Fertility concerns and preservation in younger women with breast cancer

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 175-192

  Anchan, Raymond Manohar ^a   Ginsburg, Elizabeth Sarah ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy; Chemotherapy related amenorrhea; Embryo oocyte cryopreservation; Fertility preservation; Ovarian tissue freezing banking

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ANTIMETABOLITE; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BLEOMYCIN; CETRORELIX; CHLORMETHINE; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACARBAZINE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLLITROPIN; GONADORELIN AGONIST; LETROZOLE; LEUPRORELIN; MELPHALAN; METHOTREXATE; MITOXANTRONE; PACLITAXEL; PREDNISONE; PROCARBAZINE; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; TAMOXIFEN; THIOTEPA; TRASTUZUMAB; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ADOPTION; AGE; AMENORRHEA; BREAST CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CRYOPRESERVATION; EMBRYO CRYOPRESERVATION; FEMALE FERTILITY; FEMALE INFERTILITY; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; GENOTOXICITY; GONAD DYSFUNCTION; GONADOTOXICITY; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MOTHER; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE CRYOPRESERVATION; OVARIAN TISSUE BANKING; OVARY FOLLICLE; OVARY INSUFFICIENCY; OVULATION INDUCTION; PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; RISK; SIDE EFFECT; TISSUE PRESERVATION;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; FERTILITY; HUMANS; MALE; OVARY;

EID: 77953477814     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.09.006     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Hortobagyi G.N., Buzdar A.U., Marcus C.E., Smith T.L. Immediate and long-term toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing doxorubicin in trials at M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. NCI Monogr 1986, (1):105-109.
2. Blumenfeld Z., Avivi I., Ritter M., Rowe J.M. Preservation of fertility and ovarian function and minimizing chemotherapy-induced gonadotoxicity in young women. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1999, 6(5):229-239.
3. Putowski L., Kuczynski W. Strategies for fertility preservation after anti-cancer therapy. Ginekol Pol 2003, 74(8):638-645.
4. Tremellen K., Petrucco O.M. Management of fertility issues in cancer survivors. Aust Fam Physician 2003, 32(1/2):15-18.
5. Agarwal A., Said T.M. Implications of systemic malignancies on human fertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2004, 9(6):673-679.
6. Oktay K., Buyuk E., Davis O., Yermakova I., Veeck L., Rosenwaks Z. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: IVF and embryo cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen. Hum Reprod 2003, 18(1):90-95.
7. Oktay K. Fertility preservation: an emerging discipline in the care of young patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol 2005, 6(4):192-193.
8. Beerendonk C.C., Braat D.D. Present and future options for the preservation of fertility in female adolescents with cancer. Endocr Dev 2005, 8:166-175.
9. Ginsburg E.S., Yanushpolsky E.H., Jackson K.V. In vitro fertilization for cancer patients and survivors. Fertil Steril 2001, 75(4):705-710.
10. Lowe M.P., Bender D., Sood A.K., Davis W., Syrop C.H., Sorosky J.I. Two successful pregnancies after conservative treatment of endometrial cancer and assisted reproduction. Fertil Steril 2002, 77(1):188-189.
11. Plante M. Fertility preservation in the management of gynecologic cancers. Curr Opin Oncol 2000, 12(5):497-507.
12. Pendse S., Ginsburg E., Singh A.K. Strategies for preservation of ovarian and testicular function after immunosuppression. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 43(5):772-781.
13. Oktay K., Sonmezer M. Ovarian tissue banking for cancer patients: fertility preservation, not just ovarian cryopreservation. Hum Reprod 2004, 19(3):477-480.
14. Oktay K., Buyuk E., Libertella N., Akar M., Rosenwaks Z. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: a prospective controlled comparison of ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen and letrozole for embryo cryopreservation. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(19):4347-4353.
15. Lobo R.A. Potential options for preservation of fertility in women. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(1):64-73.
16. Bines J., Oleske D.M., Cobleigh M.A. Ovarian function in premenopausal women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14(5):1718-1729.
17. Minton S.E., Munster P.N. Chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea and fertility in women undergoing adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Cancer Control 2002, 9(6):466-472.
18. Goldhirsch A., Gelber R.D., Castiglione M. The magnitude of endocrine effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal breast cancer patients. The International Breast Cancer Study Group. Ann Oncol 1990, 1(3):183-188.
19. Goldhirsch A., Gelber R.D., Yothers G., et al. Adjuvant therapy for very young women with breast cancer: need for tailored treatments. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2001, (30):44-51.
20. Partridge A.H., Gelber S., Peppercorn J., et al. Web-based survey of fertility issues in young women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22(20):4174-4183.
21. Urbano M.T., Tait D.M. Can the irradiated uterus sustain a pregnancy? A literature review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004, 16(1):24-28.
22. Seymour J.F. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation for cancer patients: who is appropriate?. Reprod Fertil Dev 2001, 13(1):81-89.
23. Poirot C., Vacher-Lavenu M.C., Helardot P., Guibert J., Brugieres L., Jouannet P. Human ovarian tissue cryopreservation: indications and feasibility. Hum Reprod 2002, 17(6):1447-1452.
24. Oktay K. Further evidence on the safety and success of ovarian stimulation with letrozole and tamoxifen in breast cancer patients undergoing in vitro fertilization to cryopreserve their embryos for fertility preservation. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(16):3858-3859.
25. Donnez J., Dolmans M.M., Demylle D., et al. Livebirth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet 2004, 364(9443):1405-1410.
26. Schmidt K.L., Andersen C.Y., Loft A., Byskov A.G., Ernst E., Andersen A.N. Follow-up of ovarian function post-chemotherapy following ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(12):3539-3546.
27. Meirow D. Ovarian injury and modern options to preserve fertility in female cancer patients treated with high dose radio-chemotherapy for hemato-oncological neoplasias and other cancers. Leuk Lymphoma 1999, 33(1/2):65-76.
28. Meirow D., Assad G., Dor J., Rabinovici J. The GnRH antagonist cetrorelix reduces cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian follicular destruction in mice. Hum Reprod 2004, 19(6):1294-1299.
29. Stone E.R., Slack R.S., Novielli A., et al. Rate of chemotherapy related amenorrhea (CRA) associated with adjuvant adriamycin and cytoxan (AC) and adriamycin and cytoxan followed by taxol (AC+T) in early stage breast cancer [abstract 224]. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000, 64:61.
30. Petrek J.A., Naughton M.J., Case L.D., et al. Incidence, time course, and determinants of menstrual bleeding after breast cancer treatment: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(7):1045-1051.
31. Goodwin P.J., Ennis M., Pritchard K.I., Trudeau M., Hood N. Risk of menopause during the first year after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17(8):2365-2370.
32. Burstein H.J., Winer E.P. Reproductive issues. Diseases of the breast 2000, 1051-1059. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. J.R. Harris (Ed.).
33. Nabholtz J.M., Pienkowski T., Mackey J., et al. Phase III trial comparing TAC (docetaxel, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) with FAC (5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) in the adjuvant treatment of node positive breast cancer (BC) patients: interim analysis of the BCIRG 001 study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002, 21:141.
34. Parulekar W.R., Day A.G., Ottaway J.A., et al. Incidence and prognostic impact of amenorrhea during adjuvant therapy in high-risk premenopausal breast cancer: analysis of a National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study-NCIC CTG MA.5. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(25):6002-6008.
35. Derman S.G., Seifer D.B. In vitro fertilization in the older patient. Curr Womens Health Rep 2003, 3(5):375-383.
36. Lobo R.A. Menopause and aging. Yen & Jaffe's reproductive endocrinology 2004, 421-452. Saunders, Elsevier Inc., Philadelphia, PA. J.F. Strauss, R.L. Barbieri (Eds.).
37. Bendsen E., Byskov A.G., Andersen C.Y., Westergaard L.G. Number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal ovaries during the first weeks after sex differentiation. Hum Reprod 2006, 21(1):30-35.
38. Faddy M.J., Gosden R.G., Gougeon A., Richardson S.J., Nelson J.F. Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in mid-life: implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod 1992, 7(10):1342-1346.
39. Gosden R., Nagano M. Preservation of fertility in nature and ART. Reproduction 2002, 123(1):3-11.
40. Speroff L., Fritz M.A. Menopause and the perimenopausal transition. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility 2005, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, p. 621-88.
41. Johnson J., Canning J., Kaneko T., Pru J.K., Tilly J.L. Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary. Nature 2004, 428(6979):145-150.
42. Johnson J., Bagley J., Skaznik-Wikiel M., et al. Oocyte generation in adult mammalian ovaries by putative germ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Cell 2005, 122(2):303-315.
43. Jarrell J.F., Bodo L., YoungLai E.V., Barr R.D., O'Connell G.J. The short-term reproductive toxicity of cyclophosphamide in the female rat. Reprod Toxicol 1991, 5(6):481-485.
44. Lagios M.D., Westdahl P.R., Margolin F.R., Rose M.R. Duct carcinoma in situ. Relationship of extent of noninvasive disease to the frequency of occult invasion, multicentricity, lymph node metastases, and short-term treatment failures. Cancer 1982, 50(7):1309-1314.
45. Fonseca R., Hartmann L.C., Petersen I.A., Donohue J.H., Crotty T.B., Gisvold J.J. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Ann Intern Med 1997, 127(11):1013-1022.
46. Julien J.P., Bijker N., Fentiman I.S., et al. Radiotherapy in breast-conserving treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ: first results of the EORTC randomised phase III trial 10853. EORTC Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and EORTC Radiotherapy Group. Lancet 2000, 355(9203):528-533.
47. AJCC Breast. AJCC cancer staging manual 2002, 221-240. Springer, New York, NY. F.L. Greene (Ed.).
48. Fisher B., Fisher E.R., Redmond C., Brown A. Tumor nuclear grade, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor: their value alone or in combination as indicators of outcome following adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1986, 7(3):147-160.
49. Fisher B., Ravdin R.G., Ausman R.K., Slack N.H., Moore G.E., Noer R.J. Surgical adjuvant chemotherapy in cancer of the breast: results of a decade of cooperative investigation. Ann Surg 1968, 168(3):337-356.
50. Thor A.D., Berry D.A., Budman D.R., et al. erbB-2, p53, and efficacy of adjuvant therapy in lymph node-positive breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998, 90(18):1346-1360.
51. Liljegren G., Holmberg L., Bergh J., et al. 10-Year results after sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I breast cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17(8):2326-2333.
52. Clark R.M., McCulloch P.B., Levine M.N., et al. Randomized clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of breast irradiation following lumpectomy and axillary dissection for node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992, 84(9):683-689.
53. Fyles A.W., McCready D.R., Manchul L.A., et al. Tamoxifen with or without breast irradiation in women 50 years of age or older with early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 351(10):963-970.
54. Ragaz J., Jackson S.M., Le N., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1997, 337(14):956-962.
55. Davis M. Ovarian reserve after chemotherapy. Endocr Abstr 2005, 9:49.
56. Weber B., Luporsi E. Ovarian toxicity of breast cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 1998, 34:42.
57. Familiari G., Caggiati A., Nottola S.A., Ermini M., Di Benedetto M.R., Motta P.M. Ultrastructure of human ovarian primordial follicles after combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Hum Reprod 1993, 8(12):2080-2087.
58. Sanders J.E., Buckner C.D., Amos D., et al. Ovarian function following marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1988, 6(5):813-818.
59. Sonmezer M., Oktay K. Fertility preservation in female patients. Hum Reprod Update 2004, 10(3):251-266.
60. Kaufmann M., von Minckwitz G., Smith R., et al. International expert panel on the use of primary (preoperative) systemic treatment of operable breast cancer: review and recommendations. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21(13):2600-2608.
61. Shamberger R.C., Sherins R.J., Ziegler J.L., Glatstein E., Rosenberg S.A. Effects of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy on ovarian function in women undergoing treatment for soft tissue sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981, 67(6):1213-1218.
62. Shamberger R.C., Rosenberg S.A., Seipp C.A., Sherins R.J. Effects of high-dose methotrexate and vincristine on ovarian and testicular functions in patients undergoing postoperative adjuvant treatment of osteosarcoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1981, 65(9/10):739-746.
63. Koyama H., Wada T., Nishizawa Y., Iwanaga T., Aoki Y. Cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian failure and its therapeutic significance in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 1977, 39(4):1403-1409.
64. Abusief M.E., Missmer S.A., Ginsburg E.S., Weeks J.C., Winer E.P., Partridge A.H. Chemotherapy-related amenorrhea in women with early breast cancer: the effect of paclitaxel or dose density. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(18_suppl):10506. [meeting abstracts].
65. Papadimitriou C.A., Papakostas P., Timotheadou E., Aravantinos G., Bamias A., Fountzilas G. Adjuvant dose-dense sequential chemotherapy with epirubicin, CMF and weekly paclitaxel in patients with resected high-risk breast cancer: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) study. Cancer Invest 2008, 26(5):491-498.
66. Fountzilas G., Dafni U., Gogas H., et al. Postoperative dose-dense sequential chemotherapy with epirubicin, paclitaxel and CMF in patients with high-risk breast cancer: safety analysis of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group randomized phase III trial HE 10/00. Ann Oncol 2008, 19(5):853-860.
67. Rosenthal S.A., Bae K., Pienta K.J., et al. Phase III multi-institutional trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel, estramustine, and oral etoposide combined with long-term androgen suppression therapy and radiotherapy versus long-term androgen suppression plus radiotherapy alone for high-risk prostate cancer: preliminary toxicity analysis of RTOG 99-02. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 73(3):672-678.
68. Cobleigh M.A., Bines J., Harris D. Amenorrhea following adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995, 14:115.
69. Santoro A., Bonadonna G., Valagussa P., et al. Long-term results of combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy approach in Hodgkin's disease: superiority of ABVD plus radiotherapy versus MOPP plus radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1987, 5(1):27-37.
70. Shenkenberg T.D., Von Hoff D.D. Possible mitoxantrone-induced amenorrhea. Cancer Treat Rep 1986, 70(5):659-661.
71. Reyno L.M., Levine M.N., Skingley P., Arnold A., Abu Zahra H. Chemotherapy induced amenorrhoea in a randomised trial of adjuvant chemotherapy duration in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1992, 29A(1):21-23.
72. Plowchalk D.R., Mattison D.R. Phosphoramide mustard is responsible for the ovarian toxicity of cyclophosphamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991, 107(3):472-481.
73. Rose D.P., Davis T.E. Effects of adjuvant chemohormonal therapy on the ovarian and adrenal function of breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 1980, 40(11):4043-4047.
74. Mitwally M.F., Casper R.F. Aromatase inhibitors in ovulation induction. Semin Reprod Med 2004, 22(1):61-78.
75. Smith I.E., Dowsett M. Aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 348(24):2431-2442.
76. Bokser L., Szende B., Schally A.V. Protective effects of D-Trp6-luteinising hormone-releasing hormone microcapsules against cyclophosphamide-induced gonadotoxicity in female rats. Br J Cancer 1990, 61(6):861-865.
77. Padmanabhan N., Howell A., Rubens R.D. Mechanism of action of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer. Lancet 1986, 2(8504):411-414.
78. Padmanabhan N., Wang D.Y., Moore J.W., Rubens R.D. Ovarian function and adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987, 23(6):745-748.
79. Tancini G., Bajetta E., Marchini S., Valagussa P., Bonadonna G. Preliminary 3-year results of 12 versus 6 cycles of surgical adjuvant CMF in premenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Clin Trials 1979, 2(4):285-292.
80. Levine M.N., Bramwell V.H., Pritchard K.I., et al. Randomized trial of intensive cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and fluorouracil chemotherapy compared with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in premenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer. National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16(8):2651-2658.
81. Levine M.N., Pritchard K.I., Bramwell V.H., Shepherd L.E., Tu D., Paul N. Randomized trial comparing cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and fluorouracil with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil in premenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer: update of National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Trial MA5. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(22):5166-5170.
82. Sutton R., Buzdar A.U., Hortobagyi G.N. Pregnancy and offspring after adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Cancer 1990, 65(4):847-850.
83. Bergh J., Jonsson P.E., Glimelius B., Nygren P. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2001, 40(2/3):253-281.
84. Paris F., Perez G.I., Fuks Z., et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate preserves fertility in irradiated female mice without propagating genomic damage in offspring. Nat Med 2002, 8(9):901-902.
85. Wallace W.H., Thomson A.B., Saran F., Kelsey T.W. Predicting age of ovarian failure after radiation to a field that includes the ovaries. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 62(3):738-744.
86. Wallace W.H., Anderson R.A., Irvine D.S. Fertility preservation for young patients with cancer: who is at risk and what can be offered?. Lancet Oncol 2005, 6(4):209-218.
87. Carter J., Auchincloss S., Sonoda Y., Krychman M. Cervical cancer: issues of sexuality and fertility. Oncology (Williston Park) 2003, 17(9):1229-1234. [discussion 1234-6, 1239, 1242].
88. Gotlieb W.H., Beiner M.E., Shalmon B., et al. Outcome of fertility-sparing treatment with progestins in young patients with endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 102(4):718-725.
89. Durrieu G., Rigal M., Bugat R., Lapeyre-Mestre M. Fertility and outcomes of pregnancy after chemotherapy in a sample of childbearing aged women. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004, 18(5):573-579.
90. Lavie O. Outcome of fertility-sparing treatment with progestins in young patients with endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2004, 103(5 Pt 1):997-998. [author reply 998].
91. Fauvet R., Poncelet C., Boccara J., Descamps P., Fondrinier E., Darai E. Fertility after conservative treatment for borderline ovarian tumors: a French multicenter study. Fertil Steril 2005, 83(2):284-290. [quiz 525-6].
92. Duffy D.A., Nulsen J.C., Maier D.B., Engmann L., Schmidt D., Benadiva C.A. Obstetrical complications in gestational carrier pregnancies. Fertil Steril 2005, 83(3):749-754.
93. Del Mastro L., Venturini M., Sertoli M.R., Rosso R. Amenorrhea induced by adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer patients: prognostic role and clinical implications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997, 43(2):183-190.
94. Lee D., Ouhibi N., Battaglia D. Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue: banking reproductive potential for the future. Curr Womens Health Rep 2001, 1(2):152-156.
95. Sanders J.E., Hawley J., Levy W., et al. Pregnancies following high-dose cyclophosphamide with or without high-dose busulfan or total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1996, 87(7):3045-3052.
96. Kenney L.B., Laufer M.R., Grant F.D., Grier H., Diller L. High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood. Cancer 2001, 91(3):613-621.
97. Blumenfeld Z., Avivi I., Linn S., Epelbaum R., Ben-Shahar M., Haim N. Prevention of irreversible chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage in young women with lymphoma by a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in parallel to chemotherapy. Hum Reprod 1996, 11(8):1620-1626.
98. Blumenfeld Z. Ovarian cryopreservation versus ovarian suppression by GnRH analogues: primum non nocere. Hum Reprod 2004, 19(8):1924-1925.
99. Glode L.M., Robinson J., Gould S.F. Protection from cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage with an analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet 1981, 1(8230):1132-1134.
100. Ataya K., Rao L.V., Lawrence E., Kimmel R. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist inhibits cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian follicular depletion in rhesus monkeys. Biol Reprod 1995, 52(2):365-372.
101. Waxman J.H., Ahmed R., Smith D., et al. Failure to preserve fertility in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987, 19(2):159-162.
102. Danforth D.R., Arbogast L.K., Friedman C.I. Acute depletion of murine primordial follicle reserve by gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists. Fertil Steril 2005, 83(5):1333-1338.
103. Pereyra Pacheco B., Mendez Ribas J.M., Milone G., et al. Use of GnRH analogs for functional protection of the ovary and preservation of fertility during cancer treatment in adolescents: a preliminary report. Gynecol Oncol 2001, 81(3):391-397.
104. Trounson A., Mohr L. Human pregnancy following cryopreservation, thawing and transfer of an eight-cell embryo. Nature 1983, 305(5936):707-709.
105. Fehilly C.B., Cohen J., Simons R.F., Fishel S.B., Edwards R.G. Cryopreservation of cleaving embryos and expanded blastocysts in the human: a comparative study. Fertil Steril 1985, 44(5):638-644.
106. Testart J., Lassalle B., Belaisch-Allart J., et al. High pregnancy rate after early human embryo freezing. Fertil Steril 1986, 46(2):268-272.
107. Testart J., Lassalle B., Belaisch-Allart J., et al. Human embryo viability related to freezing and thawing procedures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987, 157(1):168-171.
108. Cohen J., DeVane G.W., Elsner C.W., et al. Cryopreservation of zygotes and early cleaved human embryos. Fertil Steril 1988, 49(2):283-289.
109. Mandelbaum J., Belaisch-Allart J., Junca A.M., et al. Cryopreservation in human assisted reproduction is now routine for embryos but remains a research procedure for oocytes. Hum Reprod 1998, 13(Suppl. 3):161-174. [discussion 175-7].
110. Azem F., Amit A., Merimsky O., Lessing J.B. Successful transfer of frozen-thawed embryos obtained after subtotal colectomy for colorectal cancer and before fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 2004, 93(1):263-265.
111. Smith G.D., Silva E.S.C.A. Developmental consequences of cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes and embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 2004, 9(2):171-178.
112. Barbieri R.L., Hornstein M.D. Assisted reproduction. Yen & Jaffe's reproductive endocrinology 2004, 839-873. Saunders, Elsevier Inc., Philadelphia, PA. J.F. Strauss, R.L. Barbieri (Eds.).
113. Stachecki J.J., Cohen J. An overview of oocyte cryopreservation. Reprod Biomed Online 2004, 9(2):152-163.
114. Atkinson H.G., Apperley J.F., Dawson K., Goldman J.M., Winston R.M. Successful pregnancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia. Lancet 1994, 344(8916):199.
115. Humaidan P., Bredkjaer H.E., Bungum L., et al. GnRH agonist (buserelin) or hCG for ovulation induction in GnRH antagonist IVF/ICSI cycles: a prospective randomized study. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(5):1213-1220.
116. Kolibianakis E.M., Schultze-Mosgau A., Schroer A., et al. A lower ongoing pregnancy rate can be expected when GnRH agonist is used for triggering final oocyte maturation instead of HCG in patients undergoing IVF with GnRH antagonists. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(10):2887-2892.
117. Taylor C.W., Green S., Dalton W.S., et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial of goserelin versus surgical ovariectomy in premenopausal patients with receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16(3):994-999.
118. Klijn J.G., Blamey R.W., Boccardo F., Tominaga T., Duchateau L., Sylvester R. Combined tamoxifen and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist versus LHRH agonist alone in premenopausal advanced breast cancer: a meta-analysis of four randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(2):343-353.
119. Gadducci A., Biglia N., Sismondi P., Genazzani A.R. Breast cancer and sex steroids: critical review of epidemiological, experimental and clinical investigations on etiopathogenesis, chemoprevention and endocrine treatment of breast cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005, 20(6):343-360.
120. Kurbel S. Selective reduction of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer occurrence by estrogen receptor modulators supports etiological distinction between ER positive and ER negative breast cancers. Med Hypotheses 2005, 64(6):1182-1187.
121. Dotzlaw H., Leygue E., Watson P.H., Murphy L.C. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta in human breast tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82(7):2371-2374.
122. Leygue E.R., Watson P.H., Murphy L.C. Estrogen receptor variants in normal human mammary tissue. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996, 88(5):284-290.
123. Osborne C.K. Tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1998, 339(22):1609-1618.
124. Allred C.D., Allred K.F., Ju Y.H., Virant S.M., Helferich W.G. Soy diets containing varying amounts of genistein stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent (MCF-7) tumors in a dose-dependent manner. Cancer Res 2001, 61(13):5045-5050.
125. Prest S.J., May F.E., Westley B.R. The estrogen-regulated protein, TFF1, stimulates migration of human breast cancer cells. FASEB J 2002, 16(6):592-594.
126. Rongieres-Bertrand C., Olivennes F., Righini C., et al. Revival of the natural cycles in in-vitro fertilization with the use of a new gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (Cetrorelix): a pilot study with minimal stimulation. Hum Reprod 1999, 14(3):683-688.
127. Ingerslev H.J., Hojgaard A., Hindkjaer J., Kesmodel U. A randomized study comparing IVF in the unstimulated cycle with IVF following clomiphene citrate. Hum Reprod 2001, 16(4):696-702.
128. Omland A.K., Abyholm T., Fedorcsak P., et al. Pregnancy outcome after IVF and ICSI in unexplained, endometriosis-associated and tubal factor infertility. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(3):722-727.
129. Poniatowski B.C., Grimm P., Cohen G. Chemotherapy-induced menopause: a literature review. Cancer Invest 2001, 19(6):641-648.
130. Jakesz R., Hausmaninger H., Kubista E., et al. Randomized adjuvant trial of tamoxifen and goserelin versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil: evidence for the superiority of treatment with endocrine blockade in premenopausal patients with hormone-responsive breast cancer-Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 5. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20(24):4621-4627.
131. Pritchard K.I. Adjuvant therapy for premenopausal women with breast cancer: is it time for another paradigm shift?. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20(24):4611-4614.
132. Baum M., Budzar A.U., Cuzick J., et al. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial. Lancet 2002, 359(9324):2131-2139.
133. Ravdin P. Aromatase inhibitors for the endocrine adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. Lancet 2002, 359(9324):2126-2127.
134. Robertson A., Ginsburg E. Ovarian response and embryo yield after in vitro fertilization in patients undergoing embryo-banking prior to chemotherapy compared to the infertile population. Fertil Steril 2005, 84:S347-S348.
135. Fosas N., Marina F., Torres P.J., et al. The births of five Spanish babies from cryopreserved donated oocytes. Hum Reprod 2003, 18(7):1417-1421.
136. Tucker M., Morton P., Liebermann J. Human oocyte cryopreservation: a valid alternative to embryo cryopreservation?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004, 113(Suppl. 1):S24-S27.
137. Miller K.A., Elkind-Hirsch K., Levy B., Graubert M.D., Ross S.J., Scott R.T. Pregnancy after cryopreservation of donor oocytes and preimplantation genetic diagnosis of embryos in a patient with ovarian failure. Fertil Steril 2004, 82(1):211-214.
138. van Uem J.F., Siebzehnrubl E.R., Schuh B., Koch R., Trotnow S., Lang N. Birth after cryopreservation of unfertilized oocytes. Lancet 1987, 1(8535):752-753.
139. Chen C. Pregnancy after human oocyte cryopreservation. Lancet 1986, 1(8486):884-886.
140. Chen C. Pregnancies after human oocyte cryopreservation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988, 541:541-549.
141. Chen S.U., Lien Y.R., Chen H.F., Chang L.J., Tsai Y.Y., Yang Y.S. Observational clinical follow-up of oocyte cryopreservation using a slow-freezing method with 1,2-propanediol plus sucrose followed by ICSI. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(7):1975-1980.
142. Toth T.L., Lanzendorf S.E., Sandow B.A., et al. Cryopreservation of human prophase I oocytes collected from unstimulated follicles. Fertil Steril 1994, 61(6):1077-1082.
143. Gook D.A., Edgar D.H. Cryopreservation of the human female gamete: current and future issues. Hum Reprod 1999, 14(12):2938-2940.
144. Gook D.A., Edgar D.H., Stern C. Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004, 113(Suppl. 1):S41-S44.
145. Porcu E., Fabbri R., Seracchioli R., Ciotti P.M., Magrini O., Flamigni C. Birth of a healthy female after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of cryopreserved human oocytes. Fertil Steril 1997, 68(4):724-726.
146. Porcu E. Oocyte freezing. Semin Reprod Med 2001, 19(3):221-230.
147. Posada M.N., Kolp L., Garcia J.E. Fertility options for female cancer patients: facts and fiction. Fertil Steril 2001, 75(4):647-653.
148. Boldt J., Cline D., McLaughlin D. Human oocyte cryopreservation as an adjunct to IVF-embryo transfer cycles. Hum Reprod 2003, 18(6):1250-1255.
149. Wang W.H., Meng L., Hackett R.J., Odenbourg R., Keefe D.L. Limited recovery of meiotic spindles in living human oocytes after cooling-rewarming observed using polarized light microscopy. Hum Reprod 2001, 16(11):2374-2378.
150. Jones A., Van Blerkom J., Davis P., Toledo A.A. Cryopreservation of metaphase II human oocytes effects mitochondrial membrane potential: implications for developmental competence. Hum Reprod 2004, 19(8):1861-1866.
151. Hwu Y.M., Lee R.K.K., Su J.T., Lin M.W., Lin S.P.AT Fertilization and embryonic development of cryopreserved human immature oocytes collected at time of Caesarean section following intracytoplasmic injection Fertil Steril 1998, 70:110-111.
152. Lee D.M., Yeoman R.R., Battaglia D.E., et al. Live birth after ovarian tissue transplant. Nature 2004, 428(6979):137-138.
153. Newton H. The cryopreservation of ovarian tissue as a strategy for preserving the fertility of cancer patients. Hum Reprod Update 1998, 4(3):237-247.
154. ASRM Ovarian tissue and oocyte cryopreservation. Fertil Steril 2008, 90(5):S241-S246.
155. Almodin C.G., Minguetti-Camara V.C., Meister H., et al. Recovery of fertility after grafting of cryopreserved germinative tissue in female rabbits following radiotherapy. Hum Reprod 2004, 19(6):1287-1293.
156. Oktay K., Economos K., Kan M., Rucinski J., Veeck L., Rosenwaks Z. Endocrine function and oocyte retrieval after autologous transplantation of ovarian cortical strips to the forearm. JAMA 2001, 286(12):1490-1493.
157. Oktay K., Aydin B.A., Karlikaya G. A technique for laparoscopic transplantation of frozen-banked ovarian tissue. Fertil Steril 2001, 75(6):1212-1216.
158. Oktay K., Buyuk E., Rosenwaks Z., Rucinski J. A technique for transplantation of ovarian cortical strips to the forearm. Fertil Steril 2003, 80(1):193-198.
159. Schnorr J., Oehninger S., Toner J., et al. Functional studies of subcutaneous ovarian transplants in non-human primates: steroidogenesis, endometrial development, ovulation, menstrual patterns and gamete morphology. Hum Reprod 2002, 17(3):612-619.
160. Radford J. Autotransplantation of ovarian tissue and the risk of disease transmission. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004, 113(Suppl. 1):S48-S49.
161. Callejo J., Salvador C., Miralles A., Vilaseca S., Lailla J.M., Balasch J. Long-term ovarian function evaluation after autografting by implantation with fresh and frozen-thawed human ovarian tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86(9):4489-4494.
162. Candy C.J., Wood M.J., Whittingham D.G. Restoration of a normal reproductive lifespan after grafting of cryopreserved mouse ovaries. Hum Reprod 2000, 15(6):1300-1304.
163. Aubard Y., Piver P., Cogni Y., Fermeaux V., Poulin N., Driancourt M.A. Orthotopic and heterotopic autografts of frozen-thawed ovarian cortex in sheep. Hum Reprod 1999, 14(8):2149-2154.
164. Baird D.T., Webb R., Campbell B.K., Harkness L.M., Gosden R.G. Long-term ovarian function in sheep after ovariectomy and transplantation of autografts stored at -196°C. Endocrinology 1999, 140(1):462-471.
165. Kim S.S. Ovarian tissue banking for cancer patients. To do or not to do?. Hum Reprod 2003, 18(9):1759-1761.
166. Bedaiwy M.A., Falcone T. Ovarian tissue banking for cancer patients: reduction of post-transplantation ischaemic injury: intact ovary freezing and transplantation. Hum Reprod 2004, 19(6):1242-1244.
167. Guinee V.F., Olsson H., Moller T., et al. Effect of pregnancy on prognosis for young women with breast cancer. Lancet 1994, 343(8913):1587-1589.
168. Surbone A., Petrek J.A. Childbearing issues in breast carcinoma survivors. Cancer 1997, 79(7):1271-1278.
169. Velentgas P., Daling J.R., Malone K.E., et al. Pregnancy after breast carcinoma: outcomes and influence on mortality. Cancer 1999, 85(11):2424-2432.
170. Steigrad S., Hacker N.F., Kolb B. In vitro fertilization surrogate pregnancy in a patient who underwent radical hysterectomy followed by ovarian transposition, lower abdominal wall radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Fertil Steril 2005, 83(5):1547-1549.
171. Zhang J., Grifo J.A., Del Priore G. Gestational carrier pregnancy with oocytes obtained during surgery for stage IIIc ovarian cancer after controlled ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 2005, 83(5):1547-1549.
172. Galbraith M., McLachlan H.V., Swales J.K. Commercial agencies and surrogate motherhood: a transaction cost approach. Health Care Anal 2005, 13(1):11-31.
173. Fett J.D. Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in both surrogate and biological mother. Hum Reprod 2005, 20(9):2666-2668.
174. Landon M.B., Catalano P.M., Gabbe S.G. Diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies 2002, 1081-1116. Hartcourt Health Sciences Company, Philadelphia, PA. S.G. Gabbe, J.R. Niebyl, J.L. Simpson (Eds.).
175. Sibai B.M. Hypertension. Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies 2002, 945-1004. Hartcourt Health Sciences Company, Philadelphia, PA. S.G. Gabbe, J.R. Niebyl, J.L. Simpson (Eds.).
176. Rideout W.M., Eggan K., Jaenisch R. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome. Science 2001, 293(5532):1093-1098.
177. Hubner K., Fuhrmann G., Christenson L.K., et al. Derivation of oocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells. Science 2003, 300(5623):1251-1256.
178. Geijsen N., Horoschak M., Kim K., Gribnau J., Eggan K., Daley G.Q. Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells. Nature 2004, 427(6970):148-154.
179. Friedrich M.J. George Daley, MD., PhD, talks about the clinical promise of stem cell research. JAMA 2005, 293(7):787-789.
180. Rideout W.M., Hochedlinger K., Kyba M., Daley G.Q., Jaenisch R. Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy. Cell 2002, 109(1):17-27.