, Albany, D.F. Hawkins (Ed.)
    • Chiricos T.G., Crawford C. Race and imprisonment: A contextual assessment of the evidence. In ethnicity, race and crime: Perspectives across time and place 1995, 281-309. State University of New York Press, Albany. D.F. Hawkins (Ed.).
    • (1995) In ethnicity, race and crime: Perspectives across time and place , pp. 281-309
    • Chiricos, T.G.1    Crawford, C.2
  • 23
    • 79954434812 scopus 로고
    • Labor surplus and punishment: A review and assessment of theory and evidence
    • Chiricos T.G., Delone M. Labor surplus and punishment: A review and assessment of theory and evidence. Social Problems 1992, 39:421-446.
    • (1992) Social Problems , vol.39 , pp. 421-446
    • Chiricos, T.G.1    Delone, M.2
  • 24
    • 3142679359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial typification of crime and support for punitive measures
    • Chiricos T.G., Welch K., Gertz M. Racial typification of crime and support for punitive measures. Criminology 2004, 42:359-389.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 359-389
    • Chiricos, T.G.1    Welch, K.2    Gertz, M.3
  • 26
    • 84983918221 scopus 로고
    • Labor-markets, monopolization, welfare and imprisonment: Evidence from a cross section of United States counties
    • Colvin G.M. Labor-markets, monopolization, welfare and imprisonment: Evidence from a cross section of United States counties. Sociological Quarterly 1990, 31:441-457.
    • (1990) Sociological Quarterly , vol.31 , pp. 441-457
    • Colvin, G.M.1
  • 27
    • 46249103502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing young minority males for drug offenses
    • Curry T.R., Corral-Camacho G. Sentencing young minority males for drug offenses. Punishment and Society 2008, 10:253-276.
    • (2008) Punishment and Society , vol.10 , pp. 253-276
    • Curry, T.R.1    Corral-Camacho, G.2
  • 28
    • 84937287269 scopus 로고
    • Unemployment and the incarceration of pre-trial defendants
    • D'Alessio S.J., Stolzenberg L. Unemployment and the incarceration of pre-trial defendants. American Sociological Review 1995, 60:350-359.
    • (1995) American Sociological Review , vol.60 , pp. 350-359
    • D'Alessio, S.J.1    Stolzenberg, L.2
  • 29
    • 12344265865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of serious crime, racial threat and economic inequality on private police size
    • D'Alessio S.J., Eitle D., Stolzenberg L. The impact of serious crime, racial threat and economic inequality on private police size. Social Science Research 2005, 34:267-282.
    • (2005) Social Science Research , vol.34 , pp. 267-282
    • D'Alessio, S.J.1    Eitle, D.2    Stolzenberg, L.3
  • 30
    • 84935560149 scopus 로고
    • Discrimination in the criminal courts: Family, gender and the problem of equal treatment
    • Daly K. Discrimination in the criminal courts: Family, gender and the problem of equal treatment. Social Forces 1987, 66:152-175.
    • (1987) Social Forces , vol.66 , pp. 152-175
    • Daly, K.1
  • 31
    • 84946303871 scopus 로고
    • Sex effects and sentencing: A review of the statistical literature
    • Daly K., Bordt R. Sex effects and sentencing: A review of the statistical literature. Justice Quarterly 1995, 12:143-177.
    • (1995) Justice Quarterly , vol.12 , pp. 143-177
    • Daly, K.1    Bordt, R.2
  • 32
    • 10444223096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity effects on sentence outcomes in large urban courts: Comparisons among White, Black, and Hispanic defendants
    • Demuth S., Steffensmeier D. Ethnicity effects on sentence outcomes in large urban courts: Comparisons among White, Black, and Hispanic defendants. Social Science Quarterly 2004, 85:994-1011.
    • (2004) Social Science Quarterly , vol.85 , pp. 994-1011
    • Demuth, S.1    Steffensmeier, D.2
  • 33
    • 84937292463 scopus 로고
    • The organizational context of criminal sentencing
    • Dixon J. The organizational context of criminal sentencing. American Journal of Sociology 1995, 100:1157-1198.
    • (1995) American Journal of Sociology , vol.100 , pp. 1157-1198
    • Dixon, J.1
  • 36
    • 0021928752 scopus 로고
    • The U.S. criminal justice system: Unemployment and the severity of imprisonment
    • Galster G.C., Scaturo L.A. The U.S. criminal justice system: Unemployment and the severity of imprisonment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1985, 22:163-189.
    • (1985) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.22 , pp. 163-189
    • Galster, G.C.1    Scaturo, L.A.2
  • 40
    • 84972482833 scopus 로고
    • Electoral politics and strategic voting in state supreme courts
    • Hall M.G. Electoral politics and strategic voting in state supreme courts. Journal of Politics 1992, 54:1117-1124.
    • (1992) Journal of Politics , vol.54 , pp. 1117-1124
    • Hall, M.G.1
  • 41
    • 0036970724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The political context of sentencing: An analysis of community and individual determinants
    • Helms R., Jacobs D. The political context of sentencing: An analysis of community and individual determinants. Social Forces 2002, 81:577-604.
    • (2002) Social Forces , vol.81 , pp. 577-604
    • Helms, R.1    Jacobs, D.2
  • 42
    • 77954759340 scopus 로고
    • The etiology of bias: Social heuristics and rational decision making in deviance processing
    • Hill G.D., Harris A.R., Miller J.L. The etiology of bias: Social heuristics and rational decision making in deviance processing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1985, 28:75-100.
    • (1985) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.28 , pp. 75-100
    • Hill, G.D.1    Harris, A.R.2    Miller, J.L.3
  • 43
    • 0000948123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual and contextual influences on sentencing lengths: Examining political conservatism
    • Huang W.S., Finn M.A., Ruback B.R., Friedmann R.R. Individual and contextual influences on sentencing lengths: Examining political conservatism. Prison Journal 1996, 76:398-419.
    • (1996) Prison Journal , vol.76 , pp. 398-419
    • Huang, W.S.1    Finn, M.A.2    Ruback, B.R.3    Friedmann, R.R.4
  • 44
    • 1942473819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accountability and coercion: Is justice blind when it runs for office
    • Huber G.A., Gordon S.C. Accountability and coercion: Is justice blind when it runs for office. American Journal of Political Science 2004, 48:247-263.
    • (2004) American Journal of Political Science , vol.48 , pp. 247-263
    • Huber, G.A.1    Gordon, S.C.2
  • 45
    • 84984059547 scopus 로고
    • Punishment and social structure revisited: Unemployment and imprisonment in the U.S.: 1948-1984
    • Inverarity J., McCarthy D. Punishment and social structure revisited: Unemployment and imprisonment in the U.S.: 1948-1984. The Sociological Quarterly 1988, 29:263-279.
    • (1988) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.29 , pp. 263-279
    • Inverarity, J.1    McCarthy, D.2
  • 46
    • 84925905768 scopus 로고
    • Labor market and imprisonment
    • Jankovic I. Labor market and imprisonment. Crime and Social Justice 1977, 8:17-31.
    • (1977) Crime and Social Justice , vol.8 , pp. 17-31
    • Jankovic, I.1
  • 47
    • 84925928845 scopus 로고
    • Race and the war on crime: The sociopolitical determinants of municipal police expenditures
    • Jackson P.I., Carroll L.G. Race and the war on crime: The sociopolitical determinants of municipal police expenditures. American Sociological Review 1981, 46:290-305.
    • (1981) American Sociological Review , vol.46 , pp. 290-305
    • Jackson, P.I.1    Carroll, L.G.2
  • 48
    • 84938049538 scopus 로고
    • Inequality and police strength: Conflict theory and coercive control in metropolitan areas
    • Jacobs D. Inequality and police strength: Conflict theory and coercive control in metropolitan areas. American Sociological Review 1979, 44:913-925.
    • (1979) American Sociological Review , vol.44 , pp. 913-925
    • Jacobs, D.1
  • 49
    • 0035458213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The politics of punishment across time and space: A pooled time- series analysis of imprisonment rates
    • Jacobs D., Carmichael J.T. The politics of punishment across time and space: A pooled time- series analysis of imprisonment rates. Social Forces 2001, 80:61-89.
    • (2001) Social Forces , vol.80 , pp. 61-89
    • Jacobs, D.1    Carmichael, J.T.2
  • 50
    • 0036230468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The political sociology of the death penalty: A pooled time-series analysis
    • Jacobs D., Carmichael J.T. The political sociology of the death penalty: A pooled time-series analysis. American Sociological Review 2002, 67:109-131.
    • (2002) American Sociological Review , vol.67 , pp. 109-131
    • Jacobs, D.1    Carmichael, J.T.2
  • 51
    • 8344242118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ideology, social threat, and the death penalty: Capital sentences across time and space
    • Jacobs D., Carmichael J.T. Ideology, social threat, and the death penalty: Capital sentences across time and space. Social Forces 2004, 83:249-278.
    • (2004) Social Forces , vol.83 , pp. 249-278
    • Jacobs, D.1    Carmichael, J.T.2
  • 53
    • 0030504293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a political model of incarceration: A time-series examination of multiple explanations for prison admission rates
    • Jacobs D., Helms R. Toward a political model of incarceration: A time-series examination of multiple explanations for prison admission rates. American Journal of Sociology 1996, 102:323-357.
    • (1996) American Journal of Sociology , vol.102 , pp. 323-357
    • Jacobs, D.1    Helms, R.2
  • 54
    • 0033147564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collective outbursts, politics, and punitive resources: Toward a political sociology of spending on social control
    • Jacobs D., Helms R. Collective outbursts, politics, and punitive resources: Toward a political sociology of spending on social control. Social Forces 1999, 77:179-203.
    • (1999) Social Forces , vol.77 , pp. 179-203
    • Jacobs, D.1    Helms, R.2
  • 55
    • 33745289353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multilevel context of criminal sentencing: Integrating judge-and county-level influences
    • Johnson B. The multilevel context of criminal sentencing: Integrating judge-and county-level influences. Criminology 2006, 44:259-298.
    • (2006) Criminology , vol.44 , pp. 259-298
    • Johnson, B.1
  • 56
    • 34247325424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group threat and social control: Race, perceptions of minorities and the desire to punish
    • King R.D., Wheelock D. Group threat and social control: Race, perceptions of minorities and the desire to punish. Social Forces 2007, 85.3:1255-1280.
    • (2007) Social Forces , pp. 1255-1280
    • King, R.D.1    Wheelock, D.2
  • 57
    • 0001327109 scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: A critical evaluation of the evidence with additional factors on the death penalty
    • Kleck G. Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: A critical evaluation of the evidence with additional factors on the death penalty. American Sociological Review 1981, 46:783-804.
    • (1981) American Sociological Review , vol.46 , pp. 783-804
    • Kleck, G.1
  • 58
    • 84970681631 scopus 로고
    • Political participation and government responsiveness: The behavior of California Superior Courts
    • Kuklinski J.H., Stanga J.E. Political participation and government responsiveness: The behavior of California Superior Courts. American Political Science Review 1979, 73:1090-1099.
    • (1979) American Political Science Review , vol.73 , pp. 1090-1099
    • Kuklinski, J.H.1    Stanga, J.E.2
  • 59
    • 3142667558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The juvenile penalty: A comparison of juvenile and young adult sentencing outcomes in criminal court
    • Kurlycheck M.C., Johnson B.D. The juvenile penalty: A comparison of juvenile and young adult sentencing outcomes in criminal court. Criminology 2004, 42:485-497.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 485-497
    • Kurlycheck, M.C.1    Johnson, B.D.2
  • 60
    • 84925978439 scopus 로고
    • Male power and female victimization: Toward a theory of interracial rape
    • LaFree G.D. Male power and female victimization: Toward a theory of interracial rape. American Journal of Sociology 1982, 88:311-328.
    • (1982) American Journal of Sociology , vol.88 , pp. 311-328
    • LaFree, G.D.1
  • 62
  • 63
    • 84995132120 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical interpretations of social class and racial differentials in legal decision-making for juveniles
    • Liska A.E., Tausig M. Theoretical interpretations of social class and racial differentials in legal decision-making for juveniles. Sociological Quarterly 1979, 20:197-207.
    • (1979) Sociological Quarterly , vol.20 , pp. 197-207
    • Liska, A.E.1    Tausig, M.2
  • 64
    • 77954763095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes for multilevel models, contextual effects. Printed materials from a Didactic Seminar Presentation
    • San Francisco, Calif: American Sociological Association
    • Mason W.M., Kang Fu V. Notes for multilevel models, contextual effects. Printed materials from a Didactic Seminar Presentation. American Sociological Association Meetings 1998, San Francisco, Calif: American Sociological Association.
    • (1998) American Sociological Association Meetings
    • Mason, W.M.1    Kang Fu, V.2
  • 65
    • 84984396434 scopus 로고
    • The conceptualization of discrimination in the juvenile justice process: The impact of administrative factors and screening decisions on juvenile court dispositions
    • McCarthy B.R., Smith B.L. The conceptualization of discrimination in the juvenile justice process: The impact of administrative factors and screening decisions on juvenile court dispositions. Criminology 1986, 24:41-64.
    • (1986) Criminology , vol.24 , pp. 41-64
    • McCarthy, B.R.1    Smith, B.L.2
  • 66
    • 0025021061 scopus 로고
    • Punishment and social structure at the state level: A cross-sectional caparison of 1970 and 1980
    • Michalowski R., Pearson M. Punishment and social structure at the state level: A cross-sectional caparison of 1970 and 1980. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1990, 27:52-78.
    • (1990) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.27 , pp. 52-78
    • Michalowski, R.1    Pearson, M.2
  • 67
    • 26444438067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies
    • Mitchell O. A meta-analysis of race and sentencing research: Explaining the inconsistencies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 2005, 21:439-466.
    • (2005) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.21 , pp. 439-466
    • Mitchell, O.1
  • 69
    • 25144521785 scopus 로고
    • Strategies of desegregation in imprisonment rate research.
    • Presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting. New Orleans, LA.
    • Meyers, G., & Inverarity, J. (1992). Strategies of desegregation in imprisonment rate research. Presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting. New Orleans, LA.
    • (1992)
    • Meyers, G.1    Inverarity, J.2
  • 70
    • 27944443435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult crime, adult time: Punishing violent youth in the adult criminal justice system
    • Myers D. Adult crime, adult time: Punishing violent youth in the adult criminal justice system. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2003, 2:173-197.
    • (2003) Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice , vol.2 , pp. 173-197
    • Myers, D.1
  • 72
    • 84926282175 scopus 로고
    • Changing conceptions of race: Towards an account of anomalous findings of sentencing research
    • Peterson R.D., Hagan J. Changing conceptions of race: Towards an account of anomalous findings of sentencing research. American Sociological Review 1984, 49:56-70.
    • (1984) American Sociological Review , vol.49 , pp. 56-70
    • Peterson, R.D.1    Hagan, J.2
  • 73
    • 0037741817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and sentencing: A meta-analysis of conflicting empirical research Results
    • Pratt T.C. Race and sentencing: A meta-analysis of conflicting empirical research Results. Journal of Criminal Justice 1998, 26:513-523.
    • (1998) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.26 , pp. 513-523
    • Pratt, T.C.1
  • 75
    • 0035511544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black neighborhoods, high crime? The role of racial stereotypes in evaluation of neighborhood crime
    • Quillian L., Pager D. Black neighborhoods, high crime? The role of racial stereotypes in evaluation of neighborhood crime. American Journal of Sociology 2001, 107:717-767.
    • (2001) American Journal of Sociology , vol.107 , pp. 717-767
    • Quillian, L.1    Pager, D.2
  • 77
    • 4944240446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of adjudicating and sentencing juveniles as adults
    • Redding R.E. The effects of adjudicating and sentencing juveniles as adults. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2003, 1:128-155.
    • (2003) Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice , vol.1 , pp. 128-155
    • Redding, R.E.1
  • 79
    • 0000792346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the United States
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, M. Tonry, N. Morris (Eds.)
    • Sampson R.J., Lauritsen J.L. Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the United States. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 1997, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. M. Tonry, N. Morris (Eds.).
    • (1997) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Lauritsen, J.L.2
  • 80
    • 84937316514 scopus 로고
    • Knowledge, domination, and criminal punishment
    • Savelsberg J.J. Knowledge, domination, and criminal punishment. American Journal of Sociology 1994, 99:911-943.
    • (1994) American Journal of Sociology , vol.99 , pp. 911-943
    • Savelsberg, J.J.1
  • 81
    • 3543150882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The politics of punishment: Evaluating political expansion of incarceration rates
    • Smith K.B. The politics of punishment: Evaluating political expansion of incarceration rates. Journal of Politics 2004, 66:925-938.
    • (2004) Journal of Politics , vol.66 , pp. 925-938
    • Smith, K.B.1
  • 82
    • 0346444710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed Black and Hispanic male offenders
    • Spohn C., Holleran D. The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed Black and Hispanic male offenders. Criminology 2000, 38:281-296.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 281-296
    • Spohn, C.1    Holleran, D.2
  • 84
    • 0041181131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, Black, and male
    • Steffensmeier D., Ulmar J., Kramer J. The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, Black, and male. Criminology 1998, 36:763-797.
    • (1998) Criminology , vol.36 , pp. 763-797
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Ulmar, J.2    Kramer, J.3
  • 85
    • 0033713962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in U.S. federal courts: Who is punished more harshly?
    • Steffensmeier D., Demuth S. Ethnicity and sentencing outcomes in U.S. federal courts: Who is punished more harshly?. American Sociological Review 2000, 65:705-729.
    • (2000) American Sociological Review , vol.65 , pp. 705-729
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 86
    • 0041075817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and judges' sentencing decisions: Hispanic-Black-White comparisons
    • Steffensmeier D., Demuth S. Ethnicity and judges' sentencing decisions: Hispanic-Black-White comparisons. Criminology 2001, 39:145-176.
    • (2001) Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 145-176
    • Steffensmeier, D.1    Demuth, S.2
  • 87
    • 0034258585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imprisonment and social classification in five common-law democracies, 1955-1985
    • Sutton J. Imprisonment and social classification in five common-law democracies, 1955-1985. American Journal of Sociology 2000, 106:350-386.
    • (2000) American Journal of Sociology , vol.106 , pp. 350-386
    • Sutton, J.1
  • 91
    • 1642633944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sentencing in context: A multilevel analysis
    • Ulmer J.T., Johnson B. Sentencing in context: A multilevel analysis. Criminology 2004, 42:137-177.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 137-177
    • Ulmer, J.T.1    Johnson, B.2
  • 94
    • 33645755463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Politics and state punitiveness in Black and White
    • Yates J., Fording R. Politics and state punitiveness in Black and White. Journal of Politics 2005, 67:1099-1121.
    • (2005) Journal of Politics , vol.67 , pp. 1099-1121
    • Yates, J.1    Fording, R.2
  • 95
    • 84908927851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing forms of racial/ethnic biases in sentencing
    • S.L. Gabbidon, H.G. Taylor Greene (Eds.)
    • Zatz M.S. The changing forms of racial/ethnic biases in sentencing. Race, Crime and Justice: A Reader 2005, 306-317. S.L. Gabbidon, H.G. Taylor Greene (Eds.).
    • (2005) Race, Crime and Justice: A Reader , pp. 306-317
    • Zatz, M.S.1
  • 96
    • 77954761759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simmons, 543 U.S. 551.
    • Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005).
    • (2005)
    • Roper, v.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.