End-of-life care

Treatment and Management of Cancer in the Elderly

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 559-586

  Liu, Joyce ^a   Matulonis, Ursula ^a  

^a DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952424273     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (193)

1. Abrahm J. Advances in pain management for older adult patients. Clin Geriatr Med 2000; 16:269-289.
2. Vigano A, Bruera E, Suarez-Almazor M. Age, pain intensity, and opioid use in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 1998; 83:1244-1250.
3. Barnabei R, Gambassi F, Lapane K, et al. Management of pain in elderly patients with cancer. JAMA 1998; 279(23):1877-1882.
4. Cleary J, Carbone P. Palliative medicine in the elderly. Cancer 1997; 80(7):1335-1347.
5. Ward S, Goldberg N, Miller-McCauley V, et al. Patient-related barriers to management of cancer pain. Pain 1993; 52:319-324.
6. Ferrell B. Pain evaluation and management in the nursing home. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:681-687.
7. Ferrell B, Ferrell B, Osterweil D. Pain in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38:409-414.
8. Parmelee P. Pain in the cognitively impaired older person. Clin Geriatr Med 1996; 12:473-487.
9. Sengstaken E, King S. The problems of pain and its detection among geriatric nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41:541-544.
10. Cohen-Mansfield J. The adequacy of the minimum data set assessment of pain in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004; 27(4):343-351.
11. Parmelee P, Smith B, Katz I. Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institution residents. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41:517-522.
12. Ferrell B, Ferrell B, Rivera L. Pain in cognitively impaired nursing home patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10:591-598.
13. Wagner A, Goodwin M, Campbell B, et al. Pain prevalence and pain treatments for residents in Oregon nursing homes. Geriatr Nurs 1997; 18:268-272.
14. Won A, Lapane K, Gambassi G, et al. Correlates and management of nonmalignant pain in nursing home. SAGE Study Group. Systematic assessment of geriatric drug use via epidemiology. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47:936-942.
15. Hawes C, Morris J, Phillips C, et al. Reliability estimates for the minimum data set for nursing home resident assessment and care screening (MDS). Gerontologist 1995; 35:172-178.
16. Wu N, Miller S, Lapane K, et al. The problem of assessment bias when measuring the hospice effect on nursing home residents' pain, care in nursing homes. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 26:998-1009.
17. A.C.P. Committee. Management of cancer pain in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:1273-1276.
18. Gloth F. Pain management in older adults: prevention and treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49:188-199.
19. McCaffery M, Wolff M. Pain relief using cutaneous modalities, positioning, and movement. Hospice J 1992; 8:121-153.
20. World Health Organization. Cancer Pain Relief: With a Guide to Opioid Availability. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996.
21. Gloth F. Concerns with chronic analgesic therapy in elderly patients. Am J Med 1996; 101(suppl 1A):19S-24S.
22. Bell G, Schnitzer T. Cox-2 inhibitors and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of pain in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2001; 17(3):489-502.
23. Ingham J, Foley K. Pain and the barriers to its relief at the end of life. A lesson for improving end of life health care. Hospice J 1998; 13:89-105.
24. Holdsworth M, Forman W, Nystrom K. Transdermal fentanyl disposition in elderly subjects. Gerontology 1994; 40:32-37.
25. Stein W. Cancer pain in the elderly. In: Ferrell B, ed. Pain in the Elderly. Seattle, WA: IASP Press, 1996:69-90.
26. Mercantonio E, Juarez G, Goldman L, et al. The relationship of post-operative delirium with psychoactive medications. JAMA 1994; 272:1518-1522.
27. Shorr R, Griffin M, Duaughterty J, et al. Opioid analgesics and risk of hip fracture in the elderly. J Gerontol Med Sci 1992; 47:M111-M115.
28. Gurwitz J, Field T, Harrold L, et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA 2003; 289(9):1107-1116.
29. Portenoy R. Constipation in the cancer patient: causes and management. Med Clin North Am 1987; 71:303-311.
30. Ashby M, Martin P, Jackson K. Opioid substitution to reduce adverse effects in cancer pain management. Med J Aust 1999; 170:68-71.
31. Nadal J, Pederson J, Maddock W. A comparison between dehydration from salt loss and from water deprivation. J Clin Invest 1941; 20:691-713.
32. Regnard C, Mannix K. Reduced hydration or feeding in advanced disease. Palliat Med 1991; 5:161-164.
33. Viola R, Wells G, Peterson J. The effects of fluid status and fluid therapy on the dying: a systematic review. J Palliat Care 1997; 13:41-52.
34. McCann R, Hall W, Groth-Juncker A. Comfort care for terminally-ill patients: the appropriate use of nutrition and hydration. JAMA 1994; 272:1263-1266.
35. Musgrave C, Bartal N, Opstad J. The sensation of thirst in dying patients receiving IV hydration. J Palliat Care 1995; 11:17-21.
36. Ellershaw J, Sutcliffe J, Saunders C. Dehydration and the dying patient. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10:192-197.
37. Billings J. Comfort measures for the terminally ill. Is dehydration painful? J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33:808-810.
38. Steffens D, Skoog I, Norton M, et al. Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population: the Cache County study. Arch Gen Psychiat 2000; 57:601-607.
39. Crawford M, Prince M, Menezes P, et al. The recognition and treatment of depression in older people in primary care. Int J Geriatr Pscyhiat 1998; 13:172-176.
40. Bukberg J, Penman D, Holland J. Depression in hospitalized cancer patients. Psycho-som Med 1984; 46:199-212.
41. Lander M, Wilson K, Chochinov H. Depression and the dying older patient. Clin Geriatr Med 2000; 16:335-356.
42. Goldberg R, Mor V. A survey of psychotropic use in terminal cancer patients. Psychosomatics 1985; 26:745-751.
43. Blazer D, Kessler R, McGonagle K, et al. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiat 1994; 151:979-986.
44. Ganzini L, Lee M, Heintz R, et al. The effect of depression treatment on elderly patients' preferences for life-sustaining medical therapy [comment]. Am J Psychiat 1994; 151:1631-1636.
45. Chochinov H, Wilson K, Enns M, et al. Depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation in the terminally ill. Psychosomatics 1998; 39:366-370.
46. Christakis N. Timing of referral of terminally ill patients to an outpatient hospice. J Gen Intern Med 1994; 9:314-320.
47. Emmanuel E, Fairclough D, Danels E, et al. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: attitudes and experience of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public. Lancet 1996; 347:1805-1810.
48. Greenberg D. Barriers to the treatment of depression in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs 2004(32):127-135.
49. Rao A, Cohen H. Symptom management in the elderly cancer patient: fatigue, pain, and depression. J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs 2004(32):150-157.
50. Maguire P. Improving the detection of psychiatric problems in cancer patients. Soc Sci Med 1985; 20:819-823.
51. Valente S, Saunders J, Cohen M. Evaluating depression among patients with cancer. Cancer Pract 1994; 2:65-71.
52. Trask P. Assessment of depression in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs 2004(32):80-92.
53. Endicott J. Measurement of depression in patients with cancer. Cancer 1984; 53:2243-2249.
54. Lynch M. The assessment and prevalence of affective disorders in advanced cancer. J Palliat Care 1995; 11:10-18.
55. Ferrell B, Ferrell B. The older patient. In: Holland J, ed. Psychooncology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998:839-844.
56. Endicott J, Spitzer R. A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiat 1978; 35:837-844.
57. Spitzer R, Williams J, Gibbons M, et al. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990.
58. Massie M, Popkin M. Depressive disorders. In: Holland J, ed. Psychooncology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998:518-540.
59. Robins L, Helzer J, Croughan J, et al. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Arch Gen Psychiat 1981; 38:381-389.
60. Alexander P, Dinesh N, Vidyasagar M. Psychiatric morbidity among cancer patients and its relationship with awareness of illness and expectations about treatment outcome. Acta Oncol 1993; 32:623-626.
61. Berard R, Boermeester F, Viljoen G. Depressive disorders in an out-patient oncology setting: prevalence, assessment, and management. Psychooncology 1998; 7:112-120.
62. Ciaramella A, Poli P. Assessment of depression among cancer patients: the role of pain, cancer type and treatment. Psychooncology 2001; 10:156-165.
63. Zigmond A, Snaith R. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiat Scand 1983; 67:361-370.
64. DeHaes J, Van Knippenberg F, Nejit J. Measuring psychological and physical distress in cancer patients: structure and application of the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist. Br J Cancer 1990; 62:1034.
65. Beck A, Beck R. Screening depressed patients in family practice: a rapid technique. Postgrad Med 1972; 52:595-605.
66. Beck A, Ward C, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiat 1961; 4:561-571.
67. Boulet J, Boss M. Reliability and validity of the Brief Symptoms Inventory. Psychol Assess 1991; 3:433-437.
68. Derogatis L. The Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI) Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-II. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research, 1992.
69. Derogatis L, Melisaratos N. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med 1983; 13:595-605.
70. Radloff L. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measure 1977; 1:385-401.
71. Zung W. Depression in the normal aged. Psychosomatics 1967; 8:287-292.
72. Zung W. Factors influencing the self-rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiat 1967; 16:543-547.
73. Yesavage J, Brink T, Rose T, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiat Res 1982-1983; 17:37-49.
74. Weissman M, Bland R, Canino G, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 1996; 276:293-299.
75. Plumb M, Holland J. Comparative studies of psychological function in patients with advanced cancer. II. Interviewer-rated. Psychosomatics 1981; 43:243-254.
76. Williamson G, Schultz R. Activity restriction mediates the association between pain and depressed affect. A study of younger and older cancer patients. Psychol Aging 1995; 10:369-378.
77. Glover J, Dibble S, Dodd M, et al. Mood states of oncology outpatients: does pain make a difference? J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10:120-128.
78. Barsevick A, Sweeney C, Haeny E, et al. A systematic qualitative analysis of psychoe-ducational interventions for depression in patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2002; 29:73-84.
79. Fawzy F, Fawzy N, Arndt L, et al. Critical review of psychosocial interventions in cancer care. Arch Gen Psychiat 1995; 52:100-113.
80. Rosholm J, Bjerrum L, Hallas J, et al. Polypharmacy and the risk for drug-drug interactions among Danish elderly. Dan Med Bull 1998; 45:210-213.
81. De Vane C, Pollock B. Pharmacokinetic considerations of antidepressant use in the elderly. J Clin Psychiat 1999; 60(suppl 20):38-44.
82. McDonald W, Salzman C, Schatzberg A. Depression in the elderly. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002; 36(suppl 2):112-122.
83. Rehman H, Masson E. Neuroendocrinology of ageing. Age Ageing 2001; 30:279-287.
84. Reynolds C, Farank E, Kupfer D, et al. Treatment outcome in recurrent major depression: a post hoc comparison of elderly ("young old") and midlife patients. Am J Psychiat 1996; 153:1288-1292.
85. Rabheru K. Special issues in the management of depression in older patients. Can J Psychiat 2004; 49(3 suppl 1):41S-50S.
86. Cassano G, Puca F, Scapicchio P, et al. Paroxetine and fluoxetine effects on mood and cognitive functions in depressed nondemented elderly patients. J Clin Psychiat 2002; 63:396-402.
87. Newhouse P, Krishnan K, Doraiswamy P, et al. A double-blind comparison of sertra-line and fluoxetine in depressed elderly outpatients. J Clin Psychiat 2000; 61:559-568.
88. Mahapatra S, Hackett D. A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of venlafaxine and dothiepin in geriatric patients with major depression. Int J Clin Pract 1997; 51:209-213.
89. Hoyberg O, Maragakis B, Mullin J, et al. A double-blind multicentre comparison of mirtazapine and amitriptyline in elderly depressed patients. Acta Psychiat Scand 1996; 93:184-190.
90. Gloth F. Geriatric pain. Factors that limit pain relief and increase complications. Geriatrics 2000; 55:46-48, 51-54.
91. Katona C, Livingston G. Safety and efficacy of antidepressants in older people. Abstract number S.09.05. J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12(suppl 3):S108.
92. Bondareff W, Alpert M, Friedhoff A, et al. Comparison of sertraline and nortriptyline in the treatment of major depressive disorder in late life. Am J Psychiat 2000; 157: 729-736.
93. Gasto C, Navarro V, Marcos T, et al. Single-blind comparison of venlafaxine and nortriptyline in elderly major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23:21-26.
94. Navarro V, Gasto C, Torres X, et al. Citalopram versus nortriptyline in late-life depression: a 12-week randomized single-blind study. Acta Psychiat Scand 2001; 157:729-736.
95. Schatzberg A, Kremer C, Rodrigues H, et al. Double-blind, randomized comparison of mirtazapine and paroxetine in elderly depressed patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 10:541-550.
96. Flint A. Choosing appropriate antidepressant therapy in the elderly. A risk-benefit assessment of available agents. Drugs Aging 1998; 13:269-280.
97. Reynolds C. Depression: making the diagnosis and using SSRIs in the older patient. Geriatrics 1996; 51:28-34.
98. Baumann P. Care of depression in the elderly: comparative pharmacokinetics of SSRIs. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 13(suppl 5):S35-S43.
99. Muijsers R, Polosker G, Noble S. Sertraline: a review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder in elderly patients. Drugs Aging 2002; 19:377-392.
100. Beers M. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1531-1536.
101. Harris E, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for medical disorders. Medicine (Baltimore) 1994; 73:281-296.
102. Bolund C. Suicide and cancer: medical and care factors in suicides by cancer patients in Sweden 1973-1976. J Psychosocial Oncol 1985; 3:31-52.
103. Linda G, Demi A, Camann M, et al. The health status of elderly persons in the last year of life: a comparison of deaths by suicide, injury, and natural causes. Am J Public Health 1997; 87(3):434-437.
104. Akechi T, Okuyama T, Sugawara Y, et al. Suicidality in terminally ill Japanese patients with cancer. Cancer 2004; 100(1):183-191.
105. Akechi T, Okamura H, Nishiwaki Y, et al. Predictive factors for suicidal ideation in patients with unresectable lung carcinoma: a 6-month follow-up study. Cancer 2002; 85:1085-1093.
106. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Pessin H, et al. Depression, hopelessness, and desire for hastened death in terminally ill patients with cancer. JAMA 2000; 284(22):2907-2911.
107. Chochinov H, Wilson K, Enns M, et al. Desire for death in the terminally ill. Am J Psychiat 1995; 152:1185-1191.
108. Kelly B, Burnett P, Pelusi D, et al. Terminally ill cancer patients' wish to hasten death. Palliat Med 2002; 16:339-345.
109. Wilson K, Scott J, Graham I, et al. Attitudes of terminally ill patients toward euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:2454-2460.
110. Pessin H, Rosenfeld B, Burton L, et al. The role of cognitive impairment in desire for hastened death: a study of patients with advanced AIDS. Gen Hosp Psychiat 2003; 25:194-199.
111. Rosenfeld B, Krivo S, Breitbard W, et al. Suicide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia in the terminally ill. In: Breitbart W, ed. Handbook of Psychiatry in Palliative Medicine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000:51-62.
112. Rosenfeld B, Breitbart W, Galietta M, et al. The Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death: measuring desire for death in terminally ill cancer patients. Cancer 2000; 88:2868-2875.
113. Rosenfeld B, Breitbart W, Stein K, et al. Measuring desire for death among patients with HIV/AIDS: the Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death. Am J Psychiat 1999; 156:94-100.
114. McClain C, Rosenfeld B, Breitbart W. Effect of spiritual well-being on end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients. Lancet 2003; 361:1603-1607.
115. Kugaya A, Akechi T, Nakano T, et al. Successful antidepressant treatment for five terminally ill cancer patients with major depression, suicidal ideation and a desire for death. Support Care Cancer 1999; 7(6):432-436.
116. Matulonis U. End of life issues in older patients. Semin Oncol 2004; 31(2):274-281.
117. Fischer G, Arnold R, Tulsky J. Talking to the older adult about advance directives. Clin Geriatr 2000; 16:239-254.
118. Doukas D, McCullough L. The values history: the evaluation of the patient's values and advance directives. J Fam Pract 1991; 32:145-153.
119. Weeks W, Kofoed L, Wallace A, et al. Advance directives and the cost of terminal hospitalization. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:2077-2083.
120. Hanson L, Tulsky J, Danis M. Can clinical interventions change care at the end of life? Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:381-388.
121. Fischer G, Tulsky J, Rose M, et al. Patient knowledge and physician predictions of treatment preferences after discussion of advance directives. J Gen Intern Med 1998; 13:447-454.
122. Teno J, Lynn J, Wenger N, et al. Advance directives for seriously ill hospitalized patients: effectiveness with the patient self-determination act and the SUPPORT intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:500-507.
123. Brett A. Limitations of listing specific medical interventions in advance directives. JAMA 1991; 266:825-828.
124. Tulsky J, Fischer G, Rose M, et al. Opening the black box: how do physicians communicate about advance directives. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129:441-449.
125. Tulsky J, Chesney M, Lo B. How do medical residents discuss resuscitation with patients? J Gen Intern Med 1995; 10:436-442.
126. Layson R, Adelman H, Wallach P, et al. Discussions about the use of life-sustaining treatments: a literature review of physicians' and patients' attitudes and practices. End of Life Study Group. J Clin Ethics 1994; 5:195-203.
127. Miller D, Coe R, Hyers TM. Achieving consensus on withdrawing or withholding care for critically ill patients. J Gen Intern Med 1992; 7:475-480.
128. Sullivan K, Hebert P, Logan J, et al. What do physicians tell patients with end-stage COPD about intubation and mechanical ventilation? Chest 1996; 109:258-264.
129. Frankl D, Oye R, Bellamy P. Attitudes of hospitalized patients toward life support: a study of 200 medical inpatients. Am J Med 1989; 86:645-648.
130. Pfeifer M, Sidorov J, Smith A, et al. The discussion of end-of-life medical care by primary care patients and physicians: a multicenter study using structured qualitative interviews. J Gen Intern Med 1994; 9:82-88.
131. Detsky A, Stricker S, Mulley A, et al. Prognosis, survival, and the expenditure of hospital resources for patients in an intensive-care unit. N Engl J Med 1981; 305:667-672.
132. Bradley E, Peiris V, Wetle T. Discussions about end of life care in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:1235-1241.
133. Schwartz C, Wheeler B, Hammes B, et al. Early intervention in planning end-of-life care with ambulatory geriatric patients. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1611-1618.
134. T.S.P. Investigators. A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). JAMA 1995; 274(20):1591-1598.
135. Edinger W, Smucker D. Outpatients' attitudes regarding advance directives. J Fam Pract 1992; 35:650-653.
136. Smerling R, Bedell S, Lilienfeld A. Discussing cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a study of elderly outpatients. J Gen Intern Med 1998; 3:317-321.
137. Townsley C, Naidoo K, Pond G, et al. Are older cancer patients being referred to oncologists? A mail questionnaire of Ontario primary care practitioners to evaluate their referral patterns. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21(24):4627-4635.
138. Goodwin J. Factors affecting the diagnosis and treatment of older persons with cancer. In: Ershler W, ed. Comprehensive Geriatric Oncology. London: Harwood, 1998:115-121.
139. Potosky A, Saxman S, Wallace R, et al. Population variations in the initial treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(16):3261-3268.
140. Ramsey S, Howlader N, Etzioni R, et al. Chemotherapy use, outcomes, and costs for older persons with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: evidence from surveillance, epidemiology and end results-Medicare. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(24):4971-4978.
141. Samet J, Junt W, Key C, et al. Choices of cancer therapy varies with age of patient. JAMA 1986; 255:3385-3390.
142. Turner N, Haward R, Mulley G, et al. Cancer in old age-is it inadequately investigated and treated? BMJ 1999; 319:309-312.
143. Wright J, Gibb R, Geevarghese S, et al. Cervical carcinoma in the elderly: an analysis of patterns of care and outcome. Cancer 2005; 103(1):85-91.
144. Chen H, Cantor A, Meyer J, et al. Can older cancer patients tolerate chemotherapy? A prospective pilot study. Cancer 2003; 97(4):1107-1114.
145. Patrick D, Pearlman R, Starks H, et al. Validation of preferences for life-sustaining treatment: implications for advance care planning. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:509-517.
146. Pearlman R, Cain K, Patrick D, et al. Insights pertaining to patient assessments of states worse than death. J Clin Ethics 1993; 4:33-l·1.
147. Rosenfeld K, Wenger N, Kagawa-Singer M. End-of-life decision making: a qualitative study of elderly individuals. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15:620-625.
148. Fried T, Bradley E, Towle V, et al. Understanding the treatment preferences of seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1061-1066.
149. Chochinov H, Hack T, Hassard T, et al. Dignity in the terminally ill: a cross-sectional, cohort study. Lancet 2002; 360:2026-2030.
150. Danis M, Patrick D, Southerland L, et al. Patients' and families' preferences for medical intensive care. JAMA 1988; 260:797-802.
151. Slevin M, Stubbs L, Plant H, et al. Attitudes to chemotherapy: comparing views of patient with cancer with those of doctors, nurses, and general public. BMJ 1990; 300:1458-1460.
152. Rose J, O'Toole E, Dawson N, et al. Perspectives, preferences, care practices, and outcomes among older and middle-aged patients with late-stage cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(24):4907-4917.
153. Lynn J, Teno J, Phillips R, et al. Perceptions by family members of the dying experience of older and seriously ill patients. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:97-106.
154. O'Brien L, Grisso J, Maislin G, et al. Nursing home residents' preferences for life-sustaining treatments. JAMA 1995; 274:1775-1779.
155. Murphy D, Burrows D, Santilli S, et al. The influence of the probability of survival on patients' preferences regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:545-549.
156. C.o.S. Affairs. Good care of the dying patient. JAMA 1996; 275:474-478.
157. Pannuti F, Tanneberger S. Dying with dignity: illusion, hope or human right? World Health Forum 1993; 14:172-173.
158. Chochinov H, Hack T, McClement S, et al. Dignity in the terminally ill: a developing empirical model. Soc Sci Med 2002; 54.
159. Back A, Wallace J, Starks H, et al. Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in Washington state: patient requests and physician responses. JAMA 1996; 275:919-925.
160. Ganzini L, Johnston W, Hoffman W. Correlates of suffering in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 1999; 52:1434-1440.
161. Meier D, Emmons C, Wallenstein S, et al. A national survey of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1193-1201.
162. Sullivan A, Hedberg K, Fleming D. Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon-the second year. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:598-604.
163. Van der Maas P, Van Delden J, Pijnenborg L, et al. Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life. Lancet 1991; 338:669-674.
164. Hack T, Chochinov H, Hassard T, et al. Defining dignity in terminally ill cancer patients: a factor-analytic approach. Psychooncology 2004; 13(10):700-708.
165. Vig E, Davenport N, Pearlman R. Good deaths, bad deaths, and preferences for the end of life: a qualitative study of geriatric outpatients. J AmGeriatr Soc 2002; 50:1541-1548.
166. Medicare program. Hospice care-HCFA, final rule, 1983:56008-56036.
167. Smits H, Ryndes T, Demel B, et al. The Medicare Hospice Benefit. New York: Institute for Medicare Practice, 2002.
168. Herbst L. Hospice care at the end of life. Clin Geriatr Med 2004; 20:753-765.
169. T.N.H.a.P.C. Organization. Facts and figures on hospice care in American [On-line].
170. McCarthy E, Burns R, Davids R, et al. Barriers to hospice care among older patients dying with lung and colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:728-735.
171. McCarthy E, Burns R, Ngo-Metgher Q, et al. Hospice use among Medicare managed care and fee-for-service patients dying with cancer. JAMA 2003; 289:2238-2245.
172. Vernig B, Persily N, Morgan R, et al. Do Medicare HMO's and Medicare FFS differ in their use of the Medicare hospice benefit? Hospice J 1999; 14:1-12.
173. Chen H, Haley W, Robinson B, et al. Decisions for hospice care in patients with advanced cancer. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(6):789-797.
174. Rhymes J. Hospice care in America. JAMA 1990; 264:369-372.
175. Berry D, Boughton L, McNamee F. Patient and physician characteristics affecting the choice of home based hospice, acute care inpatient hospice facility, or hospitals as last site of care for patients with cancer of the lung. Hospice J 1994; 9:21-38.
176. Weggel J. Barriers to the physician decision to offer hospice as an option for terminal care. WMJ 1999; 98:49-53.
177. Siegler E, Levin B. Physician-older patient communication at the end of life. Clin Geriatr Med 2000; 16:175-204.
178. Slomka J. The negotiation of death: clinical decision making at the end of life. Soc Sci Med 1992; 35:251-259.
179. Hanson L, Henderson M. Care of the dying in long-term care settings. Clin Geriatr Med 2000; 16:225-237.
180. Kemper P, Murtaugh C. Lifetime use of nursing home care. N Engl J Med 1995; 324:595-600.
181. Brock D, Foley D. Demography and epidemiology of dying in the US with emphasis on deaths of older persons. Hospice J 1998; 13:49-60.
182. Keay T, Schonwetter R. The case for hospice care in long-term care environments. Clin Geriatr Med 2000; 16:211-223.
183. Teno J, Clarridge B, Casey V, et al. Family perspectives on end-of-life care at the last place of care. JAMA 2004; 291(1):88-93.
184. Miller S, Teno J, Mor V. Hospice and palliative care in nursing homes. Clin Geriatr Med 2004; 20:717-734.
185. Patrisek A, Mor V. Hospice in nursing homes: a facility level analysis of the distribution of hospice beneficiaries. Gerontologist 1999; 39:279-290.
186. Campbell D, Lynn J, Louis T, et al. Medicare program expenditures associated with hospice use. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140(4):269-277.
187. Petrisek A, Mor V. Hospice in nursing homes: a facility level analysis of the distribution of hospice beneficiaries. Gerontologist 1999; 39:279-290.
188. Gage B, Dao T. Medicare's hospice benefit: use and expenditures 1996 cohort. In: Synthesis and Analysis of Medicare's Hospice Benefit. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy, 2000.
189. Miller S, Gozalo P, Mor V. Hospice enrollment and hospitalization of dying nursing home patients. Am J Med 2001; 111:38-44.
190. Miller S, Mor V, Teno J. Hospice enrollment and pain assessment and management in nursing homes. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 26:791-799.
191. Baer W, Hanson L. Families' perception of the added value of hospice in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:879-882.
192. Wetle T, Teno J, Shield R, et al. End of Life in Nursing Homes: Experiences and Policy Recommendations. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute, 2004.
193. Hem E, Loge JH, Edeburg O. Suicide risk in cancer patients from 1960-1999. J Clin Onc 2004; 22:4209-4216.