Liver transplant: A primer

Experimental and Clinical Transplantation

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2010, Pages

  Movahedi, Zohreh ^a   Holt, Curtis D ^a   Saab, Sammy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunosuppressive; Liver transplantation; Rejection

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ALEMTUZUMAB; AMIODARONE; AZATHIOPRINE; BASILIXIMAB; CALCINEURIN; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; DACLIZUMAB; DILTIAZEM; DNA; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCONAZOLE; GANCICLOVIR; GUANINE; HYDROCORTISONE; INOSINATE DEHYDROGENASE; INTERLEUKIN 2; LEUKOTRIENE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; PREDNISONE; PROSTAGLANDIN; PURINE; RAPAMYCIN; RNA; TACROLIMUS; THYMOCYTE ANTIBODY; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANEMIA; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTICLE; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; BONE DISEASE; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; CANDIDIASIS; CATARACT; CHOLESTASIS; CONFUSION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CUSHINGOID SYNDROME; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DIARRHEA; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG MECHANISM; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEVER; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HEARTBURN; HEPATIC ARTERY THROMBOSIS; HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS C; HERPES SIMPLEX; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; INHIBITION KINETICS; INSOMNIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER GRAFT REJECTION; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LUNG DISEASE; LYMPHOMA; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROPATHY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PANCREATITIS; PARESTHESIA; PEPTIC ULCER; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; PROTEINURIA; PSYCHOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RASH; RESTLESSNESS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEIZURE; SERUM SICKNESS; SIDE EFFECT; SODIUM RETENTION; SURVIVAL RATE; T CELL DEPLETION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; TREMOR; VIRUS LOAD; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT;

EID: 77954128483     PISSN: 13040855     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Jain A, Nalesnik M, Reyes J, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in liver transplantation: a 20-year experience. Ann Surg. 2002;236:429-437.
2. Pillai AA, Levitsky J. Overview of immunosuppression in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4225-4233.
3. Waki K. UNOS Liver Registry: ten year survivals. Clin Transpl. 2006:29-39.
4. McPartland KJ, Pomposelli JJ. Update on immunosuppressive drugs used in solid-organ transplantation and their nutrition implications. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22:467-473.
5. Geissler EK, Schlitt HJ. Immunosuppression for liver transplantation. Gut. 2009;58:452-463.
6. Flechner SM, Kobashigawa J, Klintmalm G. Calcineurin inhibitor-sparing regimens in solid organ transplantation: focus on improving renal function and nephrotoxicity. Clin Transplant. 2008;22:1-15.
7. Barkmann A, Nashan B, Schmidt HH, et al. Improvement of acute and chronic renal dysfunction in liver transplant patients after substitution of calcineurin inhibitors by mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation. 2000;69:1886-1890.
8. Guertin DA, Sabatini DM. Defining the role of mTOR in cancer. Cancer Cell. 2007;12:9-22.
9. Chinnakotla S, Davis GL, Vasani S, et al. Impact of sirolimus on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2009;15:1834-1842.
10. Mannon RB. Therapeutic management of posttransplant diabetes mellitus. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2008;22:116-124.
11. Halloran PF, Gourishankar S. Principles and overview of immunosuppression. In: Norman DJ, Turka LA, eds. Primer on Transplantation. 2nd ed. Mount Laurel, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2001:87-98.
12. Hale DA. Basic transplantation immunology. Surg Clin North Am. 2006;86:1103-1125.
13. Soulillou J, Cantarovich D, Le Mauff B, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-2 receptor (33B3.1) as compared with rabbit antithymocyte globulin for prophylaxis against rejection of renal allografts. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1175-1182.
14. Perry I, Neuberger J. Immunosuppression: towards a logical approach in liver transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;139:2-10.
15. Meier-Kriesche HU, Li S, Gruessner RW, et al. Immunosuppression: evolution in practice and trends, 1994-2004. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:1111-1131.
16. Fisher NC, Nightingale PG, Gunson BK, Lipkin GW, Neuberger JM. Chronic renal failure following liver transplantation: a retrospective analysis. Transplantation. 1998;66:59-66.
17. Bilbao I, Charco R, Balsells J, et al. Risk factors for acute renal failure requiring dialysis after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 1998;12:123-129.
18. Taylor AL, Watson CJ, Bradley JA. Immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplantation: mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;56:23-46.
19. Lin S, Cosgrove CJ. Perioperative management of immunosuppression. Surg Clin North Am. 2006;86:1167-1183, vi.
20. Henry SD, Metselaar HJ, Van Dijck J, Tilanus HW, Van Der Laan LJ. Impact of steroids on hepatitis C virus replication in vivo and in vitro. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1110:439-447.
21. Berenguer M, Aguilera V, Prieto M, et al. Significant improvement in the outcome of HCV-infected transplant recipients by avoiding rapid steroid tapering and potent induction immunosuppression. J Hepatol. 2006;44:717-722.
22. Vivarelli M, Burra P, La Barba G, et al. Influence of steroids on HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: a prospective study. J Hepatol. 2007;47:793-798.
23. Segev DL, Sozio SM, Shin EJ, et al. Steroid avoidance in liver transplantation: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Liver Transpl. 2008:14:512-525.
24. Klintmalm GB, Washburn WK, Rudich SM, et al. Corticosteroid-free immunosuppression with daclizumab in HCV(+) liver transplant recipients: 1-year interim results of the HCV-3 study. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:1521-1531.
25. Figueras J, Prieto M, Bernardos A, et al. Daclizumab induction and maintenance steroid-free immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus to prevent acute rejection of hepatic allografts. Transpl Int. 2006;19:641-648.
26. Lladó L, Fabregat J, Castellote J, et al. Impact of immunosuppression without steroids on rejection and hepatitis C virus evolution after liver transplantation: results of a prospective randomized study. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:1752-1760.
27. Sgourakis G, Radtke A, Fouzas I, et al. Corticosteroid-free immunosuppression in liver transplantation: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of outcomes. Transpl Int. 2009;22:892-905.
28. Gaglio PJ, Brown RS. Overview of medical care of the liver transplant recipient. Up to date 2009.
29. Haddad, EM, McAlister, VC, Renouf, E, Malthaner R, Kjaer MS, Gluud LL. Cyclosporin versus tacrolimus for liver transplanted patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD005161.
30. Ramasubbu K, Mullick T, Koo A, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy and cytomegalovirus in liver transplant recipients: a case-based review. Transpl Infect Dis. 2003;5:98-103.
31. Frühauf NR, Koeppen Dagger S, Saner FH, et al. Late onset of tacrolimus-related posterior leukoencephalopathy after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003;9:983-985.
32. Senzolo M, Ferronato C, Burra P. Neurologic complications after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int. 2009;22:269-278.
33. Eidelman BH, Abu-Elmagd K, Wilson J, et al. Neurologic complications of FK 506. Transplant Proc. 1991;93:3175-3178.
34. Stein DP, Lederman RJ, Vogt DP, Carey WD, Broughan TA. Neurological complications following liver transplantation. Ann Neurol. 1992;31(6):644-649.
35. Serkova NJ, Christians U, Benet LZ. Biochemical mechanisms of cyclosporine neurotoxicity. Mol Interv. 2004;4(2):97-107.
36. Saner FH, Nadalin S, Radtke A, Sotiropoulos GC, Kaiser GM, Paul A. Liver transplantation and neurological side effects. Metab Brain Dis. 2009;24:183-187.
37. Holt CD, Ingle G, Sievers TM. Inhibitors of calcineurin. J Pharm Pract. 2003;16:414-433.
38. Hojo M, Morimoto T, Maluccio M, et al. Cyclosporine induces cancer progression by a cell-autonomous mechanism. Nature. 1999;397:530-534.
39. Boubenider S, Hiesse C, Goupy C, Kriaa F, Marchand S, Charpentier B. Incidence and consequences of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. J Nephrol. 1997;10:136-145.
40. Mucha K, Foroncewicz B, Niemczyk K, et al. Tonsil enlargement after liver transplantation in adults-reason enough for tonsillectomy? Two cases of tonsillar posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:918-923.
41. Opelz G, Döhler B. Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:222-230.
42. Firpi RJ, Zhu H, Morelli G, et al. Cyclosporine suppresses hepatitis C virus in vitro and increases the chance of a sustained virological response after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:51-57.
43. Henry SD, Metselaar HJ, Lonsdale RC, et al. Mycophenolic acid inhibits hepatitis C virus replication and acts in synergy with cyclosporin A and interferon-alpha. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1452-1462.
44. Watashi K, Hijikata M, Hosaka M, Yamaji M, Shimotohno K. Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology. 2003;38:1282-1288.
45. Berenguer M, Royuela A, Zamora J. Immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors with respect to the outcome of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: results of a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:21-29.
46. Allison AC, Eugui EM. Purine metabolism and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Clin Transplant. 1996;10:77-84.
47. Sollinger HW. Mycophenolates in transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2004;18:485-492.
48. Boucher A, Lord H, Collette S, Morin M, Dandavino R. Cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients: evolution of approach through three eras. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:3506-3508.
49. Jorge S, Guerra J, Santana A, Mil-Homens C, Prata MM. Mycophenolate mofetil: ten years' experience of a renal transplant unit. Transplant Proc. 2008;40:700-704.
50. Sarmiento JM, Dockrell DH, Schwab TR, Munn SR, Paya CV. Mycophenolate mofetil increases cytomegalovirus invasive organ disease in renal transplant patients. Clin Transplant. 2000;14:136-138.
51. Smak Gregoor PJ, van Gelder T, van Riemsdijk-van Overbeeke IC, Vossen AC, IJzermans JN, Weimar W. Unusual presentation of herpes virus infections in renal transplant recipients exposed to high mycophenolic acid plasma concentrations. Transpl Infect Dis. 2003;5:79-83.
52. Herrero JI, Quiroga J, Sangro B, et al. Herpes zoster after liver transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and complications. Liver Transpl. 2004;10:1140-1143.
53. Neff RT, Hurst FP, Falta EM, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and use of mycophenolate mofetil after kidney transplantation. Transplantation. 2008;86:1474-1478.
54. Grinyó JM, Cruzado JM. Mycophenolate mofetil and calcineurin-inhibitor reduction: recent progress. Am J Transplant. 2009;9:2447-2452.
55. Fischer L, Sterneck M, Gahlemann CG, Malago M, Rogiers X, Broelsch CE. A prospective study comparing safety and efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in primary liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2000;32:2125-2127.
56. Bahra M, Neumann UP, Harren M, et al. Significance of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in patients with HCV reinfection after liver transplantation: impact on clinical course and histologic damage. Transplant Proc. 2002;34:2934-2935.
57. Ando K, Hiroishi K, Kaneko T, et al. Perforin, Fas/Fas ligand, and TNF-α pathways as specific and bystander killing mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-specific human CTL. J Immunol. 1997;158:5283-5291.
58. Allison AC, Eugui EM. Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action. Immunopharmacology. 2000;47:85-118.
59. Platz KP, Mueller AR, Willimski C, et al. Indication for mycophenolate mofetil therapy in hepatitis C patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1998;30:2232-2233.
60. Kornberg A, Küpper B, Tannapfel A, Hommann M, Scheele J. Impact of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine on early recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5:107-115.
61. Fasola CG, Heffron TG, Sher L, et al. Multicenter randomized hepatitis C (HCV) three trial post liver transplantation (OLT): a one-year follow up report [abstract]. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(suppl 11):276.
62. Bestard O, Cruzado JM, Grinyó JM. Calcineurin-inhibitor-sparing immunosuppressive protocols. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:3729-3732.
63. Mele TS, Halloran PF. The use of mycophenolate mofetil in transplant recipients. Immunopharmacology. 2000;47:215-245.
64. Ko HH, Greanya E, Lee TK, Steinbrecher UP, Erb SR, Yoshida EM. Mycophenolate mofetil in liver transplant patients with calcineurin-inhibitor-induced renal impairment. Ann Hepatol. 2008;7:376-380.
65. Mita MM, Mita A, Rowinsky EK. The molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a therapeutic target against cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2003;2(4 suppl 1):S169-S177.
66. Kahan BD, Camardo JS. Rapamycin: clinical results and future opportunities. Transplantation. 2001;72:1181-1193.
67. Grim SA, Slover CM, Sankary H, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E, Clark NM. Risk factors for wound healing complications in sirolimus-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc. 2006;38:3520-3523.
68. Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, Wachs M, et al. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2008;14:633-638.
69. Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Trotter JF, et al. Sirolimus and liver transplantation: clinical implications for hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:1275-1282.
70. Guba M, von Breitenbuch P, Steinbauer M, et al. Rapamycin inhibits primary and metastatic tumor growth by antiangiogenesis: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor. Nat Med. 2002;8:128-135.
71. Kneteman NM, Oberholzer J, Al Saghier M, et al. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression for liver transplantation in the presence of extended criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2004;10:1301-1311.
72. Zhou J, Fan J, Wang Z, et al. Conversion to sirolimus immunosuppression in liver transplantation recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma: report of an initial experience. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:3114-3118.
73. McAlister VC, Peltekian KM, Malatjalian DA, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation using low-dose tacrolimus and sirolimus. Liver Transpl. 2001;7:701-718.
74. Pridöhl O, Heinemann K, Hartwig T, et al. Low-dose immunosuppression with FK 506 and sirolimus after liver transplantation: 1-year results. Transplant Proc. 2001;33:3229-3231.
75. Trotter JF. Sirolimus in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2003;35(3 suppl):93S-200S.
76. Mehrabi A, Fonouni H, Wente M, et al. Wound complications following kidney and liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2006;20(suppl 17):97-110.
77. Haydar AA, Denton M, West A, Rees J, Goldsmith DJ. Sirolimus-induced pneumonitis: three cases and a review of the literature. Am J Transplant. 2004;4:137-139.
78. 2003 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients: Transplant Data 1993-2002. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation, Rockville, MD; United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA; University Renal Research and Education Association, Ann Arbor, MI.
79. Taniguchi Y, Frickhofen N, Raghavachar A, Digel W, Heimpel H. Antilymphocyte immunoglobulins stimulate peripheral blood lymphocytes to proliferate and release lymphokines. Eur J Haematol. 1990;44:244-251.
80. Oettinger CW, D'Souza M, Milton GV. In vitro comparison of cytokine release from antithymocyte serum and OKT3. Inhibition with soluble and microencapsulated neutralizing antibodies. Transplantation. 1996;62:1690-1693.
81. Guttmann RD, Caudrelier P, Alberici G, Touraine JL. Pharmacokinetics, foreign protein immune response, cytokine release, and lymphocyte subsets in patients receiving thymoglobuline and immunosuppression. Transplant Proc. 1997;29(7A):24S-26S.
82. Buchler M, Hurault de Ligny B, Madec C, Lebranchu Y; French Thymoglobuline Pharmacovigilance Study Group. Induction therapy by anti-thymocyte globulin (rabbit) in renal transplantation: a 1-yr follow-up of safety and efficacy. Clin Transplant. 2003;17:539-545.
83. Ducloux D, Kazory A, Challier B, et al. Long-term toxicity of antithymocyte globulin induction may vary with choice of agent: a single-center retrospective study. Transplantation. 2004;77:1029-1033.
84. Lundquist AL, Chari RS, Wood JH, et al. Serum sickness following rabbit antithymocyte-globulin induction in a liver transplant recipient: case report and literature review. Liver Transpl. 2007;13:647-650.
85. Hong JC, Kahan BD. Immunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation: past, present, and future. Semin Nephrol. 2000;20:108-125.
86. Wilde MI, Goa KL. Muromonab CD3: a reappraisal of its pharmacology and use as prophylaxis of solid organ transplant rejection. Drugs. 1996;51:865-894.
87. Vallhonrat H, Williams WW, Cosimi AB, et al. In vivo generation of C4d, Bb, iC3b, and SC5b-9 after OKT3 administration in kidney and lung transplant recipients. Transplantation. 1999;67:253-258.
88. Ferran C, Dy M, Merite S, et al. Reduction of morbidity and cytokine release in anti-CD3 MoAb-treated mice by corticosteroids. Transplantation. 1990;50:642-648.
89. Caillat-Zucman S, Blumenfeld N, Legendre C, et al. The OKT3 immunosuppressive effect. In situ antigenic modulation of human graft-infiltrating T cells. Transplantation. 1990;49:156-160.
90. Colonna JO 2nd, Goldstein LI, Brems JJ, et al. A prospective study on the use of monoclonal anti-T3-cell antibody (OKT3) to treat steroid-resistant liver transplant rejection. Arch Surg. 1987;122:1120-1123.
91. Solomon H, Gonwa TA, Mor E, et al. OKT3 rescue for steroid-resistant rejection in adult liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1993;55:87-91.
92. Rosen HR, Shackleton CR, Higa L, et al. Use of OKT3 is associated with early and severe recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1453-1457.
93. Everson GT. Impact of immunosuppressive therapy on recurrence of hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2002;8(10 suppl 1):S19-S27.
94. Swinnen LJ, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Fisher SG, et al. Increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder after immunosuppression with the monoclonal antibody OKT3 in cardiac-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1723-1728.
95. Birkeland SA, Hamilton-Dutoit S. Is posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) caused by any specific immunosuppressive drug or by the transplantation per se? Transplantation. 2003;76:984-988.
96. Magliocca JF, Knechtle SJ. The evolving role of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) for immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation. Transpl Int. 2006;19:705-714.
97. Tzakis AG, Tryphonopoulos P, Kato T, et al. Preliminary experience with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) and low-dose tacrolimus immunosuppression in adult liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2004;77:1209-1214.