Biomarkers in carcinoma of the gallbladder

Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics

Volumn 2, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 511-526

  Rupesh, Priya ^a   Manoj, Pandey ^a   Kumar, Shukla Vijay ^a  

^a BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; CA 19 9; Gallbladder cancer; Molecular; Serological

Indexed keywords

ARGINASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CA 125 ANTIGEN; CA 15-3 ANTIGEN; CA 19-9 ANTIGEN; CA 242 ANTIGEN; CA 50 ANTIGEN; CA 72-4 ANTIGEN; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CYCLINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; FRAGILE HISTIDINE TRIAD PROTEIN; GROWTH FACTOR; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HLA ANTIGEN; MUCIN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P53;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CHROMOSOME 17P; CHROMOSOME 18; CHROMOSOME 8P; CHROMOSOME 9P; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EARLY CANCER; GALLBLADDER; GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA; GENE MUTATION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE K RAS; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS;

EID: 77953397685     PISSN: 17530059     EISSN: 17530067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.5.511     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Lazcano-Ponce E, Miquel J F, Ferrecio C, et al. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cance. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:349-364
2. Abi-Rached B, Neugut AI. Diagnostic and management issues in gallbladder carcinoma. Oncology (Huntingt) 1995;9:19-24; discussion 24, 27, 30
3. Dhir V, Mohandas KM. Epidemiology of digestive tract cancers in India IV. Gallbladder and Pancreas. Indian J Gastroenterol 1999;18:24-28
4. Kaushik SP, Kapoor VK, Haribhakti SP. Carcinoma gallbladder. GI Surg Ann 1997;4:87-101
5. Wanebo HJ, Michael PV. Carcinoma gallbladder. J Surg Oncol 1993;3(Suppl):134-139
6. Tazuma S, Kajiyama G. Carcinogenesis of malignant lesions of the gallbladder. the impact of chronic inflammation and gallstones. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2001;386:224-229
7. Chu TM. Biochemical markers for human cancer, In: Seifert G, editor, Morphological tumors markers, general aspects and diagnostic relevance. Springer: Verlag; 1987. p. 19-42
8. Harnden DG. Human tumor markers. Biological basis and clinical relevance. J Roy Soc Med 1985;78:1071-1072
9. Virji MA, Mercer DW, Herberman RB. Tumor Markers and their measurements. Pathol Res Pract 1988;183:95-99
10. Bates SE, Longo DL. Use of serum tumor markers in cancer diagnosis and management. Semin Oncol 1987;14:102-138
11. Shukla VK, Gurubachan, Sharma D, et al. Diagnostic value of serum CA 242, CA 19-9, CA 15-3 and CA 125 in patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder. Trop Gastroenterol 2006;27(4):160-165
12. M Enjoji a, Yamaguchi b K, Nakamuta M, et al. Movement of a novel serum tumour marker, RCAS1, in patients with biliary diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36:622-627
13. Atkinson BF, Ernst CS, Herlyn M, et al. Gastrointestinal cancer-associated antigen in immunoperoxidase assay. Cancer Res 1982;42:4820-4823
14. Dietel M, Arps H, Klapdor R, et al. Antigen detection by the monoclonal antibodies CA 19-9 and CA 125 in normal and tumor tissue and patients sera. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1986;111:257-265
15. Haglund C, Lindgren J, Roberts P, et al. Tissue expression of the tumor marker CA 50 in benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. A comparison with CA 19-9. Int J Cancer 1986;38:841-846
16. Haglund C, Lindgren J, Roberts P, et al. Gastrointestinal cancer-associated antigen CA 19-9 in histological specimes of pancreatic tumours and pancreatitis. Br J Cancer 1986;53:189-195
17. Nishida K, Miyagawa H, Yoshikawa T, et al. Concentration and localization of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in tissues of pancreatic cancer. Oncology 1988;45:166-171
18. Schwenk J, Makowitzky J. Tissue expression of the cancer associated antigens CA 19-9 and CA-50 in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Pancreatol 1989;5:85-98
19. Malati T. Tumor markers. An overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2007;22(2):17-31
20. Akdogan M, Parlak E, Kayhan B, et al. Are serum and biliary carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigenl9-9 determinations reliable for differentiation between benign and malignant biliary disease. Turk J Gastroenterol 2003;14(3):181-184
21. Redaelli CA, Büchler MW, Schilling MK, et al. High coincidence of Mirizzi syndrome and gallbladder carcinoma. Surgery 1997;121(1):58-63
22. Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, et al. Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. A case-control study. Hepatology 1998;27(2):311-316
23. Rumalla A, Petersen BT. Diagnosis and therapy of biliary tract malignancy. Semin Gastrointest Dis 2000;11(3):168-173
24. Noshiro H, Chijiiwa K, Yamaguchi K, et al. Factors affecting surgical outcome for gallbladder carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2003;50(52):939-944
25. Tasaki K, Yamamoto H, Watanabe K, et al. Successful treatment of lymph node metastases recurring from gallbladder cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2003;10(1):113-117
26. Maruiwa M, Yano H, Kataoka A, et al. Heterotransplantation of an alphafetoprotein-producing human gallbladder carcinoma into nude mice. Acta Pathol Jpn 1988;38:501-513
27. Harmenberg U, Wahren B, Wiechel KL. Tumor markers carbohydrate antigens CA 19-9 and CA-50 and carcinoembryonic antigen in pancreatic cancer and benign diseases of the pancreatobiliary tract. Cancer Res 1988;48:1985-1988
28. Kimura W, Muto T, Esaki Y. Incidence and Pathogenesis of villous tumors of the gallbladder and their relation to cancer. J Gastroenterol 1994;29:61-65
29. Sasaki R. Immunohistochemical study of cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens in carcinoma of the biliary tract. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1989;90:1976-1988
30. Roa I, Arya JC, Shirasch T, et al. Gallbladder cancer. Immunohistochemical expression of CA 19-9, epithelial membrane antigen, dupin-2 and CEA. Rev Med Chil 1992;120:1218-1226
31. Pingitore R, Bonucci M, Bigini D, et al. Chronic calculus choecystitis. Elementary and dysplastic lesions, echographic correlations and Immunohistochemical approach. Pathologica 1992;84:171-185
32. Stefanovic D, Novakovic R, Perisic-Savic M, et al. The evaluation of tumor markers levels in determination of surgical procedure in patients with gallbladder carcinoma. Med Pregl 1993;46 (Suppl 1):58-59
33. Nakashima M, Sonoda K, Watanabe T. Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptotic cell death by the human tumor-associated antigen RCAS1. Nat Med 1999;5:938-942
34. Enjoji M, Nakashima M, Nishi H, et al. The tumor-associated antigen, RCAS1, can be expressed in immune-mediated diseases as well as in carcinomas of the biliary tract. J Hepatol 2002;36:786-792
35. Oshikiri T, Hida Y, Miyamoto M, et al. RCAS1 expression as a prognostic factor after curative surgery for extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Br J Cancer 2001;85,1922-7
36. Bast RC Jr. Freeney M, Lazarus H, et al. Reactivity of a monoclonal antibody with human ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Invest 1981;68:1331-1337
37. O'Brien TJ, Raymond LM, Bannon GA. New monoclonal antibodies identify the glycoprotein carrying the CA 125 epitope. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1857-1864
38. Davis HM, Zurawski VR, Bast RC, et al. Characterization of the CA 125 antigen associated with human epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res 1986;46:6143-6148
39. Magnani J, Nilsson B, Brockhous M, et al. The Antigen of a Tumor Specific Monoclonal Antibody is a Ganglioside containing sialylated lacto-N-fucopentaose II. Federation Proceedings 1982;41:898
40. Chaube A, Tewari M, Singh U, et al. CA 125. A potential tumor marker for gallbladder cancer. J Surg Oncol 2006;93(8):665-669
41. Duffy MJ, Shering S, Sherry F, et al. CA15.3. a prognostic marker in breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2000;1:330-333
42. Nalini R, Delphine W, Silvia CR, et al. Usefulness of serum CA15.3 and Histopathological prognostic indices in breast cancer. Ind J Clin Biochem 2005;20:165-168
43. Thriveni K, Krishnamoorthy L, Ramaswamy G. Correlation study of carcino embryonic antigen & cancer antigen 15.3 in pretreated female breast cancer patient. Ind J Clin Biochem 2007;22:57-60
44. Lindholm L, Holmgren J, Svennerholm L, et al. Monoclonal antibodies against gastrointestinal tumour-associated antigens isolated as monosialogangliosides. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immun 1983;71:178-181
45. Johansson C, Nilsson O, Bäckström D. Novel epitopes on the CA50-carrying antigen. chemical and immunochemical studies. Tumour Biol 1991;12:159-170
46. Johansson C, Nilsson O, Lindholm L. Comparison of serological expression of different epitopes on the CA50 carrying antigen CanAg. Int J Cancer 1991;48:757-763
47. Pasanen P, Eskelinen M, Partanen K, et al. Multivariate analysis of six serum tumour markers(CEA, CA 50, CA 242, TPA, TPS, TATI) and conventional laboratory tests in the diagnosis of hepatopancreatobiliary malignancy. Anticancer Res 1995;15:2731-2738
48. Brockmann J, Emparan C, Hernandez CA, et al. Gallbladder bile tumor marker quantification for detection of pancreatico-biliary malignancies. Anticancer Res 2000;20:4941-4947
49. Bordes M, Michiels R, Martin F. Detection by immunofluorescence of carcinoembryonic antigen in colonic carcinoma, other malignant and benign tumor and non-cancerous tissues. Digestion 1973;9:106-115
50. Isaacson P. The demonstration of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1976;17:561-567
51. O'Brien MJ, Zamcheck N, Burke B, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in benign and malignant colorectal tissues. Assessment of diagnostic value. Am J Clin Pathol 1981;75:283-290
52. Strom BL, Uiopoulos D, Atkinson B, et al. Pathophysiology of tumor progression in human gallbladder. Flow cytometry CEA and CA 19-9 levels in bile and serum in different stages of gallbladder diseases. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1575-1580
53. Okami J, Dohno K, Sakon M, et al. Genetic detection for micrometastasis in lymph node of biliary tract carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:2326-2332
54. Kanthan R, Radhi JM, Kanthan SC. Gallbladder carcinomas. An immunoprognostic evaluation on p53, Bcl-2, CEA and alpha fetoprotein. Can J Gastroenterol 2000;14:181-184
55. Dowaki S, Kijima H, Kashiwagi H, et al. CEA immunohistochemical localization is correlated with growth and metastasis of human gallbladder carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2000;16(1):49-53
56. Vij U, Baskaran V. Value of serum CEA and AFP in the diagnosis and prognosis of carcinomagallbladder. Trop Gastroenterol 2001;22(4):227-229
57. Matsuda M, Shimizu Y, Chikamatsu E, et al. Role of carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and cytology of bile in diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic cancer. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1991;92:716-721
58. Maxwell P, Davis RI, Sloan JM. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in benign and malignant epithelium of the gall bladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and ampulla of Vater. J Pathol 1993;170:73-76
59. Albores-Saavedra J, Nadji M, Morales AR, et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen in normal, preneoplastic and neoplastic gallbladder epithelium. Cancer 1983;52(6):1069-1072
60. Choi YL, Xuan YH, Shin YK, et al. An immunohistochemical study of the expression of adhesion molecules in gallbladder lesions. J Histochem Cytochem 2004;52(5):591-601
61. Egawa N, Tu Y, Kamisawa T, et al. A comparative clinical study of gallbladder tubular adenocarcinoma according to the grade of differentiation. J Gastroenterol 2004;39(10):975-980
62. Akdogan M, Parlak E, Kayhan B, et al. Are serum and biliary carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen19-9 determinations reliable for differentiation between benign and malignant biliary disease? Turk J Gastroenterol 2003;14(3):181-4. Erratum in: Turk J Gastroenterol 2004;15(2):122
63. Akiyama H, Yamamoto M, Sumiyoshi H, et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in gallbladder bile and mucosa in cholecystolithiasis. Acta Chir Scand 1986;152:509-513
64. Lurie BB, Loewenstein MS, Zamcheck N. Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels and biliary tract obstruction. JAMA 1975;233(4):326-330
65. Kashiwagi H, Kijima H, Dowaki S, et al. MUC1 and MUC2 expression in human gallbladder carcinoma. A clinicopathological study and relationship with prognosis. Oncol Rep 2001;8:485-489
66. Kashiwagi H, Kijima H, Dowaki S, et al. DF3 expression in human gallbladder carcinoma. Significance for lymphatic invasion. Int J Oncol 2000;16:455-459
67. Kawamoto T, Shoda J, Irimura T, et al. Expression of MUC1 mucins in the subserosal layer correlates with postsurgical prognosis of pathological tumor stage? carcinoma of the gallbladder. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1333-1342
68. Chang HJ, Kim SW, Lee BL, et al. Phenotypic alterations of mucins and cytokeratins during gallbladdercarcinogenesis. Pathol Int 2004;54(8):576-584
69. Isozaki H, Okajimo K, Hara H, et al. Proliferating nuclear antigen expression in the gallbladder with pancreatobiliary maljunction. J Surg Oncol 1997;65:46-49
70. Hanada K, Itoh M, Fujii K, et al. Expression of the proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder, and its relationship to prognosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1995;55:377-382
71. Hanada K, Itoh M, Fujii K, et al. Pathology and cellular kinetics of gallbladder with an anomalous junction of the pancreatico-biliary duct. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:1007-1011
72. Lee CS. Differences in cell proliferation and prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 antigen immunoreactivity in insitu and invasive carcinomas of the extrahepatic biliary tree. Cancer 1996;78:1881-1887
73. Quing D, xia L, Zhang X. The expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) in primary gallbladder carcinoma and its significance. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 1995;33:102-104
74. Wistuba II, Sugio K, Hung J, et al. Allele specific mutations involved in the pathogenesis of endemic gallbladder carcinoma in Chile. Cancer Res 1995;55:2511-2515
75. Sasatomi E, Tokunaga O, Miyazaki K. Spontaneous Apoptosis in gallbladder carcinoma. relationship with clinicopathlogic factors, expression of E-cadherin, bcl2 protooncogene, and p53 oncosuppressor gene. Cancer 1993;78:2101-2110
76. Knudson AG Jr. The ninth Gordon Hamilton-Fairley memorial lecture. Hereditary cancers: clues to mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 1989;59:661-666
77. Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 1997;88:323-331
78. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollatein M, et al. Mutations in the p53 tumor supressor gene. clue to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 1994;54:4855-4878
79. Harris CC. p53 Tumor suppressor gene from the basic research laboratory to the clinic-an abridged historical perspective. Carcinogenesis 1996;17:1187-1198
80. Kamb A, Gruis NA, Weaver-Feldhaus J, et al. A cell cycle regulator potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science (Washington DC) 1994;264:436-440
81. Wistuba I, Gazdar A F, Sugio K, et al. Abnormalities of p53 and K-ras gene in the pathogenesis of endemic gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) in Chile [abstract]. Lab Invest 1995;72:70A
82. Itoi T, Watanabe H, Yoshida M, et al. Correlation of p53 protein expression with gene mutation in gallbladder carcinomas. Pathol Int 1997;47:525-530
83. Cunningham J, Lust JA, Schaid DJ, et al. Expression of p53 and 17p allelic loss in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1992;52:1974-1980
84. Wagata T, Shibagaki I, Imamura M, et al. Loss of17p, mutation of the p53 gene, and overexpression of p53 protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 1993;53:846-850
85. Hidaka E, Yanagisawa A, Sakai Y, et al. Losses of heterozygosity on chromosomes 17p and 9p/18q my play important roles in early and advanced phases of gallbladder carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1999;125:439-443
86. Ajiki T, Onoyama H, Yamamoto M, et al. p53 protein expressoin and prognosis in gallbladder carcinoma and pemalignant lesion. Hepatogastroenterology 1996;43:521-526
87. Billo P, Marchegiani C, Capella C, et al. Expression of p53 in gallbladder carcinoma and in dysplastic and metaplastic lesions of the surrounding mucosa. Pathologica 2000;92:249-256
88. Misra S, Chaturvedi A, Goel MM, et al. Overexpression of p53 protein in gallbladder carcinoma in North India. Eur J Surg Oncol 2000;26:164-167
89. Mauricio Moreno, Fernando Pimentel, Adi F Gazdar, et al. TP53 abnormalities are frequent and early events in the sequential pathogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma. Ann Hepatol 2005;4 (3):192-199
90. Lee SC, Pirdas A. p53 protein immunoreactivity in cancers of the gallbladder, extrehepatic bile ducts and ampulla of Vater. Pathology 1995;27:117-120
91. Kamb A, Gruãs NA, Weaver-Feldhaus J, et al. A cell cycle regulator potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science (Washington DC) 1994;264:436-440
92. Okamoto A, Demetrick D J, Spillare, et al. Mutations and altered expression of pl6INK4 in human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:11045-11049
93. Yoshida S, Todoroki T,Ichikawa Y, et al. Mutations of p16ink4/CDKN2 and p15ink4b/MTS2 genes in biliary tract cancers. Cancer Res 1995;55:2756-2760
94. Barbacid M. ras genes. Ann Rev Biochem 1987;56:779-827
95. Bos JL. The ras gene family and human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 1988;195:255-271
96. Lee JC, Lin PW, Lin YJ, et al. Analysis of K-ras gene mutations in periampullary cancers, gallbladder cancers and cholangiocarcinomas from paraffin-embedded tissue sections. J Formos Med Assoc 1995;94:719-723
97. Ajiki T, Fujimori T, Onoyama H, et al. K-ras gene mutation in gallbladder carcinomas and dysplasia. Gut 1996;38:426-429
98. Hanada K, Itoh M, Fujii K, et al. K-ras and p53 mutations in stage I gallbladder carcinoma with an anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary duct. Cancer 1996;77:452-458
99. Hanada K, Tsuchida A, Iwao T, et al. Gene mutations of K-ras in in gallbladder mucosae and gallbladder carcinoma with an anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliry duct. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1638-1642
100. Fearson ER, Cho KR, Nigro JM, et al. Identification of a chromosome 18q gene that is altered in colorectal cancers. Science 1990;247:49-56
101. Wistuba II, Tang M, Maitra A, et al. Genome-wide allelotyping analysis reveals multiple sites of allelic loss in gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Res 2001;61 (9):3795-3800
102. Yoshida T, Sugai T, Habano W, et al. Microsatellite instability in gallbladder carcinoma. two independent genetic pathways of gallbladder carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2000;35 (10):768-774
103. Matsuo K, Kuroki T, Kitaoka F, et al. Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 16q in gallbladder carcinoma. J Surg Res 2002;102 (2):133-136
104. Tanaka H, Shimada Y, Harada H, et al. Methylation of the 50 CpG island of the FHIT gene is closely associated with transcriptional inactivation in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 1998;58:3429-3434
105. Zochbauer-Muller S, Fong KM, Maitra A, et al. 50 CpG island methylation of the FHIT gene is with loss of gene expression in lung and breast cancer. Cancer Res 2001;61:3581-3585
106. Wistuba II, Ashfaq R, Maitra A, et al. Fragile histidine triad gene abnormalities in the pathogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2002;160:2073-2079
107. Koda M, Yashima K, Kawaguchi K, et al. Expression of Fhit, Mlh1, and P53 protein in human gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2003;199:131-138
108. Riquelme E, Tang M, Baez S, et al. Frequent epigenetic inactivation of chromosome 3p candidate tumor suppressor genes in gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2007;250 (1):100-106
109. Yamaguchi A, Zhang M, Goi T, et al. Expression of variant CD44 containing variant exon v8-10 in gallbladder cancer. Oncol Rep 2000;7:541-544
110. Prall F, Nollau P, Neumaier M, et al. CD 66a (BGP), an adhesion molecule of the carcinoembryonic antigen family, is expressed in epithelium, endothelium, and myeloid cells in a wide range of normal human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 1996;44:35-41
111. Roa I, Villaseca M, Araya J, et al. CD44 (HCAM) expression in subserous gallbladder carcinoma. Rev Med Chil 2001;129:727-734
112. Yanagisawa N, Mikami T, Mitomi H, et al. CD44 variant overexpression in gallbladder carcinoma associated with tumor dedifferentiation. Cancer 2001;91:408-416
113. Furihata M, Ono Y, Ichikawa K, et al. Prognostic significance of CD83 positive, mature dendritic cells in the gallbladder carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2005;14(2):353-356
114. Boudny V, Murakami Y, Nakano S, et al. Expression of activated c-erb-B-2 oncogene induces sensitivity to cisplatin in human gallbladder adenocarcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 1996;19:5203-5206
115. Su WE, Shiesh SC, Liu HS, et al. Expression of oncogene products HER2/Neu and Ras and fibrosis-related growth factors bFGF, TGF-beta, and PDGF in bile from biliary malignancies and inflammatory disorders. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:1387-1392
116. Seitz G, Thelisinger B, Tomasetto G, et al. Breast cancer-associated protein pS2 expressio in tumors of he biliary tract. AM J Gastroenterol 1991;86:1491-1494
117. Gorunoval L, Parada LA, Limon J, et al. Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations and cytogenetic heterogeneity in gallbladder carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999;26:312-321
118. Kanoh K, Shimura T, Tsutsumi S, et al. Significance of contracted cholecystitis lesions as high risk for gallbladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2001;169:7-14
119. Ghosh M, Kawamoto T, Koike N, et al. Cyclooxygenase expression in the gallbladder. Int J Mol Med 2000;6:527-532
120. Kawamoto T, Shoda J, Asano T, et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the subserosal layer correlates with postsurgical prognosis of pathological tumor stage 2 carcinoma of the gallbladder. Int J Cancer 2002;98(3):427-434
121. Itoi T, Watanabe H, Ajioka Y, et al. APC, K ras codon 12 mutations and p53 gene expression in carcinoma and adenoma of the gallbladder suggest two genetic pathways in gallbladder carcinogenesis. Pathol Int 1996;46:30-37
122. Yoshida T, Sugai T, Habano W, et al. Microstellite instability in gallbladder carcinoma. two independent genetic pathways of gallbladder carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2000;35:768-774
123. Yamamoto M, Haga M, Takagi S, et al. HLA antigen in cancer of the gallbladder. Tohoku J Exp Med 1990;161:69-71
124. Tamiolakis D, Simopoulos C, Kotini A, et al. Prognostic significance of HLA-DR antigen in dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma of the gallbladder. East Afr Med J 2003;80(11):554-558
125. Yamamoto S, Kitadai, Tsuchida A, et al. Expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase in human gallbladder lesions. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:257-263
126. Okita S, Kondoh S, Shiraishi K, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor correlates with tumor progression in gallbladder cancer. Int J Oncol 1998;12:1013-1018
127. Quan ZW, Wu K, Wang J, et al. Association of p53, p16, and vascular endothelial growth factor protein expressions with the prognosis and metastasis of gallbladder cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2001;193:380-383
128. Pandey M, Pathak AK, Singh S, et al. Carcinoma of the gallbladder. A retrospective review of 99 cases. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:1145-1151
129. Piehler JM, Crichlow RW. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. A collective review. Surg Gynaecol Obstet 1978;147:929-942
130. Shukla VK, Khandelwal C, Roy S, et al. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. A review of 16 years period at University Hospital. J Surg Oncol Diehl AK. Gall stone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. J Am Med Asso 1983;250:2323-2326
131. Diehl AK. Gall stone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. J Am Med Asso 1983;250:2323-2326
132. Pandey M, Shukla VK. Gallbladder Cancer. New Delhi. Jaypee Brothers Med Pub (P) Ltd; 2004
133. De AX, Riedeman JP, Roa I, et al. CAA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen in gallbladder cancer. Rev Med Chil 1996;124:11-20
134. Kim HJ, Kim MH, Myung SJ, et al. A new strategy for the application of CA19-9 in the differentiation of pancreaticobiliary cancer. analysis using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1941-1946
135. Ohta T, Nagakawa T, Fonseca L, et al. Stromal distribution of CA 19-9 as a predictor of lymph node metastases in gallbladder cancer without serosal invasion. Oncology 1994;51:238-243
136. Ono T, Komatsu M, Hoshino T, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9-producing gallbladder cancer. J Gastroenterol 1996;31:742-6.
137. J Gastroenterol 1985; 28:32-35
138. Ritts RE Jr, Nagorney DM, Jacobsen DJ, et al. Comparison of preoperative serum CA19-9 levels with results of diagnostic imaging modalities in patients undergoing laparotomy for suspected pancreatic or gallbladder disease. Pancreas 1994;9:707-716
139. Roa I, Araya JC, Shiraisch T, et al. Gallbladder cancer. immunohistochemical expression of CA-19-9, epithelial membrane antigen, dupan-2 and carcinoembryonic antigen. Rev Med Chil 1992;120:1218-1226
140. Tanigawa N. Gallbladder carcinoma producing CEA, AFP, CA19-9, sialyl SSEA and CSF. Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1996;9:237-239
141. Ghosh M, Kamma H, Kawamoto T, et al. MUC 1 core protein as a marker of gallbladder malignancy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005;31:891-896
142. Kashiwagi H, Kijima H, Dowaki S, et al. MUC1 and MUC2 expression in human gallbladder carcinoma. a clinicopathological study and relationship with prognosis. Oncol Rep 2001;8:485-489
143. Kawamoto T, Shoda J, Miyahara N, et al. Expression of MUC1 recognized by a monoclonal antibody MY.1E12 is a useful biomarker for tumor aggressiveness of carcinoma of the gallbladder. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004;21:353-362
144. Wongkham S, Sheehan JK, Boonla C, et al. Serum MUC5AC mucin as a potential marker for cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2003;195:93-99
145. Yamato T, Sasaki M, Watanabe Y, et al. Expression of MUC1 and MUC2 mucin core proteins and their messenger RNA in gall bladder carcinoma. An immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J Pathol 1999;188:30-37
146. Fan YZ, Fu JY, Zhao ZM, et al. Influence of norcantharidin on proliferation, proliferation-related gene proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 of human gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2004;3:603-607
147. Shrestha ML, Miyake H, Kikutsuji T, et al. Prognostic significance of Ki-67 and p53 antigen expression in carcinomas of bile duct and gallbladder. J Med Invest 1998;45:95-102
148. Takei K, Watanabe H, Itoi T, et al. p53 and Ki-67 immunoreactivity and nuclear morphometry of 'carcinoma-in-adenoma' and adenoma of the gall-bladder. Pathol Int 1996;46:908-917
149. Takei K, Watanabe H, Itoi T, et al. p53 and Ki-67 immunoreactivity and nuclear morphometry of 'carcinoma-in-adenoma' and adenoma of the gall-bladder. Pathol Int 1996;46:426-435
150. Yamamoto S, Fujii K, Kitadai Y, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human gallbladder lesions. Oncol Rep 1998;5:1065-1069
151. Chaube A, Tewari M, Garbyal RS, et al. Preliminary study of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in gallbladder cancer in Indian patients manuscript id. 8962091628764582. BMC Cancer 2006;6:126
152. Kalekou H, Miliaras D. Immunohistochemical study of microvessel density, CD44 (standard form), p53 protein and c-erbB2 in gallbladder carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;19:812-818
153. Koda M, Yashima K, Kawaguchi K, et al. Expression of Fhit, Mlh1, and P53 protein in human gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2003;199:131-138
154. Oohashi Y, Watanabe H, Ajioka Y, et al. p53 immunostaining distinguishes malignant from benign lesions of the gall-bladder. Pathol Int 1995;45:58-65
155. Puhalla H, Kandioler D, Ludwig C, et al. p53 analysis in gallbladder cancer. comparison of gene analysis versus immunohistochemistry. Anticancer Res 2004;24:1201-1206
156. Puhalla H, Wrba F, Kandioler D, et al. Expression of p21(Wafl/Cip1), p57(Kip2) and HER2/neu in patients with gallbladder cancer. Anticancer Res 2007;27:1679-1684
157. Tian Y, Ding RY, Zhi YH, et al. Analysis of p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human gallbladder carcinoma for the determination of tumor vascularity. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:415-419
158. Xuan YH, Choi YL, Shin YK, et al. An immunohistochemical study of the expression of cell-cycle-regulated proteins p53, cyclin D1, RB, p27, Ki67 and MSH2 in gallbladder carcinoma and its precursor lesions. Histol Histopathol 2005;20:59-66
159. Yanagisawa N, Mikami T, Koike M, et al. Enhanced cell kinetics, p53 accumulation and high p21WAF1 expression in chronic cholecystitis. comparison with background mucosa of gallbladder carcinomas. Histopathology 2000;36:54-61
160. Ichikawa Y, Kamiyama M, Sekido H, et al. Telomerase activity and Bcl-2 expression in gallbladders of pancreaticobiliary maljunction patients. a preliminary study. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2004;11:34-39
161. Mikami T, Yanagisawa N, Baba H, et al. Association of Bcl-2 protein expression with gallbladder carcinoma differentiation and progression and its relation to apoptosis. Cancer 1999;85:318-325
162. Chow NH, Huang SM, Chan SH, et al. Significance of c-erbB-2 expression in normal and neoplastic epithelium of biliary tract. Anticancer Res 1995;15:1055-1059
163. Kiguchi K, Carbajal S, Chan K, et al. Constitutive expression of ErbB-2 in gallbladder epithelium results in development of adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2001;61:6971-6976
164. Matsuyama S, Kitajima Y, Sumi K, et al. Gallbladder cancers rarely overexpress HER-2/neu, demonstrated by Hercep test. Oncol Rep 2004;11:815-819
165. Su WC, Shiesh SC, Liu HS, et al. Expression of oncogene products HER2/Neu and Ras and fibrosis-related growth factors bFGF, TGF-beta, and PDGF in bile from biliary malignancies and inflammatory disorders. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:1387-1392
166. Legan M, Luzar B, Ferlan-Marolt V, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression determines neo-angiogenesis in gallbladder carcinomas. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2006;6:58-63