Coronary artery calcification and cardiovascular risk: The role of RANKL/OPG signalling

European Journal of Clinical Investigation

Volumn 40, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 645-654

  Quercioli, Alessandra ^a,b   Montecucco, Fabrizio ^a   Bertolotto, Maria ^b   Ottonello, Luciano ^b   Pende, Aldo ^b   MacH, François ^a   Dallegri, Franco ^b  

^a GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Calcium score; Coronary calcification; Osteoprotegerin; RANKL

Indexed keywords

AUTACOID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CALCIUM; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; OSTEOPROTEGERIN;

ARTERY CALCIFICATION; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; HUMAN; PARAMETER; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CALCINOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HUMANS; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; RANK LIGAND; RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77953490966     PISSN: 00142972     EISSN: 13652362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02308.x     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Braunwald E. Shattuck lecture-cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med 1997 337: 1360 1369.
2. Hansson GK, Libby P, Schönbeck U, Yan ZQ. Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2002 91: 281 291.
3. Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 2006 6: 508 519.
4. Montecucco F, Steffens S, Mach F. The immune response is involved in atherosclerotic plaque calcification: could the RANKL/RANK/OPG system be a marker of plaque instability? Clin Dev Immunol 2007 2007: 75805.
5. Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004 24: 1161 1170.
6. Mosheimer BA, Kaneider NC, Feistritzer C, Sturn DH, Wiedermann CJ. Expression and function of RANK in human monocyte chemotaxis. Arthritis Rheum 2004 50: 2309 2316.
7. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, Brotons C, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J et al. Third Joint Task Force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2003 24: 1601 1610.
8. Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M, Hofman A, Oei HH, van Dijck W, van Rooij FJ et al. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation 2005 112: 572 577.
9. Demer LL, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation 2008 117: 2938 2948.
10. Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 47: C13 8.
11. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995 92: 657 671.
12. Anger T, Pohle FK, Kandler L, Barthel T, Ensminger SM, Fischlein T et al. VAP-1, Eotaxin3 and MIG as potential atherosclerotic triggers of severe calcified and stenotic human aortic valves: effects of statins. Exp Mol Pathol 2007 83: 435 442.
13. Pitsilos S, Hunt J, Mohler ER, Prabhakar AM, Poncz M, Dawicki J et al. Platelet factor 4 localization in carotid atherosclerotic plaques: correlation with clinical parameters. Thromb Haemost 2003 90: 1112 1120.
14. Wahlgren CM, Zheng W, Shaalan W, Tang J, Bassiouny HS. Human carotid plaque calcification and vulnerability. Relationship between degree of plaque calcification, fibrous cap inflammatory gene expression and symptomatology. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009 27: 193 200.
15. Zhu J, Katz RJ, Quyyumi AA, Canos DA, Rott D, Csako G et al. Association of serum antibodies to heat-shock protein 65 with coronary calcification levels: suggestion of pathogen-triggered autoimmunity in early atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004 109: 36 41.
16. Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin. Circ Res 2004 95: 1046 1057.
17. Otto CM, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, Gown AM, O'Brien KD. Characterization of the early lesion of 'degenerative' valvular aortic stenosis. Histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation 1994 90: 844 853.
18. Pal SN, Rush C, Parr A, Van Campenhout A, Golledge J. Osteocalcin positive mononuclear cells are associated with the severity of aortic calcification. Atherosclerosis doi:. [Epub ahead of print].
19. Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, Cleutjens KB, Geusens PP, Kitslaar PJ et al. Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 21: 1998 2003.
20. Ueland T, Yndestad A, Øie E, Florholmen G, Halvorsen B, Frøland SS et al. Dysregulated osteoprotegerin/RANK ligand/RANK axis in clinical and experimental heart failure. Circulation 2005 111: 2461 2468.
21. Sandberg WJ, Yndestad A, Øie E, Smith C, Ueland T, Ovchinnikova O et al. Enhanced T-cell expression of RANK ligand in acute coronary syndrome: possible role in plaque destabilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006 26: 857 863.
22. Crisafulli A, Micari A, Altavilla D, Saporito F, Sardella A, Passaniti M et al. Serum levels of osteoprotegerin and RANKL in patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005 109: 389 395.
23. Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL, Dougall WC, Tometsko ME, Roux ER et al. A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 1997 390: 175 179.
24. Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC. RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin: paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002 22: 549 553.
25. Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M. Clinical implications of the osteoprotegerin/RANKL/RANK system for bone and vascular diseases. JAMA 2004 292: 490 495.
26. Nadra I, Mason JC, Philippidis P, Florey O, Smythe CD, McCarthy GM et al. Proinflammatory activation of macrophages by basic calcium phosphate crystals via protein kinase C and MAP kinase pathways: a vicious cycle of inflammation and arterial calcification? Circ Res 2005 96: 1248 1256.
27. Kindle L, Rothe L, Kriss M, Osdoby P, Collin-Osdoby P. Human microvascular endothelial cell activation by IL-1 and TNF-alpha stimulates the adhesion and transendothelial migration of circulating human CD14+ monocytes that develop with RANKL into functional osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 2006 21: 193 206.
28. Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Kelley M, Chang MS, Lüthy R et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997 89: 309 319.
29. Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Morony S, Tarpley J, Capparelli C et al. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 1998 12: 1260 1268.
30. Morony S, Tintut Y, Zhang Z, Cattley RC, Van G, Dwyer D et al. Osteoprotegerin inhibits vascular calcification without affecting atherosclerosis in ldlr(-/-) mice. Circulation 2008 117: 411 420.
31. Boström K, Watson KE, Horn S, Wortham C, Herman IM, Demer LL. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 1993 91: 1800 1809.
32. Engelse MA, Neele JM, Bronckers AL, Pannekoek H, de Vries CJ. Vascular calcification: expression patterns of the osteoblast-specific gene core binding factor alpha-1 and the protective factor matrix gla protein in human atherogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2001 52: 281 289.
33. Scatena M, Liaw L, Giachelli CM. Osteopontin: a multifunctional molecule regulating chronic inflammation and vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27: 2302 2309.
34. Smith LL, Cheung HK, Ling LE, Chen J, Sheppard D, Pytela R et al. Osteopontin N-terminal domain contains a cryptic adhesive sequence recognized by alpha9beta1 integrin. J Biol Chem 1996 271: 28485 28491.
35. Golledge J, McCann M, Mangan S, Lam A, Karan M. Osteoprotegerin and osteopontin are expressed at high concentrations within symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 2004 35: 1636 1641.
36. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr., Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990 15: 827 832.
37. Budoff MJ, Achenbach S, Blumenthal RS, Carr JJ, Goldin JG, Greenland P et al. Assessment of coronary artery disease by cardiac computed tomography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation 2006 114: 1761 1791.
38. Groen JM, Greuter MJ, Vliegenthart R, Suess C, Schmidt B, Zijlstra F et al. Calcium scoring using 64-slice MDCT, dual source CT and EBT: a comparative phantom study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2008 24: 547 556.
39. McCollough CH, Ulzheimer S, Halliburton SS, Shanneik K, White RD, Kalender WA. Coronary artery calcium: a multi-institutional, multimanufacturer international standard for quantification at cardiac CT. Radiology 2007 243: 527 538.
40. Becker CR, Kleffel T, Crispin A, Knez A, Young J, Schoepf UJ et al. Coronary artery calcium measurement: agreement of multirow detector and electron beam CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001 176: 1295 1298.
41. Becker CR, Knez A, Ohnesorge B, Schoepf UJ, Flohr T, Bruening R et al. Visualization and quantification of coronary calcifications with electron beam and spiral computed tomography. Eur Radiol 2000 10: 629 635.
42. Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Devries SS et al. Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events a 37-month follow-up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low-to intermediate-risk adults. Circulation 2003 107: 2571 2576.
43. Taylor AJ, Bindeman J, Feuerstein I, Cao F, Brazaitis M, O'Malley PG. Coronary calcium independently predicts incident premature coronary heart disease over measured cardiovascular risk factors: mean three-year outcomes in the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) project. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 46: 807 814.
44. Church TS, Levine BD, McGuire DK, Lamonte MJ, Fitzgerald SJ, Cheng YJ et al. Coronary artery calcium score, risk factors, and incident coronary heart disease events. Atherosclerosis 2007 190: 224 231.
45. Sarwar A, Shaw LJ, Shapiro MD, Blankstein R, Hoffman U, Cury RC et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009 2: 675 688.
46. Preis SR, Hwang SJ, Fox CS, Massaro JM, Levy D, Hoffmann U et al. Eligibility of individuals with subclinical coronary artery calcium and intermediate coronary heart disease risk for reclassification (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2009 103: 1710 1715.
47. Thomas BP, Larson Iii TC. Quantitative carotid calcium scoring and cerebral ischemia-a pilot study and review of recent literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007 23: 453 456.
48. Gopal A, Nasir K, Liu ST, Flores FR, Chen L, Budoff MJ. Coronary calcium progression rates with a zero initial score by electron beam tomography. Int J Cardiol 2007 117: 227 231.
49. Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, Liu ST, Weinstein SR, Mosler TP, Tseng PH et al. Long-term prognosis associated with coronary calcification: observations from a registry of 25,253 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 49: 1860 1870.
50. Blaha M, Budoff MJ, Shaw LJ, Khosa F, Rumberger JA, Berman D et al. Absence of coronary artery calcification and all-cause mortality. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009 2: 692 700.
51. Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology 2003 228: 826 833.
52. Marwan M, Ropers D, Pflederer T, Daniel WG, Achenbach S. Clinical characteristics of patients with obstructive coronary lesions in the absence of coronary calcification: an evaluation by coronary CT angiography. Heart 2009 95: 1056 1060.
53. O'Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, Greenland P, Grundy SM, Hachamovitch R et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000 102: 126 140. (Pubitemid 30430564)
54. Greenland P, Bonow RO, Brundage BH, Budoff MJ, Eisenberg MJ, Grundy SM et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography). Circulation 2007 115: 402 426. (Pubitemid 46148515)
55. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr., Clark LT, Hunninghake DB et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004 110: 227 239.
56. Mitsutake R, Miura S, Shiga Y, Kawamura A, Saku K. Is chronic kidney disease associated with coronary artery stenosis or calcification as assessed by multi-detector row computed tomography? Intern Med 2008 47: 1835 1841.
57. Nakamura S, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Niizuma S, Yoshihara F, Horio T, Kawano Y. Coronary calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 4: 1892 1900.
58. Schenker MP, Dorbala S, Hong EC, Rybicki FJ, Hachamovitch R, Kwong RY et al. Interrelation of coronary calcification, myocardial ischemia, and outcomes in patients with intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease: a combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography study. Circulation 2008 117: 1693 1700.
59. Moebus S, Stang A, Möhlenkamp S, Dragano N, Schmermund A, Slomiany U et al. Association of impaired fasting glucose and coronary artery calcification as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in a population-based cohort-results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Diabetologia 2009 52: 81 9.
60. McNeely MJ, McClelland RL, Bild DE, Jacobs DR Jr., Tracy RP, Cushman M et al. The association between A1C and subclinical cardiovascular disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 2009 32: 1727 1733.
61. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, Bild DE, Burke G, Folsom AR et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med 2008 358: 1336 1345.
62. Budoff MJ, Nasir K, McClelland RL, Detrano R, Wong N, Blumenthal RS et al. Coronary calcium predicts events better with absolute calcium scores than age-sex-race/ethnicity percentiles: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 53: 345 352.
63. Anand DV, Lim E, Darko D, Bassett P, Hopkins D, Lipkin D et al. Determinants of progression of coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes role of glycemic control and inflammatory/vascular calcification markers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 50: 2218 2225.
64. Patel AA, Budoff MJ. Screening for heart disease: C-reactive protein versus coronary artery calcium. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2010 8: 125 131.
65. Bakhireva LN, Laughlin GA, Bettencourt R, Barrett-Connor E. Does osteoprotegerin or receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand mediate the association between bone and coronary artery calcification? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 93: 2009 2012.
66. Mesquita M, Demulder A, Damry N, Mélot C, Wittersheim E, Willems D et al. Plasma osteoprotegerin is an independent risk factor for mortality and an early biomarker of coronary vascular clacification in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009. [Epub ahead of print].
67. Jung CH, Lee WY, Kim SY, Jung JH, Rhee EJ, Park CY et al. The relationship between coronary artery calcification score, plasma osteoprotegerin level and arterial stiffness in asymptomatic type 2 DM. Acta Diabetol 2009 doi:. [Epub ahead of print].
68. Montecucco F, Burger F, Mach F, Steffens S. CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist JWH-015 modulates human monocyte migration through defined intracellular signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008 294: H1145 55.
69. Rivollier A, Mazzorana M, Tebib J, Piperno M, Aitsiselmi T, Rabourdin-Combe C et al. Immature dendritic cell transdifferentiation into osteoclasts: a novel pathway sustained by the rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment. Blood 2004 104: 4029 4037.