Consumer-based limitations drive oak recruitment failure

Ecology

Volumn 91, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 2092-2099

  Macdougall, Andrew S ^a   Duwyn, Alisha ^a   Jones, Natalie T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Climate change; Consumers; Garry oak ecosystem; Herbivory; Insect defoliation; Mycorrhizal fungi; Oak recruitment failure; Quercus garryana; Resources

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; CONIFEROUS TREE; DEER; DEFOLIATION; DICOTYLEDON; FUNGUS; KEYSTONE SPECIES; MORTALITY; MYCORRHIZA; PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTION; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); SAVANNA; SMALL MAMMAL;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ENVIRONMENT; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; NORTH AMERICA; OAK; POACEAE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SEEDLING;

ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENT; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; NORTH AMERICA; POACEAE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; QUERCUS; SEEDLING;

NORTH AMERICA;

CERVIDAE; FUNGI; HEXAPODA; MAMMALIA; QUERCUS; QUERCUS GARRYANA;

EID: 77954566038     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/09-0204.1     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abrams, M. D. 2003. Where has all the white oak gone? BioScience 53: 927-939.
2. Bakker, E. S., H. Olff, and J. M. Gleichman. 2009. Contrasting effects of large herbivore grazing on smaller herbivores. Basic and Applied Ecology 10: 141-150.
3. Bakker, E. S., M. E. Ritchie, H. Olff, D. G. Milchunas, and J. M. H. Knops. 2006. Herbivore impact on grassland plant diversity depends on habitat productivity and herbivore size. Ecology Letters 9: 780-788.
4. Batzli, G. O., and. F. A. Pitelka. 1970. Influence of meadow mouse populations on California grasslands. Ecology 51: 1027-1039.
5. Bond, W. J., and J. E. Keeley. 2005. Fire as a global herbivore: the ecology and evolution of flammable systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 387-394.
6. Boonstra, R., and C. J. Krebs. 1977. A fencing experiment on a high-density population of Microtus townsendii. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55: 1166-1175.
7. Borer, E. T., B. S. Halpern, and E. W. Seabloom. 2006. Asymmetry in community regulation; effects of predators and productivity. Ecology 87: 2813-2820.
8. Chase, J. M., M. A. Leibold, A. L. Downing, and J. B. Shurin. 2000. The effects of productivity, herbivory, and plant species turnover in grassland food webs. Ecology 81: 2485-2497.
9. Chitty, D., and J. Phipps. 1966. Seasonal changes in survival in mixed populations of two species of vole. Journal of Animal Ecology 35: 313-331.
10. Clark, C. M., and D. Tilman. 2007. Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands. Nature 451: 712-715.
11. Coley, P. D., J. P. Bryant, and F. S. Chapin. 1985. Resource availability and plant anti-herbivore defence. Science 230: 895-899.
12. D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 63-87.
13. Devine, W. D., C. A. Harrington, and L. P. Leonard. 2007. Post-planting treatments increase growth of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Doug. ex. Hook.) seedlings. Restoration Ecology 15: 212-222.
14. Dickie, I. A., R. A. Montgomery, P. B. Reich, and S. A. Schnitzer. 2007a. Physiological and phenological responses of oak seedlings to oak forest soil in the absence of trees. Tree Physiology 27: 133-140.
15. Dickie, I. A., S. A. Schnitzer, P. B. Reich, and S. E. Hobbie. 2007ft. Is oak establishment in old-fields and savanna openings context dependent? Journal of Ecology 95: 309-320.
16. Diffendorfer, J. E., M. S. Gaines, and R. D. Holt. 1995. Habitat fragmentation and movements of three small mammals (Sigmodon, Microtus, and Peromyscus). Ecology 76: 827-839.
17. Edwards, G. R., and M. J. Crawley. 1999. Herbivores, seed banks and seedling recruitment in mesic grassland. Journal of Ecology 87: 423-435.
18. Freedland, B. 1974. Vole cycling: another hypothesis. American Naturalist 108: 238-245.
19. Fuchs, M. A. 2001. Towards a recovery strategy for Garry oak and associated ecosystems in Canada: ecological assessment and literature review. Technical Ecosystems Report GBEI/ EC-00-030. Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon Region, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
20. Fuchs, M. A., P. G. Krannitz, and A. S. Harestad. 2000. Factors affecting emergence and first-year survival of seedlings of Garry oaks (Quercus garryana) in British Columbia, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 137: 209-219.
21. Gedalof, Z., D. J. Smith, and M. G. Pellatt. 2006. From prairie to forest: three centuries of environmental change at Rocky Point, Vancouver Island, BC. Northwest Science 80: 34-46.
22. Gipps, J. H., M. J. Taitt, C. J. Krebs, and Z. Dundjersk. 1981. Male aggression and the population dynamics of the vole, Microtus townsendii. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59: 147-158.
23. Gonzales, E. K., and P. Arcese. 2008. Herbivory has a greater influence than shading and litter accumulation in limiting early and established life stages of native plant species in an invaded oak meadow. Ecology 89: 3282-3289.
24. Gordon, D. R., and K. J. Rice. 2000. Competitive suppression of Quercus douglasii (Fagaceae) seedling emergence and growth. American Journal of Botany 87: 986-994.
25. Grüner, D. S., J. E. Smith, E.W. Seabloom, S. A. Sandin, J. T. Ngai, H. Hillebrand, W. S. Harpole, J. J. Elser, E. E. Cleland, M. E. S. Bracken, E. T. Borer, and B. M. Bolker. 2008. A cross-system synthesis of consumer and nutrient resource control on producer biomass. Ecology Letters. 11: 740-755.
26. Hautier, Y., P. A. Nicklaus, and A. Hector. 2009. Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication. Science 324: 636-638.
27. 2 assimilation of primary and regrowth foliage of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and red oak. (Quercus rubra L.): response to defoliation. Oecologia 57: 14-19.
28. Hellmann, J. J., S. L. Pelini, K. M. Prior, and J. K. D. Dzurisin. 2008. The response of two butterfly species to climatic variation at the edge of their range and the implications for poleward range shifts. Oecologia 157: 583-592.
29. Hillebrand, H., D. S. Gruner, E.T. Borer, M. E. S. Bracken, E. E. Cleland, J.J. Elser, W. S. Harpole, J. T. Ngai, E. W. Seabloom, J. B. Shurin, and J. E. Smith. 2007. Consumer versus resource control of producer diversity depends on ecosystem type and producer community structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104: 10904-10909.
30. Howe, H. F., B. Zorn-Arnold, A. Sullivan, and J. S. Brown. 2006. Massive and distinctive effects of meadow voles on grassland vegetation. Ecology 87: 3007-3013.
31. Huston, M. A. 2004. Management strategies for plant invasions: manipulating productivity, disturbance, and competition. Diversity and Distributions 10: 167-178.
32. Iason, G. R., T. Manso, D. A. Sim, and F. G. Hartley. 2002. The functional response does not predict the local distribution of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on grass swards: experimental evidence. Functional Ecology 16: 394-402.
33. Koenig, W. D., and J. M. H. Knops. 2005. The mystery of masting trees. American Scientist 93: 340-347.
34. Koukoura, Z., and J. Menke. 1995. Competition for soil water between perennial bunch-grass (Elymus glaucus) and blue oak seedlings (Quercus douglasii). Agroforestry Systems 32: 225-235.
35. Krebs, C. J., M. S. Gaines, B. L. Keller, J. H. Myers, and R. H. Tamarin. 1973. Population cycles in small rodents. Science 179: 35-41.
36. Kueppers, L. M., M. A. Snyder, L. C. Sloan, E. S. Zavaleta, and B. Fulfrost. 2005. Modeled regional climate change and California endemic oak ranges. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 16281-16286.
37. Lea, T. 2006. Historical Garry oak ecosystems of Vancouver Island, British Columbia: pre-European contact to present. Davidsonia 17: 34-50.
38. MacDougall, A. S. 2005. Response of diversity and invasibility to burning in a northern oak savanna. Ecology 86: 3354-3363.
39. MacDougall, A. S. 2008. Herbivory, hunting, and long-term vegetation change in degraded savanna. Biological Conservation 141: 2174-2183.
40. MacDougall, A. S., B. Beckwith, and C. Maslovat. 2004. Defining conservation strategies with historical perspectives: a case study from a degraded oak ecosystem. Conservation Biology 18: 455-465.
41. MacDougall, A. S., and R. Turkington. 2004. Relative importance of suppression-based and tolerance-based com-petition in an invaded oak savanna. Journal of Ecology 92: 422-434.
42. MacDougall, A. S., and S. D. Wilson. 2007. Herbivory limits recruitment in an old-field seed addition experiment. Ecology 88: 1105-1111.
43. Manning, A. D., J. Fischer, and D. B. Lindenmayer. 2006. Scattered trees are keystone structures-implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 132: 311-321.
44. Martin, J.-L., and C. Baltzinger. 2002. Interaction among deer browsing, hunting and tree regeneration. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 1254-1264.
45. McIntosh, T., and W. Miles. 2005. Comments on rare and interesting bryophytes in Garry oak ecosystems, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Lab 97: 263-269.
46. McTaggart-Cowan, I 1945. The ecological relationships of the food of the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson), in the coast forest region of southern Vancouver Island British Columbia. Ecological Monographs 15: 109-139.
47. Orrock, J. L., D. J. Levey, B. J. Danielson, and E. I. Damschen. 2006. Seed predation, not seed dispersal, explains the landscape-level abundance of an early-successional plant. Journal of Ecology 94: 838-845.
48. Orrock, J. L., M. S. Witter, and O. J. Reichman. 2009. Native consumers and seed limitation constrain the restoration of a native perennial grass in exotic habitats. Restoration Ecology 17: 148-157.
49. Ostfield, R. S., R. H. Manson, and C. D. Canham. 1997. Effects of rodents on survival of tree seeds and seedlings invading old fields. Ecology 78: 1531-1542.
50. Paine, R. T. 2000. Phycology for the mammalogist: marine rocky shores and mammal-dominated communities-how different are the structuring processes? Journal of Mammalogy 81: 637-648.
51. Pelini, S. L., J. K. Dzurisin, K.M. Prior, C. M. Williams, T. D. Marsico, B. J. Sinclair, and J. J. Hellmann. 2009. Translocation experiments with butterflies reveal limits to enhancement of poleward populations under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 11160-11165.
52. Pellatt, M. G., Z. Gedalof, M. McCoy, K. Bodtker, A. Cannon, S. Smith, B. Beckwith, R. Mathewes, and D. Smith. 2007. Fire history and ecology of Garry oak and associated ecosystems in British Columbia. Interdepartmental Recovery Fund Project 733. Parks Canada, Vancouver, Canada.
53. Polis, G. A., W. B. Anderson, and R. D. Holt. 1997 Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28: 289-316.
54. Pringle, R. M., T. P. Young, D. I. Rubenstein, and D. J. McCauley. 2007. Herbivore-initiated interaction cascades and their modulation by productivity in an African savanna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104: 193-197.
55. Rice, K. J., D. R. Gordon, J. L. Hardison, and J. M. Welker. 1993. Phenotypic variation in seedlings of a "keystone" tree species (Quercus douglasii): the interactive effects of acorn source and competitive environment. Oecologia 96: 537-547.
56. Roland, J., and J. H. Myers. 1987. Improved insect performance from host-plant defoliation: winter moth on oak and apple. Ecological Entomology 12: 409-414.
57. Rooney, T. P., and D. M. Waller. 2003. Direct and indirect effects of deer in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 181: 165-176.
58. SAS Institute. 2008. JMP 8.0. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
59. Shurin, J. B., D. S. Gruner, and H. Hillebrand. 2006. All wet or dried up? Real differences between aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273: 1-9.
60. Stevens, C. J., N. B. Dise, J. O. Mountford, and D. J. Gowing. 2004. Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 303: 1876-1879.
61. Summerhayes, V. S. 1941. The effects of voles (Microtus agrestis) on vegetation. Journal of Ecology 29: 14-48.
62. Taitt, M. J., J. H. Gipps, C. J. Krebs, and Z. Dundjerski. 1981. The effect of extra food and cover on declining populations of Microtus townsendii. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59: 1593-1599.
63. Taitt, M. J., and C. J. Krebs. 1983. Predation, cover, and food manipulations during a spring decline of Microtus townsendii. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 837-848.
64. Valentine, L. L., T. L. Fiedler, A. N. Hart, C. A. Petersen, H. K. Berninghausen, and D. Southworth. 2004. Diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Quercus garryana in southern Oregon. Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 123-135.
65. Vellend, M., A. D. Bjorkman, and A. McConchie. 2008. Environmentally biased fragmentation of oak savanna habitat on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Biological Conservation 141: 2576-2584.
66. Williams, K. S., and J. H. Myers. 1984. Previous herbivore attack of red alder may improve food quality for fall webworm larvae. Oecologia 63: 166-170.
67. Wilson, S. M., and A. B. Carey. 2001. Small mammals in oak woodlands in the Puget Trough, Washington. Northwest Science 75: 432-349.
68. Wood, D. H. 1988. Estimating rabbit density by counting dung pellets. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 665-671.
69. Worm, B., H. K. Lotze, H. Hillebrand, and U. Sommer. 2002. Consumer versus resource control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature 417: 848-851.