Reducing the potential for suffering in older adults with advanced cancer

Palliative and Supportive Care

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 83-93

  Thompson, Genevieve N ^a   Chochinov, Harvey M ^a,b  

^a Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Advanced cancer; Distress; Older adult; Palliative care; Quality of life

Indexed keywords

CANCER STAGING; HOSPICE; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PAIN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; TERMINAL CARE;

HOSPICES; HUMANS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PAIN; PALLIATIVE CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; TERMINAL CARE;

EID: 77952423505     PISSN: 14789515     EISSN: 14789523     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1478951509990745     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Aabom, B., Kragstrup, J., Vondeling, H., et al. (2005). Population-based study of place of death of patients with cancer: Implications for GPs. British Journal of General Practice, 55, 684-689.
2. Abraham, A., Kutner, J.S., & Beaty, B. (2006). Suffering at the end of life in the setting of low physical symptom distress. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 658-665.
3. Addington-Hall, J. & Altmann, D. (2000). Which terminally ill cancer patients in the United Kingdom receive care from community specialist palliative care nurses? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 799-806
4. Addington-Hall, J., Altmann, D., & McCarthy, M. (1998). Variations by age in symptoms and dependency levels experienced by people in the last year of life, as reported by surviving family, friends and officials. Age and Ageing, 27, 129-136.
5. Addington-Hall, J.M. & Karlsen, S. (1999). Age is not the crucial factor in determining how the palliative care needs of people who die from cancer differ from those of people who die from other causes. Journal of Palliative Care, 15, 13-19.
6. Ahmad, S. & O'Mahony, M.S. (2007). Shift in the burden of cancer towards older people: A retrospective populationbased study. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 61, 931-936.
7. Ahmed, N., Bestall, J.C., Ahmedzai, S.H., et al. (2004). Systematic review of the problems and issues of accessing specialist palliative care by patients, carers and health and social care professionals. Palliative Medicine, 18, 525-542.
8. Amella, E.J. (2003). Geriatrics and palliative care. Collaboration for quality of life until death. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 5, 40-48.
9. Andersson, M., Hallberg, I.R., & Edberg, A.K. (2008). Old people receiving municipal care, their experiences of what constitutes a good life in the last phase of life: A qualitative study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 818-828.
10. Ando, M., Morita, T., & O'Connor, S.J. (2007). Primary concerns of advanced cancer patients identified through the structured life review process: A qualitative study using a text mining technique. Palliative & Supportive Care, 5, 265-271.
11. Arnold, E.M., Artin, K.A., Griffith, D., et al. (2006). Unmet needs at the end of life: Perceptions of hospice social workers. Journal of SocialWork in End-of-Life&Palliative Care, 2, 61-83.
12. Arnold, E.M., Artin, K.A., Person, J.L., et al. (2004). Consideration of hastening death among hospice patients and their families. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 27, 523-532.
13. Atchley, R.C. (2006). Continuity, spiritual growth, and coping in later adulthood. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 18, 19-29.
14. Bailey, C. & Corner, J. (2003). Care and the older person with cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care, 12, 176-182.
15. Benzein, E., Norberg, A., & Saveman, B.I. (2001). The meaning of the lived experience of hope in patients with cancer in palliative home care. Palliative Medicine, 15, 117-126.
16. Birrer, R.B. & Vemuri, S.P. (2004). Depression in later life: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. American Family Physician, 69, 2375-2382.
17. Blank, T.O.&Bellizzi, K.M. (2008). A gerontologic perspective on cancer and aging. Cancer, 112(11 Suppl), 2569-2576.
18. Bolmsjo, I. (2000). Existential issues in palliative care: Interviews with cancer patients. Journal of Palliative Care, 16, 20-24.
19. Breitbart, W., Rosenfeld, B., Pessin, H., et al. (2000). Depression, hopelessness, and desire for hastened death in terminally ill patients with cancer. JAMA, 284, 2907-2911.
20. Burge, F., Johnston, G., Lawson, B., et al. (2002). Population-based trends in referral of the elderly to a comprehensive palliative care programme. Palliative Medicine, 16, 255-256.
21. Calnan, M., Badcott, D., & Woolhead, G. (2006). Dignity under threat? A study of the experiences of older people in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Health Services, 36, 355-375.
22. Cann, P. (2008). Pain in older adults should not be seen as part of ageing. British Journal of Community Nursing, 13, 574-576.
23. Chen, H., Haley, W.E., Robinson, B.E., et al. (2003). Decisions for hospice care in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 789-797.
24. Chen, J.H., Chan, D.C., Kiely, D.K., et al. (2007). Terminal trajectories of functional decline in the long-term care setting. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 62, 531-536.
25. Chochinov, H.M. (2002). Dignity-conserving care: A new model for palliative care: Helping the patient feel valued. JAMA, 287, 2253-2260.
26. Chochinov, H.M. (2007). Dignity and the essence of medicine: The A, B, C, and D of dignity conserving care. British Medical Journal, 335, 184-187.
27. Chochinov, H.M. & Cann, B.J. (2005). Interventions to enhance the spiritual aspects of dying. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 8(Suppl 1), s103-115.
28. Chochinov, H.M., Hack, T., Hassard, T., et al. (2004). Dignity and psychotherapeutic considerations in end-oflife care. Journal of Palliative Care, 20, 134-142.
29. Chochinov, H.M., Hack, T., McClement, S., et al. (2002). Dignity in the terminally ill: A developing empirical model. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 433-443.
30. Chochinov, H.M., Wilson, K.G., Enns, M., et al. (1995). Desire for death in the terminally ill. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1185-1191.
31. Clayton, J.M., Butow, P.N., Arnold, R.M., et al. (2005). Fostering coping and nurturing hope when discussing the future with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers. Cancer, 103, 1965-1975.
32. Closs, S.J., Chatwin, J., & Bennett, M.I. (2009). Cancer pain management at home (II): Does age influence attitudes towards pain and analgesia? Supportive Care in Cancer, 17, 781-786
33. Covinsky, K.E., Eng, C., Lui, L.Y., et al. (2003). The last 2 years of life: Functional trajectories of frail older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 492-498.
34. Cutillo-Schmitter, T.A. (1996). Aging: Broadening our view for improved nursing care. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 22, 31-42.
35. Davies, E. & Higginson, I. (2004). Better Palliative Care for Older People. Copenhagen, Denmark:World Health Organization Europe.
36. De Conno, F., Boffi, R., Brunelli, C., et al. (2002). Agerelated differences in patients admitted to a palliative home care service. Tumori, 88, 117-122.
37. Desbiens, N.A., Mueller-Rizner, N., Connors, A.F. Jr., et al. (1999). The symptom burden of seriously ill hospitalized patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17, 248-255.
38. Duggleby, W. (2000a). Elderly hospice cancer patients' descriptions of their pain experiences. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 17, 111-117.
39. Duggleby,W. (2000b). Enduring suffering: A grounded theory analysis of the pain experience of elderly hospice patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 27, 825-831.
40. Duggleby, W. & Raudonis, B.M. (2006). Dispelling myths about palliative care and older adults. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 22, 58-64.
41. Duggleby, W. & Wright, K. (2004). Elderly palliative care cancer patients' descriptions of hope-fostering strategies. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 10, 352-359.
42. Edmonds, P., Karlsen, S., Khan, S., et al. (2001). A comparison of the palliative care needs of patients dying from chronic respiratory diseases and lung cancer. Palliative Medicine, 15, 287-295.
43. Elofsson, L.C. & Ohlen, J. (2004). Meanings of being old and living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Palliative Medicine, 18, 611-618.
44. Eriksson, M. & Andershed, B. (2008). Care dependence: A struggle toward moments of respite. Clinical Nursing Research, 17, 220-236.
45. Fallowfield, L., Ratcliffe, D., Jenkins, V., et al. (2001). Psychiatric morbidity and its recognition by doctors in patients with cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 84, 1011-1015.
46. Fehring, R.J., Miller, J.F., & Shaw, C. (1997). Spiritual well-being, religiosity, hope, depression, and other mood states in elderly people coping with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 24, 663-671.
47. Ferrell, B.R. (1996). The quality of lives: 1,525 voices of cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 23, 909-916.
48. Ferrell, B.R. & Coyle, N. (2008). The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Nursing. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Fitzsimons, D., Mullan, D., Wilson, J.S., et al. (2007). The challenge of patients' unmet palliative care needs in the final stages of chronic illness. Palliative Medicine, 21, 313-322.
50. Franklin, L.L., Ternestedt, B.M., & Nordenfelt, L. (2006). Views on dignity of elderly nursing home residents. Nursing Ethics, 13, 130-146.
51. Gagnon, B., Mayo, N.E., Hanley, J., et al. (2004). Pattern of care at the end of life: Does age make a difference in what happens to women with breast cancer? Journal of Clinical Oncology 22, 3458-3465
52. Garman, K.S. & Cohen, H.J. (2002). Functional status and the elderly cancer patient. Critical Reviews in Oncology/ Hematology, 43, 191-208.
53. Garstecki, D.C. & Erler, S.F. (2001). Personal and social conditions potentially influencing women's hearing loss management. American Journal of Audiology, 10, 78-90.
54. Gibson, S.J., & Helme, R.D. (2001). Age-related differences in pain perception and report. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 17, 433-456, v-vi.
55. Giddings, L.S., Roy, D.E., & Predeger, E. (2007). Women's experience of ageing with a chronic condition. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58, 557-565.
56. Gilbar, O., Or Han, K., & Plivazky, N. (2005). Mental adjustment, coping strategies, and psychological distress among end-stage renal disease patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 471-476.
57. Goldstein, N.E. & Morrison, R.S. (2005). The intersection between geriatrics and palliative care: A call for a new research agenda. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 1593-1598.
58. Grande, G.E., McKerral, A., Addington-Hall, J.M., et al. (2003). Place of death and use of health services in the last year of life. Journal of Palliative Care, 19, 263-270.
59. Gruneir, A., Smith, T.F., Hirdes, J., et al. (2005). Depression in patients with advanced illness: An examination of Ontario complex continuing care using the minimum data set 2.0. Palliative & Supportive Care, 3, 99-105.
60. Hall, S., Gallagher, R.M., Gracely, E., et al. (2003). The terminal cancer patient: Effects of age, gender, and primary tumor site on opioid dose. Pain Medicine, 4, 125-134.
61. Hallberg, I.R. (2004). Death and dying from old people's point of view. A literature review. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 16, 87-103.
62. Hallberg, I.R. (2006). Palliative care as a framework for older people's long-term care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 12, 224-229.
63. Hansson, R.O., Hayslip, B., & Stroebe, M.S. (2007). Grief and bereavement. In Handbook of Gerontology: Evidence-Based Approaches to Theory, Practice, and policy, Blackburn, J.A. & Dulmus, C.N. (eds.), pp. 367-394. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
64. Hermann, C.P. (2001). Spiritual needs of dying patients: A qualitative study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 28, 67-72.
65. Hermann, C.P. (2007). The degree to which spiritual needs of patients near the end of life are met. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34, 70-78.
66. Herth, K. (1990). Fostering hope in terminally-ill people. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 1250-1259.
67. Jackson, J.M., Rolnick, S.J., Coughlin, S.S., et al. (2007). Social support among women who died of ovarian cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 15, 547-556.
68. Johnson, S. (2007). Hope in terminal illness: An evolutionary concept analysis. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 13, 451-459.
69. Kafetz, K. (2002). What happens when elderly people die? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 95, 536-538
70. Kane, R.A. (1991). Psychosocial issues. Psychological and social issues for older people with cancer. Cancer, 68(11 Suppl), 2514-2518.
71. Keating, N.L., Landrum, M.B., Guadagnoli, E., et al. (2008). Care in the months before death and hospice enrollment among older women with advanced breast cancer. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23, 11-18.
72. Kelly, B., McClement, S., & Chochinov, H.M. (2006). Measurement of psychological distress in palliative care. Palliative Medicine, 20, 779-789.
73. King, D.A., Heisel, M.J., & Lyness, J.M. (2005). Assessment and psychological treatment of depression in older adults with terminal or life-threatening illness. Clinical Psychology, 12, 339-353.
74. Kramer, S.E., Kapteyn, T.S., Kuik, D.J., et al. (2002). The association of hearing impairment and chronic diseases with psychosocial health status in older age. Journal of Aging and Health, 14, 122-137.
75. Krause, N. (2007). Longitudinal study of social support and meaning in life. Psychology and Aging, 22, 456-469. (Pubitemid 47531910)
76. Kronenfeld, J.J. (2006). Changing conceptions of health and life course concepts. Health, 10, 501-517.
77. Kurtz, M.E., Kurtz, J.C., Stommel, M., et al. (2002). Predictors of depressive symptomatology of geriatric patients with lung cancer: A longitudinal analysis. Psycho-Oncology, 11, 12-22. (Pubitemid 34121083)
78. Kutner, J.S., Bryant, L.L., Beaty, B.L., et al. (2007). Time course and characteristics of symptom distress and quality of life at the end of life. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 34, 227-236.
79. Lackan, N.A., Freeman, J.L., & Goodwin, J.S. (2003). Hospice use by older women dying with breast cancer between 1991 and 1996. Journal of Palliative Care, 19, 49-53.
80. Ley, D.C. (1989). The elderly and palliative care. Journal of Palliative Care, 5, 43-45.
81. Lin, H.R. & Bauer-Wu, S.M. (2003). Psycho-spiritual wellbeing in patients with advanced cancer: An integrative review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44, 69-80.
82. Liu, J. & Matulonis, U. (2006). End-of-life care. In Treatment and Management of Cancer in the Elderly, Muss, H.B., Hunter, C.P., & Johnson, K.A. (eds.), pp. 559-586. New York: Taylor & Francis.
83. Lloyd-Williams, M., Dennis, M., & Taylor, F. (2004). A prospective study to determine the association between physical symptoms and depression in patients with advanced cancer. Palliative Medicine, 18, 558-563.
84. Lundh Hagelin, C., Seiger, A., & Furst, C.J. (2006). Quality of life in terminal care: With special reference to age, gender and marital status. Supportive Care in Cancer, 14, 320-328.
85. Lunney, J.R., Lynn, J., Foley, D.J., et al. (2003). Patterns of functional decline at the end of life. JAMA, 289, 2387-2392.
86. Lyness, J.M. (2004). End-of-life care: Issues relevant to the geriatric psychiatrist. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 457-472.
87. Mackey, K.M. & Sparling, J.W. (2000). Experiences of older women with cancer receiving hospice care: Significance for physical therapy. Physical Therapy, 80, 459-468.
88. MacKinlay, E. (2006). Spiritual care: Recognizing spiritual needs of older adults. Journal ofReligion, Spirituality& Aging, 18, 59-71.
89. Madnawat, A.V. & Kachhawa, P.S. (2007). Age, gender, and living circumstances: Discriminating older adults on death anxiety. Death Studies, 31, 763-769.
90. Mako, C., Galek, K., & Poppito, S.R. (2006). Spiritual pain among patients with advanced cancer in palliative care. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9, 1106-1113.
91. Matzo, M.L. & Sherman, D.W. (eds.). (2004). Gerontologic Palliative Care Nursing. St. Louis: Mosby.
92. McClain, C.S., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart,W. (2003). Effect of spiritualwell-being on end-of-life despair in terminallyill cancer patients. Lancet, 361, 1603-1607.
93. McClement, S.E., Chochinov, H.M., Hack, T.F., et al. (2004). Dignity-conserving care: Application of research findings to practice. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 10, 173-179.
94. Miller, J.F. (2007). Hope: A construct central to nursing. Nursing Forum, 42, 12-19.
95. Miller, M., Mogun, H., Azrael, D., et al. (2008). Cancer and the risk of suicide in older americans. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26, 4720-4724.
96. Morasso, G., Capelli, M., Viterbori, P., et al. (1999). Psychological and symptom distress in terminal cancer patients with met and unmet needs. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17, 402-409.
97. Morita, T., Tsunoda, J., Inoue, S., et al. (1999). Contributing factors to physical symptoms in terminally-ill cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 18, 338-346.
98. Morrison, R.S., & Meier, D.E. (eds.). (2003). Geriatric Palliative Care. New York: Oxford University Press.
99. Nelson, C.J., Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart, W., & Galietta, M. (2002). Spirituality, religion, and depression in the terminally ill. Psychosomatics, 43, 213-220.
100. Nussbaum, J.F., Baringer, O., & Kundrat, A. (2003). Health, communication, and aging: Cancer and older adults. Health Communication, 15, 185-192.
101. Osse, B.H., Vernooij-Dassen, M.J., Schade, E., et al. (2005). The problems experienced by patients with cancer and their needs for palliative care. Supportive Care in Cancer, 13, 722-732.
102. Pautex, S., Berger, A., Chatelain, C., Herrmann, F., & Zulian, G. B. (2003). Symptom assessment in elderly cancer patients receiving palliative care. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 47, 281-286.
103. Payne, D.K. & Massie, M.J. (2000). Anxiety in palliative care. In Handbook of Psychiatry in Palliative Medicine, Chochinov, H.M. & Breitbart, W. (eds.), pp. 63-74. New York: Oxford University Press.
104. Peters, L. & Sellick, K. (2006). Quality of life of cancer patients receiving inpatient and home-based palliative care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53, 524-533.
105. Riechelmann, R.P.,Krzyzanowska,M.K.,O'Carroll,A., et al. (2007). Symptom and medication profiles among cancer patients attending a palliative care clinic. Supportive Care in Cancer, 15, 1407-1412.
106. Rolnick, S.J., Jackson, J., Nelson, W.W., et al. (2007). Pain management in the last six months of life among women who died of ovarian cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 33, 24-31.
107. Rose, J.H., Radziewicz, R., Bowmans, K.F., et al. (2008). A coping and communication support intervention tailored to older patients diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 3, 77-95.
108. Rosenwax, L.K. & McNamara, B.A. (2006). Who receives specialist palliative care in Western Australia: And who misses out. Palliative Medicine, 20, 439-445.
109. Roth, A.J. (2008). Understanding depression in the elderly cancer patient. journal of Supportive Oncology, 6, 84-86.
110. Rovner, B.W., Zisselman, P.M., & Shmuely-Dulitzki, Y. (1996). Depression and disability in older people with impaired vision: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 181-184.
111. Rozzini, R., Frisoni, G.B., Ferrucci, L., et al. (2002). Geriatric index of comorbidity: Validation and comparison with other measures of comorbidity. Age and Ageing, 31, 277-285.
112. Russac, R.J., Gatliff, C., Reece, M., et al. (2007). Death anxiety across the adult years: An examination of age and gender effects. Death Studies, 31, 549-561.
113. Sand, L., Strang, P., & Milberg, A. (2008). Dying cancer patients' experiences of powerlessness and helplessness. Supportive Care in Cancer, 16, 853-862.
114. Seeman, T.E. (2000). Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 362-370.
115. Shaw, B.A., Krause, N., Liang, J., et al. (2007). Tracking changes in social relations throughout late life. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, S90-99.
116. Shugarman, L.R., Bird, C.E., Schuster, C.R., et al. (2007). Age and gender differences in Medicare expenditures at the end of life for colorectal cancer decedents. Journal of Women's Health, 16, 214-227.
117. Smith, A.W., Reeve, B.B., Bellizzi, K.M., et al. (2008). Cancer, comorbidities, and health-related quality of life of older adults. Health Care Financing Review, 29, 41-56.
118. Sparks, L. & Nussbaum, J.F. (2008). Health literacy and cancer communication with older adults. Patient Education and Counseling, 71, 345-350.
119. Spoletini, I., Gianni, W., Repetto, L., et al. (2008). Depression and cancer: An unexplored and unresolved emergent issue in elderly patients. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 65, 143-155.
120. Stillion, J.M. (2006). Understanding the end of life: An overview. In Psychosocial Issues Near the End of Life, Werth, J. L.&Blevins, D. (eds.), pp. 11-26.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
121. Strang, P. (1998). Cancer pain: A provoker of emotional, social and existential distress. Acta Oncologica, 37, 641-644.
122. Strassels, S.A.,Blough,D.K.,Hazlet,T.K., et al. (2006).Pain, demographics, and clinical characteristics in personswho received hospice care in the United States. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 32, 519-531.
123. Street,D.A. (2007).Sociological approaches tounderstanding age and aging. In Handbook of gerontology. evidencebased approaches to theory, practice, and policy, Blackburn, J.A. & Dulmus, C.N. (eds.), pp. 143-168. Hoboken: NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
124. Teunissen, S.C., de Haes, H.C., Voest, E.E., et al. (2006). Does age matter in palliative care? Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 60, 152-158
125. Thome, B., Dykes, A.K., & Hallberg, I.R. (2004). Quality of life in old people with and without cancer.Quality of Life Research, 13, 1067-1080. (Pubitemid 38892113)
126. Thompson, G.N. & Chochinov, H.M. (2009). Palliative care: Special considerations for older adults with cancer. In Geriatric Oncology: Treatment, Assessment and Management Hurria, A. & Balducci, L. (eds.), pp. 293-324. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
127. Tornstam, L. (1996). Caring for the elderly. Introducing the theory of gerotranscendence as a supplementary frame of reference for caring for the elderly. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 10, 144-150.
128. Turner, N.J., Haward, R.A., Mulley, G.P., et al. (1999). Cancer in old age: Is it inadequately investigated and treated? British Medical Journal, 319, 309-312
129. Unger, J.B., McAvay, G., Bruce, M.L., et al. (1999). Variation in the impact of social network characteristics on physical functioning in elderly persons. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, S245-251.
130. Veach, T.A. & Nicholas, D.R. (1998). Understanding families of adults with cancer: Combining the clinical course of cancer and stages of family development. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 144-156.
131. White, H.K., & Cohen, H.J. (2008). The older cancer patient. Nursing Clinics of North America, 43, 307- 222, vii.
132. Wijk, H. & Grimby, A. (2008). Needs of elderly patients in palliative care. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 25, 106-111.
133. Wilson, K.G., Chochinov, H.M., McPherson, C.J., et al. (2007a). Suffering with advanced cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25, 1691-1697.
134. Wilson, K.G., Chochinov, H.M., Skirko, M.G., et al. (2007b). Depression and anxiety disorders in palliative cancer care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 33, 118-129.
135. Yan, S. & Kin-Fong, C. (2006). Quality of life of patients with terminal cancer receiving palliative home care. Journal of Palliative Care, 22, 261-266.
136. Zaza, C. & Baine, N. (2002). Cancer pain and psychosocial factors: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 24, 526-542.