Immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplantation: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 56, Issue 1 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 23-46

  Taylor, Anna L ^a   Watson, Christopher J E ^a   Bradley, J Andrew ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Immunosuppression; Solid organ transplant

Indexed keywords

2 CYANO 3 HYDROXY N [4 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYL] 6 HEPTYNAMIDE; ALEMTUZUMAB; ASCOMYCIN; AZATHIOPRINE; BASILIXIMAB; BELATACEPT; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; DACLIZUMAB; EVEROLIMUS; FINGOLIMOD; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; OKT 3; ORTHOCLONE; PIMECROLIMUS; POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RAPAMYCIN; RITUXIMAB; T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN; TACROLIMUS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACNE; ADRENAL CORTEX ATROPHY; ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; AGITATION; ANAPHYLAXIS; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRAIN DISEASE; CATARACT; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; CONVULSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETOGENESIS; DIARRHEA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; FLUID RETENTION; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; GLAUCOMA; GRAFT REJECTION; HALLUCINATION; HEADACHE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERSENSITIVITY; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INSOMNIA; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER VEIN OBSTRUCTION; METABOLIC DISORDER; MOUTH ULCER; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; OBESITY; OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PEDIATRIC SURGERY; PEPTIC ULCER; PROTEIN DEPLETION; PRURITUS; PSYCHOSIS; PURPURA; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN DISEASE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREMOR; VOMITING;

EID: 24644461627     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.03.012     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. J.M. Cecka The OPTN/UNOS renal transplant registry 2003 Clin Transpl 2003 1 12
2. R. Adam, P. McMaster, and J.G. O'Grady Evolution of liver transplantation in Europe: report of the European Liver Transplant Registry Liver Transpl 9 12 2003 1231 1243
3. J.M. Smits, J. Vanhaecke, and A. Haverich Three-year survival rates for all consecutive heart-only and lung-only transplants performed in Eurotransplant, 1997-1999 Clin Transpl 2003 89 100
4. R.D. Owen Immunogenetic consequences of vascular anastomoses between bovine twins Science 102 2651 1945 400 401
5. P.B. Medawar The behaviour and fate of skin autografts and skin homografts in rabbits J Anat 78 1944 176 199
6. J.E. Murray, J.P. Merrill, G.J. Dammin, J.B. Dealy Jr., G.W. Alexandre, and J. Harrison Kidney transplantation in modified recipients Ann Surg 156 1962 337 355
7. J.P. Merrill, J.E. Murray, J. Harrison, E. Freedman, J.B. Dealy Jr., and G.J. Dammin Successful homotransplantation of the kidney between non-identical twins N Engl J Med 262 1960 1251 1260
8. R. Kuss, M. Legrain, G. Mathe, R. Nedey, and M. Camey Homologous human kidney transplantation. Experience with six patients Postgrad Med J 38 1962 528 531
9. R. Schwartz, J. Stack, and W. Dameshek Effect of 6-mercaptopurine on antibody production Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 99 1958 164 167
10. R. Schwartz, and W. Dameshek Drug-induced immunological tolerance Nature 183 4676 1959 1682 1683
11. R. Schwartz, and W. Dameshek The effects of 6-mercaptopurine on homograft reactions J Clin Invest 39 1960 952 958
12. R.Y. Calne The rejection of renal homografts. Inhibition in dogs by 6-mercaptopurine Lancet 1 1960 417 418
13. G.B. Elion, G.H. Hitchings, and H. Vanderwerff Antagonists of nucleic acid derivatives. VI. Purines J Biol Chem 192 2 1951 505 518
14. R.Y. Calne, and J.E. Murray Inhibition of the rejection of renal homografts in dogs by Burroughs Wellcome 57-322 Surgical Forum 12 1961 118 120
15. R.Y. Calne Inhibition of the rejection of renal homografts in dogs by purine analogues Transplant Bull 28 2 1961 445 461
16. J.E. Murray, J.P. Merrill, J.H. Harrison, R.E. Wilson, and G.J. Dammin Prolonged survival of human-kidney homografts by immunosuppressive drug therapy N Engl J Med 268 1963 1315 1323
17. T.E. Starzl, T.L. Marchioro, and W.R. Waddell The reversal of rejection in human renal homografts with subsequent development of homograft tolerance Surg Gynecol Obstet 117 1963 385 395
18. T.E. Starzl, T.L. Marchioro, D.E. Hutchinson, K.A. Porter, G.J. Cerilli, and L. Brettschneider The clinical use of antilymphocyte globulin in renal homotransplantation Transplantation 5 4 1967 1100 1105 Suppl.
19. J.F. Borel, C. Feurer, H.U. Gubler, and H. Stahelin Biological effects of cyclosporin A: a new antilymphocytic agent Agents Actions 6 4 1976 468 475
20. R.Y. Calne, and D.J.G. White Cyclosporin A - a powerful immunosuppressant in dogs with renal allografts IRCS Med Sci 5 1977 595
21. Cyclosporin a as sole immunosuppressive agent in recipients of kidney allografts from cadaver donors. Preliminary results of a European multicentre trial. Lancet 1982;2(8289):57-60.
22. A. Lindholm, D. Albrechtsen, G. Tufveson, I. Karlberg, N.H. Persson, and C.G. Groth A randomized trial of cyclosporine and prednisolone versus cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone in primary cadaveric renal transplantation Transplantation 54 4 1992 624 631
23. I.R. Hardie, D.J. Tiller, and J.F. Mahony Optimal combination of immunosuppressive agents for renal transplantation: first report of a multicentre, randomised trial comparing cyclosporine + prednisolone with cyclosporine + azathioprine and with triple therapy in cadaver renal transplantation. The Australian Collaborative Trials Committee Transplant Proc 25 1 Pt 1 1993 583 584
24. Anon. Cyclosporin in cadaveric renal transplantation: one-year follow-up of a multicentre trial. Lancet 1983;2(8357):986-9.
25. G. Köhler, and C. Milstein Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of pre-defined specificity Nature 256 1975 495 497
26. A.B. Cosimi, R.C. Burton, and R.B. Colvin Treatment of acute renal allograft rejection with OKT3 monoclonal antibody Transplantation 32 6 1981 535 539
27. R.Y. Calne, D.S. Collier, and S. Lim Rapamycin for immunosuppression in organ allografting Lancet 2 8656 1989 227
28. T. Ochiai, M. Nagata, K. Nakajima, K. Sakamoto, T. Asano, and K. Isono Prolongation of canine renal allograft survival by treatment with FK-506 Transplant Proc 19 5 Suppl. 6 1987 53 56
29. D.S. Collier, R. Calne, and S. Thiru Rapamycin in experimental renal allografts in dogs and pigs Transplant Proc 22 4 1990 1674 1675
30. T.E. Starzl, S. Todo, J. Fung, A.J. Demetris, R. Venkataramman, and A. Jain FK 506 for liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation Lancet 2 8670 1989 1000 1004
31. H. Bismuth, D. Samuel, and P. Neuhaus Focus on intractable rejection: 6-month results of the European multicentre liver study of FK 506 and cyclosporin A Transpl Int 7 Suppl. 1 1994 S3 S6
32. G.B. Klintmalm, R. Goldstein, and T. Gonwa Prognostic factors for successful conversion from cyclosporine to FK 506-based immunosuppressive therapy for refractory rejection after liver transplantation. US Multicenter FK 506 Liver Study Group Transplant Proc 25 1 Pt 1 1993 641 643
33. Randomised trial comparing tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin in prevention of liver allograft rejection. European FK506 Multicentre Liver Study Group. Lancet 1994;344(8920):423-8.
34. J.D. Pirsch, J. Miller, M.H. Deierhoi, F. Vincenti, and R.S. Filo A comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine for immunosuppression after cadaveric renal transplantation. FK506 Kidney Transplant Study Group Transplantation 63 7 1997 977 983
35. B.M. Frey, and F.J. Frey Clinical pharmacokinetics of prednisone and prednisolone Clin Pharmacokinet 19 2 1990 126 146
36. I.M. Adcock, and K. Ito Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroid actions Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 55 3 2000 256 266
37. P.J. Morris, L. Chan, M.E. French, and A. Ting Low dose oral prednisolone in renal transplantation Lancet 1 8271 1982 525 527
38. J. Papadakis, C.B. Brown, and J.S. Cameron High versus "low" dose corticosteroids in recipients of cadaveric kidneys: prospective controlled trial Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 6371 1983 1097 1100
39. A.J. d'Apice, G.J. Becker, and P. Kincaid-Smith A prospective randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose steroids in cadaveric renal transplantation Transplantation 37 4 1984 373 377
40. P.J. Ratcliffe, J.D. Firth, R.M. Higgins, B. Smith, D.W. Gray, and P.J. Morris Randomized controlled trial of complete steroid withdrawal in renal transplant patients receiving triple immunosuppression Transplant Proc 25 1 Pt 1 1993 590
41. P.J. Ratcliffe, C.R. Dudley, R.M. Higgins, J.D. Firth, B. Smith, and P.J. Morris Randomised controlled trial of steroid withdrawal in renal transplant recipients receiving triple immunosuppression [comment] Lancet 348 9028 1996 643 648
42. N.R. Sinclair Low-dose steroid therapy in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients with well-functioning grafts. The Canadian Multicentre Transplant Study Group CMAJ 147 5 1992 645 657
43. A.A. Hollander, R. Hene, J. Hermans, L. van Es, and F. van der Woude Late prednisone withdrawal in cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant patients: a randomized study J Am Soc Nephrol 8 2 1997 294 301
44. K. Budde, S. Geissler, and G. Hallebach Prospective randomized pilot study of steroid withdrawal with mycophenolate mofetil in long-term cyclosporine-treated patients: 4-year follow-up Transplant Proc 34 5 2002 1703 1705
45. P.J. Ratcliffe, C.R. Dudley, R.M. Higgins, J.D. Firth, B. Smith, and P.J. Morris Randomised controlled trial of steroid withdrawal in renal transplant recipients receiving triple immunosuppression Lancet 348 9028 1996 643 648
46. N. Ahsan, D. Hricik, and A. Matas Prednisone withdrawal in kidney transplant recipients on cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil - a prospective randomized study. Steroid Withdrawal Study Group Transplantation 68 12 1999 1865 1874
47. E. Sola, M.J. Alferez, M. Cabello, D. Burgos, and M. Gonzalez Molina Low-dose and rapid steroid withdrawal in renal transplant patients treated with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil Transplant Proc 34 5 2002 1689 1690
48. Y. Vanrenterghem, Y. Lebranchu, R. Hene, F. Oppenheimer, and H. Ekberg Double-blind comparison of two corticosteroid regimens plus mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine for prevention of acute renal allograft rejection Transplantation 70 9 2000 1352 1359
49. I. Matl, J. Lacha, and A. Lodererova Withdrawal of steroids from triple-drug therapy in kidney transplant patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 15 7 2000 1041 1045
50. J.N. Boletis, I. Konstadinidou, and H. Chelioti Successful withdrawal of steroid after renal transplantation Transplant Proc 33 1-2 2001 1231 1233
51. J.A. Schulak, J.T. Mayes, C.E. Moritz, and D.E. Hricik A prospective randomized trial of prednisone versus no prednisone maintenance therapy in cyclosporine-treated and azathioprine-treated renal transplant patients Transplantation 49 2 1990 327 332
52. J.M. Boots, M.H. Christiaans, E.M. van Duijnhoven, R.J. van Suylen, and J.P. van Hooff Early steroid withdrawal in renal transplantation with tacrolimus dual therapy: a pilot study Transplant Proc 34 5 2002 1698 1699
53. F. Vincenti, A. Monaco, J. Grinyo, M. Kinkhabwala, and A. Roza Multicenter randomized prospective trial of steroid withdrawal in renal transplant recipients receiving basiliximab, cyclosporine microemulsion and mycophenolate mofetil Am J Transplant 3 3 2003 306 311
54. F. Vincenti, A. Monaco, and J. Grinyo Rapid steroid withdrawal versus standard steroid therapy in patients treated with basiliximab, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in renal transplantation Transplant Proc 33 1-2 2001 1011 1012
55. G.T. Everson, T. Trouillot, and M. Wachs Early steroid withdrawal in liver transplantation is safe and beneficial Liver Transplant Surg 5 4 Suppl. 1 1999 S48 S57
56. R. Gomez, E. Moreno, and F. Colina Steroid withdrawal is safe and beneficial in stable cyclosporine-treated liver transplant patients J Hepatol 28 1 1998 150 156
57. J.D. Punch, V.L. Shieck, D.A. Campbell, J.S. Bromberg, J.G. Turcotte, and R.M. Merion Corticosteroid withdrawal after liver transplantation Surgery 118 4 1995 783 786 discussion 786-788
58. P. Greig, L. Lilly, and C. Scudamore Early steroid withdrawal after liver transplantation: the Canadian tacrolimus versus microemulsion cyclosporin A trial: 1-year follow-up Liver Transpl 9 6 2003 587 595
59. S. Ohlman, F. Albertioni, and C. Peterson Day-to-day variability in azathioprine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients Clin Transplant 8 3 Pt 1 1994 217 223
60. L. Lennard, J.A. Van Loon, and R.M. Weinshilboum Pharmacogenetics of acute azathioprine toxicity: relationship to thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism Clin Pharmacol Therap 46 2 1989 149 154
61. S. Bergan, H.E. Rugstad, and O. Bentdal Monitored high-dose azathioprine treatment reduces acute rejection episodes after renal transplantation Transplantation 66 3 1998 334 339
62. J.R. Chapman, D. Griffiths, N.G. Harding, and P.J. Morris Reversibility of cyclosporin nephrotoxicity after three months' treatment Lancet 1 8421 1985 128 130
63. I.A. MacPhee, J.A. Bradley, and J.D. Briggs Long-term outcome of a prospective randomized trial of conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine treatment one year after renal transplantation Transplantation 66 9 1998 1186 1192
64. A.C. Allison, and E.M. Eugui Purine metabolism and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) Clin Transplant 10 1 Pt 2 1996 77 84
65. V.C. Cox, and M.H. Ensom Mycophenolate mofetil for solid organ transplantation: does the evidence support the need for clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring? Ther Drug Monit 25 2 2003 137 157
66. A. Nichols Opportunities for therapeutic monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil dose in renal transplantation suggested by the pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic relationship for mycophenolic acid and suppression of rejection Clin Biochem 31 5 1998 329 333
67. L.M. Shaw, A. Nicholls, and M. Hale Therapeutic monitoring of mycophenolic acid. A consensus panel report Clin Biochem 31 5 1998 317 322
68. H.W. Sollinger Mycophenolates in transplantation Clin Transplant 18 5 2004 485 492
69. H.W. Sollinger Mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in primary cadaveric renal allograft recipients. U.S. Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group Transplantation 60 3 1995 225 232
70. A blinded, randomized clinical trial of mycophenolate mofetil for the prevention of acute rejection in cadaveric renal transplantation. The Tricontinental Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplantation Study Group. Transplantation 1996;61(7):1029-37.
71. Placebo-controlled study of mycophenolate mofetil combined with cyclosporin and corticosteroids for prevention of acute rejection. European Mycophenolate Mofetil Cooperative Study Group. Lancet 1995;345(8961):1321-5.
72. P. Halloran, T. Mathew, S. Tomlanovich, C. Groth, L. Hooftman, and C. Barker Mycophenolate mofetil in renal allograft recipients: a pooled efficacy analysis of three randomized, double-blind, clinical studies in prevention of rejection. The International Mycophenolate Mofetil Renal Transplant Study Groups Transplantation 63 1 1997 39 47
73. Mycophenolate mofetil in cadaveric renal transplantation. US Renal Transplant Mycophenolate Mofetil Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;34(2):296-303.
74. Mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of a first acute renal allograft rejection: The Mycophenolate Mofetil Acute Renal Rejection Study Group. Transplantation 1998;65(2):235-41.
75. H.U. Meier-Kriesche, B.J. Steffen, and A.M. Hochberg Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine therapy is associated with a significant protection against long-term renal allograft function deterioration Transplantation 75 8 2003 1341 1346
76. A.O. Ojo, H.U. Meier-Kriesche, and J.A. Hanson Mycophenolate mofetil reduces late renal allograft loss independent of acute rejection Transplantation 69 11 2000 2405 2409
77. P. Merville, F. Berge, and C. Deminiere Lower incidence of chronic allograft nephropathy at 1 year post-transplantation in patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil Am J Transplant 4 11 2004 1769 1775
78. R. Wiesner, J. Rabkin, and G. Klintmalm A randomized double-blind comparative study of mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids in primary liver transplant recipients Liver Transpl 7 5 2001 442 450
79. M. Sterneck, L. Fischer, C. Gahlemann, M. Gundlach, X. Rogiers, and C. Broelsch Mycophenolate mofetil for prevention of liver allograft rejection: initial results of a controlled clinical trial Ann Transplant 5 1 2000 43 46
80. H.J. Schlitt, A. Barkmann, and K.H. Boker Replacement of calcineurin inhibitors with mycophenolate mofetil in liver-transplant patients with renal dysfunction: a randomised controlled study Lancet 357 9256 2001 587 591
81. S.F. Stewart, M. Hudson, D. Talbot, D. Manas, and C.P. Day Mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy in liver transplantation Lancet 357 9256 2001 609 610
82. J.M.M. Planas, V.C.-M. Martinez, and E.R. Gonzalez Mycophenolate Mofetil can be used as monotherapy late after liver transplantation Am J Transplant 4 2004 1650 1655
83. F. Shibasaki, U. Hallin, and H. Uchino Calcineurin as a multifunctional regulator J Biochem (Tokyo) 131 1 2002 1 15
84. B.D. Kahan, J. Dunn, and C. Fitts Reduced inter- and intrasubject variability in cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients treated with a microemulsion formulation in conjunction with fasting, low-fat meals, or high-fat meals Transplantation 59 4 1995 505 511
85. B.D. Kahan, J. Dunn, and C. Fitts The Neoral formulation: improved correlation between cyclosporine trough levels and exposure in stable renal transplant recipients Transplant Proc 26 5 1994 2940 2943
86. D. Grant, N. Kneteman, and J. Tchervenkov Peak cyclosporine levels (Cmax) correlate with freedom from liver graft rejection: results of a prospective, randomized comparison of Neoral and Sandimmune for liver transplantation (NOF-8) Transplantation 67 8 1999 1133 1137
87. G. Remuzzi, and T. Bertani Renal vascular and thrombotic effects of cyclosporine Am J Kidney Dis 13 4 1989 261 272
88. F. Shihab Cyclosporine nephropathy: pathophysiology and clinical impact Semin Nephrol 16 6 1996 536 547
89. B.J. Nankivell, J.R. Chapman, G. Bonovas, and S.M. Gruenewald Oral cyclosporine but not tacrolimus reduces renal transplant blood flow Transplantation 77 9 2004 1457 1459
90. A. de Mattos, A. Olyaei, and W. Bennett Nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs: long-term consequences and challenges for the future Am J Kidney Dis 35 2 2000 333 346
91. L. Martins, A. Ventura, and A. Branco Cyclosporine versus tacrolimus in kidney transplantation: are there differences in nephrotoxicity? Transplant Proc 36 4 2004 877 879
92. M.A. Artz, J.M. Boots, and G. Ligtenberg Conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus improves quality-of-life indices, renal graft function and cardiovascular risk profile Am J Transplant 4 6 2004 937 945
93. R.G. Luke Mechanism of cyclosporine-induced hypertension Am J Hypertens 4 5 Pt 1 1991 468 471
94. B.H. Eidelman, K. Abu-Elmagd, and J. Wilson Neurologic complications of FK 506 Transplant Proc 23 6 1991 3175 3178
95. J.P. Scott, and T.W. Higenbottam Adverse reactions and interactions of cyclosporin Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 3 2 1988 107 127
96. A.D. Mayer, J. Dmitrewski, and J.P. Squifflet Multicenter randomized trial comparing tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine in the prevention of renal allograft rejection: a report of the European Tacrolimus Multicenter Renal Study Group Transplantation 64 3 1997 436 443
97. R.M. Mentzer Jr., M.S. Jahania, and R.D. Lasley Tacrolimus as a rescue immunosuppressant after heart and lung transplantation. The U.S. Multicenter FK506 Study Group Transplantation 65 1 1998 109 113
98. V.M. Reznik, K.L. Jones, B.L. Durham, and S.A. Mendoza Changes in facial appearance during cyclosporin treatment Lancet 1 8547 1987 1405 1407
99. D. Fries, C. Hiesse, and B. Charpentier Triple combination of low-dose cyclosporine, azathioprine, and steroids in first cadaver donor renal allografts Transplant Proc 19 1 Pt 3 1987 1911 1914
100. K.R. Brinker, R.M. Dickerman, and T.A. Gonwa A randomized trial comparing double-drug and triple-drug therapy in primary cadaveric renal transplants Transplantation 50 1 1990 43 49
101. C. Ponticelli, A. Tarantino, and G. Montagnino A randomized trial comparing triple-drug and double-drug therapy in renal transplantation Transplantation 45 5 1988 913 918
102. J.T. Rosenthal, T.R. Hakala, T. Starzl, S. Iwatsuki, and B.W. Shaw Second cadaver kidney transplants: improved graft survival in secondary kidney transplants using cyclosporin A J Urol 131 1 1984 17 18
103. A. Tarantino, A. Aroldi, and L. Stucchi A randomized prospective trial comparing cyclosporine monotherapy with triple-drug therapy in renal transplantation Transplantation 52 1 1991 53 57
104. G. Opelz Collaborative transplant study data on efficacy of cyclosporine A in renal transplantation Transplant Proc 20 5 Suppl. 6 1988 41 44
105. D. Fries, C. Kechrid, and B. Charpentier Prospective study of a triple immunosuppressive combination in renal transplantation: cyclosporin A-corticoids-azathioprine Presse Med 14 45 1985 2279 2282
106. R.L. Simmons, D.M. Canafax, and D.S. Fryd New immunosuppressive drug combinations for mismatched related and cadaveric renal transplantation Transplant Proc 18 2 Suppl. 1 1986 76 81
107. M. Slapak, T. Geoghegan, N. Digard, K. Ahmed, V.L. Sharman, and R. Crockett The use of low-dose cyclosporine A in combination with azathioprine and steroids in renal transplantation Transplant Proc 19 2 Suppl. 2 1987 41 45
108. D. Abramowicz, D. Manas, and M. Lao Cyclosporine withdrawal from a mycophenolate mofetil-containing immunosuppressive regimen in stable kidney transplant recipients: a randomized, controlled study Transplantation 74 12 2002 1725 1734
109. R. Margreiter Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin microemulsion in renal transplantation: a randomised multicentre study Lancet 359 9308 2002 741 746
110. N. Ahsan, C. Johnson, and T. Gonwa Randomized trial of tacrolimus plus mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine versus cyclosporine oral solution (modified) plus mycophenolate mofetil after cadaveric kidney transplantation: results at 2 years Transplantation 72 2 2001 245 250
111. A.D. Mayer Chronic rejection and graft half-life: five-year follow-up of the European Tacrolimus Multicenter Renal Study Transplant Proc 34 5 2002 1491 1492
112. T. Gonwa, C. Johnson, and N. Ahsan Randomized trial of tacrolimus + mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine versus cyclosporine + mycophenolate mofetil after cadaveric kidney transplantation: results at three years Transplantation 75 12 2003 2048 2053
113. I.A. Hauser, and H.N. Neumayer Tacrolimus and cyclosporine efficacy in high-risk kidney transplantation. European Multicentre Tacrolimus (FK506) Renal Study Group Transpl Int 11 Suppl. 1 1998 S73 S77
114. D. Briggs, C. Dudley, and J. Pattison Effects of immediate switch from cyclosporine microemulsion to tacrolimus at first acute rejection in renal allograft recipients Transplantation 75 12 2003 2058 2063
115. R. Trompeter, G. Filler, and N.J. Webb Randomized trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporin microemulsion in renal transplantation Pediatr Nephrol 17 3 2002 141 149
116. A.M. Neu, P.L. Ho, R.N. Fine, S.L. Furth, and B.A. Fivush Tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine A as primary immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplantation: a NAPRTCS study Pediatr Transplant 7 3 2003 217 222
117. P. Chakrabarti, H.Y. Wong, and V.P. Scantlebury Outcome after steroid withdrawal in pediatric renal transplant patients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression Transplantation 70 5 2000 760 764
118. R. Pichlmayr, M. Winkler, and P. Neuhaus Three-year follow-up of the European Multicenter Tacrolimus (FK506) Liver Study Transplant Proc 29 5 1997 2499 2502
119. R.H. Wiesner A long-term comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) versus cyclosporine in liver transplantation: a report of the United States FK506 Study Group Transplantation 66 4 1998 493 499
120. J.G. O'Grady, A. Burroughs, P. Hardy, D. Elbourne, and A. Truesdale Tacrolimus versus microemulsified ciclosporin in liver transplantation: the TMC randomised controlled trial Lancet 360 9340 2002 1119 1125
121. G. Levy, F. Villamil, and D. Samuel Results of lis2t, a multicenter, randomized study comparing cyclosporine microemulsion with C2 monitoring and tacrolimus with C0 monitoring in de novo liver transplantation Transplantation 77 11 2004 1632 1638
122. S.V. McDiarmid, R.W. Busuttil, and N.L. Ascher FK506 (tacrolimus) compared with cyclosporine for primary immunosuppression after pediatric liver transplantation. Results from the U.S. Multicenter Trial Transplantation 59 4 1995 530 536
123. D. Kelly, P. Jara, and B. Rodeck Tacrolimus and steroids versus ciclosporin microemulsion, steroids, and azathioprine in children undergoing liver transplantation: randomised European multicentre trial Lancet 364 9439 2004 1054 1061
124. S. Cao, K.L. Cox, and W. Berquist Long-term outcomes in pediatric liver recipients: comparison between cyclosporin A and tacrolimus Pediatr Transplant 3 1 1999 22 26
125. M.M. Mita, A. Mita, and E.K. Rowinsky The molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a therapeutic target against cancer Cancer Biol Ther 2 4 Suppl. 1 2003 S169 S177
126. B.D. Kahan, R.L. Wong, and C. Carter A phase I study of a 4-week course of SDZ-RAD (RAD) quiescent cyclosporine-prednisone-treated renal transplant recipients Transplantation 68 8 1999 1100 1106
127. M. Montalbano, G.W. Neff, and N. Yamashiki A retrospective review of liver transplant patients treated with sirolimus from a single center: an analysis of sirolimus-related complications Transplantation 78 2 2004 264 268
128. B.D. Kahan, S.M. Stepkowski, K.L. Napoli, S.M. Katz, R.J. Knight, and C. Van Buren The development of sirolimus: The University of Texas-Houston experience Clin Transpl 2000 145 158
129. P.G. Dean, W.J. Lund, and T.S. Larson Wound-healing complications after kidney transplantation: a prospective, randomized comparison of sirolimus and tacrolimus Transplantation 77 10 2004 1555 1561
130. A.A. Haydar, M. Denton, A. West, J. Rees, and D.J. Goldsmith Sirolimus-induced pneumonitis: three cases and a review of the literature Am J Transplant 4 1 2004 137 139
131. J.F. Valente, D. Hricik, and K. Weigel Comparison of sirolimus vs. mycophenolate mofetil on surgical complications and wound healing in adult kidney transplantation Am J Transplant 3 9 2003 1128 1134
132. B.D. Kahan, B.A. Julian, M.D. Pescovitz, Y. Vanrenterghem, and J. Neylan Sirolimus reduces the incidence of acute rejection episodes despite lower cyclosporine doses in caucasian recipients of mismatched primary renal allografts: a phase II trial. Rapamune Study Group Transplantation 68 10 1999 1526 1532
133. C.G. Groth, L. Backman, and J.M. Morales Sirolimus (rapamycin)-based therapy in human renal transplantation: similar efficacy and different toxicity compared with cyclosporine. Sirolimus European Renal Transplant Study Group [see comments] Transplantation 67 7 1999 1036 1042
134. H. Kreis, J.M. Cisterne, and W. Land Sirolimus in association with mycophenolate mofetil induction for the prevention of acute graft rejection in renal allograft recipients Transplantation 69 7 2000 1252 1260
135. A.S. MacDonald A worldwide, phase III, randomized, controlled, safety and efficacy study of a sirolimus/cyclosporine regimen for prevention of acute rejection in recipients of primary mismatched renal allografts Transplantation 71 2 2001 271 280
136. B.D. Kahan Efficacy of sirolimus compared with azathioprine for reduction of acute renal allograft rejection: a randomised multicentre study. The Rapamune US Study Group Lancet 356 9225 2000 194 202
137. G. Ciancio, G.W. Burke, and J.J. Gaynor A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus/sirolimus versus tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (NEORAL)/sirolimus in renal transplantation. II. Survival, function, and protocol compliance at 1 year Transplantation 77 2 2004 252 258
138. G. Ciancio, G.W. Burke, and J.J. Gaynor A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus and sirolimus versus tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporine (NEORAL) and sirolimus in renal transplantation. I. Drug interactions and rejection at one year Transplantation 77 2 2004 244 251
139. R.W. Johnson, H. Kreis, R. Oberbauer, C. Brattstrom, K. Claesson, and J. Eris Sirolimus allows early cyclosporine withdrawal in renal transplantation resulting in improved renal function and lower blood pressure Transplantation 72 5 2001 777 786
140. R. Oberbauer, H. Kreis, and R.W. Johnson Long-term improvement in renal function with sirolimus after early cyclosporine withdrawal in renal transplant recipients: 2-year results of the Rapamune Maintenance Regimen Study Transplantation 76 2 2003 364 370
141. J.C. Ruiz, J.M. Campistol, and A. Mota Early elimination of cyclosporine in kidney transplant recipients receiving sirolimus prevents progression of chronic pathologic allograft lesions Transplant Proc 35 5 2003 1669 1670
142. T.A. Gonwa, D.E. Hricik, K. Brinker, J.M. Grinyo, and F.P. Schena Improved renal function in sirolimus-treated renal transplant patients after early cyclosporine elimination Transplantation 74 11 2002 1560 1567
143. S.M. Flechner, D. Goldfarb, and C. Modlin Kidney transplantation without calcineurin inhibitor drugs: a prospective, randomized trial of sirolimus versus cyclosporine Transplantation 74 8 2002 1070 1076
144. S.M. Flechner, S.M. Kurian, and K. Solez De novo kidney transplantation without use of calcineurin inhibitors preserves renal structure and function at two years Am J Transplant 4 11 2004 1776 1785
145. C.J. Watson, P.J. Friend, and N.V. Jamieson Sirolimus: a potent new immunosuppressant for liver transplantation Transplantation 67 4 1999 505 509
146. J.M. Guilbeau Delayed wound healing with sirolimus after liver transplant Ann Pharmacother 36 9 2002 1391 1395
147. V.C. McAlister, K.M. Peltekian, and D.A. Malatjalian Orthotopic liver transplantation using low-dose tacrolimus and sirolimus Liver Transpl 7 8 2001 701 708
148. D. Kniepeiss, F. Iberer, B. Grasser, S. Schaffellner, and K.H. Tscheliessnigg Sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil after liver transplantation Transpl Int 16 7 2003 504 509
149. S. Nair, J. Eason, and G. Loss Sirolimus monotherapy in nephrotoxicity due to calcineurin inhibitors in liver transplant recipients Liver Transpl 9 2 2003 126 129
150. K.D. Fairbanks, J.A. Eustace, D. Fine, and P.J. Thuluvath Renal function improves in liver transplant recipients when switched from a calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus Liver Transpl 9 10 2003 1079 1085
151. P. Lam, A. Yoshida, and K. Brown The efficacy and limitations of sirolimus conversion in liver transplant patients who develop renal dysfunction on calcineurin inhibitors Dig Dis Sci 49 6 2004 1029 1035
152. B.D. Kahan, B. Kaplan, M.I. Lorber, M. Winkler, N. Cambon, and R.S. Boger RAD in de novo renal transplantation: comparison of three doses on the incidence and severity of acute rejection Transplantation 71 10 2001 1400 1406
153. S. Vitko, H. Tedesco, and J. Eris Everolimus with optimized cyclosporine dosing in renal transplant recipients: 6-month safety and efficacy results of two randomized studies Am J Transplant 4 4 2004 626 635
154. H.J. Eisen, E.M. Tuzcu, and R. Dorent Everolimus for the prevention of allograft rejection and vasculopathy in cardiac-transplant recipients N Engl J Med 349 9 2003 847 858
155. J.S. Bourdage, and D.M. Hamlin Comparative polyclonal antithymocyte globulin and antilymphocyte/antilymphoblast globulin anti-CD antigen analysis by flow cytometry Transplantation 59 8 1995 1194 1200
156. N. Bonnefoy-Berard, B. Verrier, C. Vincent, and J.P. Revillard Inhibition of CD25 (IL-2R alpha) expression and T-cell proliferation by polyclonal anti-thymocyte globulins Immunology 77 1 1992 61 67
157. Y. Taniguchi, N. Frickhofen, A. Raghavachar, W. Digel, and H. Heimpel Antilymphocyte immunoglobulins stimulate peripheral blood lymphocytes to proliferate and release lymphokines Eur J Haematol 44 4 1990 244 251
158. R.M. Merion, T. Howell, and J.S. Bromberg Partial T-cell activation and anergy induction by polyclonal antithymocyte globulin Transplantation 65 11 1998 1481 1489
159. C.W. Oettinger, M. D'Souza, and G.V. Milton In vitro comparison of cytokine release from antithymocyte serum and OKT3. Inhibition with soluble and microencapsulated neutralizing antibodies Transplantation 62 11 1996 1690 1693
160. R.D. Guttmann, P. Caudrelier, G. Alberici, and J.L. Touraine Pharmacokinetics, foreign protein immune response, cytokine release, and lymphocyte subsets in patients receiving thymoglobuline and immunosuppression Transplant Proc 29 7A 1997 24S 26S
161. A.B. Cosimi, H.H. Wortis, F.L. Delmonico, and P.S. Russell Randomized clinical trial of antithymocyte globulin in cadaver renal allograft recipients: importance of T cell monitoring Surgery 80 2 1976 155 163
162. H.E. Taylor, C.F. Ackman, and I. Horowitz Canadian clinical trial of antilymphocyte globulin in human cadaver renal transplantation Can Med Assoc J 115 12 1976 1205 1208
163. S.M. Cockfield, J.K. Preiksaitis, L.D. Jewell, and N.A. Parfrey Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal allograft recipients. Clinical experience and risk factor analysis in a single center Transplantation 56 1 1993 88 96
164. R.T. Bustami, A.O. Ojo, and R.A. Wolfe Immunosuppression and the risk of post-transplant malignancy among cadaveric first kidney transplant recipients Am J Transplant 4 1 2004 87 93
165. M. Mochon, B. Kaiser, and J.A. Palmer Evaluation of OKT3 monoclonal antibody and anti-thymocyte globulin in the treatment of steroid-resistant acute allograft rejection in pediatric renal transplants Pediatr Nephrol 7 3 1993 259 262
166. K. Midtvedt, P. Fauchald, and B. Lien Individualized T cell monitored administration of ATG versus OKT3 in steroid-resistant kidney graft rejection Clin Transplant 17 1 2003 69 74
167. A.J. Richardson, R.M. Higgins, M. Liddington, J. Murie, A. Ting, and P.J. Morris Antithymocyte globulin for steroid resistant rejection in renal transplant recipients immunosuppressed with triple therapy Transpl Int 2 1 1989 27 32
168. A.J. Matas, V.A. Tellis, and T. Quinn ALG treatment of steroid-resistant rejection in patients receiving cyclosporine Transplantation 41 5 1986 579 583
169. J. Klupp, W.O. Bechstein, and J. Pratschke Risk and benefit of antibody induction therapy in combination with tacrolimus immunosuppression after liver transplantation Transplant Proc 30 4 1998 1443 1444
170. P. Neuhaus, J. Klupp, and J.M. Langrehr Quadruple tacrolimus-based induction therapy including azathioprine and ALG does not significantly improve outcome after liver transplantation when compared with standard induction with tacrolimus and steroids: results of a prospective, randomized trial Transplantation 69 11 2000 2343 2353
171. J.M. Langrehr, J. Klupp, and G. Junge Quadruple versus dual tacrolimus-based induction after liver transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial Transplant Proc 33 3 2001 2330 2331
172. J.M. Langrehr, A. Schneller, and O. Guckelberger Comparison of quadruple induction including ATG or IL-2R antibody with FK506-based therapy after liver transplantation Transplant Proc 30 4 1998 1439 1440
173. M. Oertel, U. Sack, and K. Kohlhaw Induction therapy including antithymocyte globulin induces marked alterations in T lymphocyte subpopulations after liver transplantation: results of a long-term study Transpl Int 15 9-10 2002 463 471
174. P.A. Sheiner, M.E. Schwartz, and E. Mor Severe or multiple rejection episodes are associated with early recurrence of hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation Hepatology 21 1 1995 30 34
175. J.D. Eason, G.E. Loss, J. Blazek, S. Nair, and A.L. Mason Steroid-free liver transplantation using rabbit antithymocyte globulin induction: results of a prospective randomized trial Liver Transpl 7 8 2001 693 697
176. J.D. Eason, S. Nair, A.J. Cohen, J.L. Blazek, and G.E. Loss Jr. Steroid-free liver transplantation using rabbit antithymocyte globulin and early tacrolimus monotherapy Transplantation 75 8 2003 1396 1399
177. M.J. Dyer, G. Hale, F.G. Hayhoe, and H. Waldmann Effects of CAMPATH-1 antibodies in vivo in patients with lymphoid malignancies: influence of antibody isotype Blood 73 6 1989 1431 1439
178. J.C. Hong, and B.D. Kahan Immunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation: past, present, and future Semin Nephrol 20 2 2000 108 125
179. S. Caillat-Zucman, N. Blumenfeld, and C. Legendre The OKT3 immunosuppressive effect. In situ antigenic modulation of human graft-infiltrating T cells Transplantation 49 1 1990 156 160
180. M.I. Wilde, and K.L. Goa Muromonab CD3: a reappraisal of its pharmacology and use as prophylaxis of solid organ transplant rejection Drugs 51 5 1996 865 894
181. C. Ferran, M. Dy, and S. Merite Reduction of morbidity and cytokine release in anti-CD3 MoAb-treated mice by corticosteroids Transplantation 50 4 1990 642 648
182. H. Vallhonrat, W.W. Williams, and A.B. Cosimi In vivo generation of C4d, Bb, iC3b, and SC5b-9 after OKT3 administration in kidney and lung transplant recipients Transplantation 67 2 1999 253 258
183. D.H. Casadei, C.R.M. del, and G. Opelz A randomized and prospective study comparing treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin with monoclonal antibodies for rescue of kidney grafts with steroid-resistant rejection Transplantation 71 1 2001 53 58
184. C. Mariat, E. Alamartine, N. Diab, J.P. de Filippis, B. Laurent, and F. Berthoux A randomized prospective study comparing low-dose OKT3 to low-dose ATG for the treatment of acute steroid-resistant rejection episodes in kidney transplant recipients Transpl Int 11 3 1998 231 236
185. D.J. Norman, J.M. Barry, and W.M. Bennett The use of OKT3 in cadaveric renal transplantation for rejection that is unresponsive to conventional anti-rejection therapy Am J Kidney Dis 11 2 1988 90 93
186. J.O. Colonna II, L.I. Goldstein, and J.J. Brems A prospective study on the use of monoclonal anti-T3-cell antibody (OKT3) to treat steroid-resistant liver transplant rejection Arch Surg 122 10 1987 1120 1123
187. H. Solomon, T.A. Gonwa, and E. Mor OKT3 rescue for steroid-resistant rejection in adult liver transplantation Transplantation 55 1 1993 87 91
188. E.S. Woodle, J.R. Thistlethwaite Jr., and J.C. Emond OKT3 therapy for hepatic allograft rejection. Differential response in adults and children Transplantation 51 6 1991 1207 1212
189. G.T. Everson Impact of immunosuppressive therapy on recurrence of hepatitis C Liver Transpl 8 10 Suppl. 1 2002 S19 S27
190. H.R. Rosen, C.R. Shackleton, and L. Higa Use of OKT3 is associated with early and severe recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation Am J Gastroenterol 92 9 1997 1453 1457
191. O. Farges, B.G. Ericzon, and S. Bresson-Hadni A randomized trial of OKT3-based versus cyclosporine-based immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation. Long-term results of a European and Australian multicenter study Transplantation 58 8 1994 891 898
192. J.M. Kovarik, B.D. Kahan, and P.R. Rajagopalan Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationships for basiliximab in kidney transplantation. The U.S. Simulect Renal Transplant Study Group Transplantation 68 9 1999 1288 1294
193. J.M. Kovarik, M.D. Pescovitz, and H.W. Sollinger Differential influence of azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil on the disposition of basiliximab in renal transplant patients Clin Transplant 15 2 2001 123 130
194. V. Baudouin, A. Crusiaux, and E. Haddad Anaphylactic shock caused by immunoglobulin E sensitization after retreatment with the chimeric anti-interleukin-2 receptor monoclonal antibody basiliximab Transplantation 76 3 2003 459 463
195. B. Nashan, R. Moore, P. Amlot, A.G. Schmidt, K. Abeywickrama, and J.P. Soulillou Randomised trial of basiliximab versus placebo for control of acute cellular rejection in renal allograft recipients. CHIB 201 International Study Group Lancet 350 9086 1997 1193 1198
196. B.D. Kahan, P.R. Rajagopalan, and M. Hall Reduction of the occurrence of acute cellular rejection among renal allograft recipients treated with basiliximab, a chimeric anti-interleukin-2-receptor monoclonal antibody. United States Simulect Renal Study Group Transplantation 67 2 1999 276 284
197. D.R. Kuypers, P. Evenepoel, B. Maes, W. Coosemans, J. Pirenne, and Y. Vanrenterghem The use of an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody and mycophenolate mofetil enables the use of a low-dose tacrolimus and early withdrawal of steroids in renal transplant recipients Clin Transplant 17 3 2003 234 241
198. Parrott N, Hammad A, Watson C, Lodge J, Andrews C. Multicenter, randomized study of the effectiveness of basiliximab in avoiding addition of steroids to ciclosporin monotherapy in renal transplant recipients, 2004, in press.
199. F. Vincenti, R. Kirkman, and S. Light Interleukin-2-receptor blockade with daclizumab to prevent acute rejection in renal transplantation. Daclizumab Triple Therapy Study Group N Engl J Med 338 3 1998 161 165
200. B. Nashan, S. Light, I.R. Hardie, A. Lin, and J.R. Johnson Reduction of acute renal allograft rejection by daclizumab. Daclizumab Double Therapy Study Group Transplantation 67 1 1999 110 115
201. G.L. Bumgardner, I. Hardie, and R.W. Johnson Results of 3-year phase III clinical trials with daclizumab prophylaxis for prevention of acute rejection after renal transplantation Transplantation 72 5 2001 839 845
202. G.L. Bumgardner, E. Ramos, A. Lin, and F. Vincenti Daclizumab (humanized anti-IL2Ralpha mAb) prophylaxis for prevention of acute rejection in renal transplant recipients with delayed graft function Transplantation 72 4 2001 642 647
203. F. Vincenti, D. Pace, J. Birnbaum, and M. Lantz Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of one or two doses of daclizumab in renal transplantation Am J Transplant 3 1 2003 50 52
204. J. Kovarik, T. Breidenbach, C. Gerbeau, A. Korn, A.G. Schmidt, and B. Nashan Disposition and immunodynamics of basiliximab in liver allograft recipients Clin Pharmacol Ther 64 1 1998 66 72
205. J.M. Kovarik, B. Nashan, and P. Neuhaus A population pharmacokinetic screen to identify demographic-clinical covariates of basiliximab in liver transplantation Clin Pharmacol Ther 69 4 2001 201 209
206. S. Emre, G. Gondolesi, and K. Polat Use of daclizumab as initial immunosuppression in liver transplant recipients with impaired renal function Liver Transpl 7 3 2001 220 225
207. P. Neuhaus, P.A. Clavien, and D. Kittur Improved treatment response with basiliximab immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation: results from a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial Liver Transpl 8 2 2002 132 142
208. D.R. Nelson, C. Soldevila-Pico, and A. Reed Anti-interleukin-2 receptor therapy in combination with mycophenolate mofetil is associated with more severe hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation Liver Transpl 7 12 2001 1064 1070
209. K. Washburn, K.V. Speeg, and R. Esterl Steroid elimination 24 h after liver transplantation using daclizumab, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil Transplantation 72 10 2001 1675 1679
210. V. Brinkmann, M.D. Davis, and C.E. Heise The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors J Biol Chem 277 24 2002 21453 21457
211. J.M. Kovarik, R. Schmouder, D. Barilla, G.J. Riviere, Y. Wang, and T. Hunt Multiple-dose FTY720: tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and lymphocyte responses in healthy subjects J Clin Pharmacol 44 5 2004 532 537
212. H. Tedesco-Silva, G. Mourad, and B.D. Kahan FTY720, a novel immunomodulator: efficacy and safety results from the first phase 2A study in de novo renal transplantation Transplantation 77 12 2004 1826 1833
213. Y. Vanrenterghem, J.P. van Hooff, and M. Klinger The effects of FK778 in combination with tacrolimus and steroids: a phase II multicenter study in renal transplant patients Transplantation 78 1 2004 9 14
214. J. Savikko, E. Von Willebrand, and P. Hayry Leflunomide analogue FK778 is vasculoprotective independent of its immunosuppressive effect: potential applications for restenosis and chronic rejection Transplantation 76 3 2003 455 458 discussion 471-453
215. F. Pan, A. Ebbs, and C. Wynn FK778, a powerful new immunosuppressant, effectively reduces functional and histologic changes of chronic rejection in rat renal allografts Transplantation 75 8 2003 1110 1114
216. T.C. Pearson, D.Z. Alexander, K.J. Winn, P.S. Linsley, R.P. Lowry, and C.P. Larsen Transplantation tolerance induced by CTLA4-Ig Transplantation 57 12 1994 1701 1706
217. L.W. Moreland, R. Alten, and F. Van den Bosch Costimulatory blockade in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot, dose-finding, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating CTLA-4Ig and LEA29Y eighty-five days after the first infusion Arthritis Rheum 46 6 2002 1470 1479
218. R. Calne, S.D. Moffatt, and P.J. Friend Campath IH allows low-dose cyclosporine monotherapy in 31 cadaveric renal allograft recipients Transplantation 68 10 1999 1613 1616
219. R. Calne, P. Friend, and S. Moffatt Prope tolerance, perioperative campath 1H, and low-dose cyclosporin monotherapy in renal allograft recipients Lancet 351 9117 1998 1701 1702
220. A.G. Tzakis, P. Tryphonopoulos, and T. Kato Preliminary experience with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) and low-dose tacrolimus immunosuppression in adult liver transplantation Transplantation 77 8 2004 1209 1214
221. A.G. Tzakis, T. Kato, and S. Nishida Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) combined with tacrolimus in intestinal and multivisceral transplantation Transplantation 75 9 2003 1512 1517
222. S.J. Knechtle, L.A. Fernandez, and J.D. Pirsch Campath-1H in renal transplantation: The University of Wisconsin experience Surgery 136 4 2004 754 760
223. Knechtle SJ, Pirsch JD, H. Fechner JJ, et al. Campath-1H induction plus rapamycin monotherapy for renal transplantation: results of a pilot study. Am J Transplant 2003;3(6):722-30.