Evolutionary models in economics: A survey of methods and building blocks

Journal of Evolutionary Economics

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 329-373

  Safarzyńska, Karolina ^a   van den Bergh, Jeroen C J M ^a,b,c,d,e  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES   (Netherlands)

^b INSTITUCIÓ CATALANA DE RECERCA I ESTUDIS AVANÇATS ICREA   (Spain)

^c INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIA I TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTALS   (Spain)

^d TINBERGEN INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^e NAKE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Agent based models; Diversity; Evolutionary computation; Evolutionary game theory; Growth mechanisms; Innovation; Multilevel evolution; Neo Schumpeterian models; Selection dynamics

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951769236     PISSN: 09369937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00191-009-0153-9     Document Type: Article

References (277)

1. Aghion P, Howitt P (1992) A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica 60: 323-351.
2. Alchian A (1950) Uncertainty evolution and economic theory. J Polit Econ 58: 211-221.
3. Alkemade F, Castaldi C (2005) Strategies for the diffusion of innovations on social networks. Comput Econ 25: 3-23.
4. Allen F, Karjalainen R (1999) Using genetic algorithms to find technical trading rules. J Financ Econ 5: 245-271.
5. Altenberg L (1997) NK fitness landscape. In: Back T, Fogel D, Michalewicz Z (eds) The handbook of evolutionary computation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp B27: 2-B2: 7: 25.
6. Andersen ES (1994) Evolutionary economics: post-Schumpeterian contributions. Pinter, London.
7. Andersen ES (2004) Population thinking prices equation and the analysis of economic evolution. Aalborg University Denmark. www. businessaau. dk. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
8. Andersen PW, Arrow KJ, Pines D (eds.) (1988) The economy as an evolving complex system. Santa Fe Institute Studies in The Science Complexity. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
9. Antonelli C (1996) Localized knowledge percolation processes and information networks. J Evol Econ 6: 281-295.
10. Aoki M (1996) New approaches to macroeconomic modelling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
11. Arifovic J (1994) Genetic algorithm learning and the cobweb model. J Econ Dyn Control 18: 3-28.
12. Arifovic J (1995) Genetic algorithm learning and inflationary economics. J Monet Econ 36: 219-243.
13. Arifovic J (2000) Evolutionary algorithms in macroeconomic models. Macroecon Dyn 4: 373-414.
14. Arrow KJ (1962) The economic implications of learning by doing. Rev Econ Stud 29: 155-173.
15. Arthur WB (1988) Competing technologies: an overview. In: Dosi G, Freeman C, Nelson R, Silverberg G, Soete L (eds) Technical change and economic theory. Pinter, London, pp 590-607.
16. Arthur WB (1989) Competing technologies increasing returns and lock-in by historical events. Econ J 99: 116-131.
17. Arthur WB (1991) Designing economic agents that act like human agents: a behavioural approach to bounded rationality. Am Econ Rev 81: 353-359.
18. Arthur WB (1994) Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality. Am Econ Assoc Proc 84: 406-411.
19. Arthur WB, Lane DA (1993) Information contagion. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 4: 81-104.
20. Arthur WB, Ermoliev YM, Kaniovsky YM (1987) Path dependent processes and the emergence of macro-structure. Eur J Oper Res 30: 294-303.
21. Arthur WB, Holland JH, LeBaron B, Palmer R, Tayler P (1996) Asset pricing under endogenous expectations in an artificial stock market. www. santafe. edu.
22. Auerswald P, Kauffman S, Lobo J, Shell K (2000) The production recipes approach to modelling technological innovation: an application to learning by doing. J Econ Dyn Control 24: 389-450.
23. Aversi RG, Dosi G, Fagiolo G, Meacci M, Olivetti C (1997) Demand dynamic with socially evolving preferences. IIASA working paper Laxenburg, Austria. www. iiasa. ac. at. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
24. Axelrod R (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books, New York.
25. Axelrod R (1987) The evolution of strategies in the iterated prisoners dilemma. In: David L (ed) Genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. Pitman, Boston, pp 32-41.
26. Axelrod R (1997) The complexity of cooperation. Basic Books, New York.
27. Axelrod R (2003) Advancing the art of simulation in the social sciences. Japan J Manage Inf Syst 12: 3-16.
28. Back T (1996) Evolutionary algorithms in theory and practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
29. Banzhalf W, Nordin P, Keller RE, Francone FD (1989) Genetic programming: an introduction. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco.
30. Bass FM (1969) A new product for consumer durables. Manag Sci 15: 215-227.
31. Bell D (1985) Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Oper Res Sci 33: 1367-1382.
32. Bergstrom TC (2002) Evolution of social behaviour: individual and group selection. J Econ Perspect 16: 67-88.
33. Bergstrom TC (2003) The algebra of assortative encounters and the evolution of cooperation. Int Game Theory Rev 5: 211-228.
34. Bergstrom TC, Godfrey-Smith P (1998) On the evolution of behavioural heterogeneity in individuals and populations. Biol Philos 13: 205-231.
35. Beyer H-G (1998) The evolution of strategies. Spinger-Verlag, Leiden.
36. Birchenhall CR (1995) Review: genetic algorithms classifier systems and genetic programming and their use in the models of adaptive behaviour and learning. Econ J 105: 788-795.
37. Birchenhall CR, Kastrinos N, Metcalfe JS (1997) Genetic algorithms in evolutionary modelling. J Evol Econ 7: 375-393.
38. Bourgeois B, Nguyen P, Saviotti PP, Tommetter M (2005) Variety and the evolution of refinery processing. Ind Corp Change 14: 469-500.
39. Bower J, Bunn D (2001) Experimental analysis of the efficiency of uniform-price versus discriminatory auctions in the England and Wales electricity market. J Econ Dyn Control 25: 561-592.
40. Bowles S, Choi J-K, Hopfensitz A (2004) The co-evolution of individual behaviors and social institutions. J Theor Biol 223: 153-147.
41. Boyd R, Richardson P (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
42. Brannon EL, Anderson LJ, Ulrich PV, Marshall T, Donaldson DA (1997) Artificial life simulation of the textile/ apparel marketplace: an innovative approach to strategizing about evolving markets. National Textile Centre Annual Report. www. p2pays. org. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
43. Brenner T (1998) Can evolutionary algorithms describe learning processes. J Evol Econ 8: 271-283.
44. Bull L (ed) (2004) Applications of learning classifier systems. Springer, Berlin.
45. Bürger R (1998) Mathematical principles of mutation-selection. Genetica 102-103: 279-298.
46. Caldarelli SB, Marsili M, Zhang YC (1998) A prototype model of stock exchange. Europhys Lett 40: 479-484.
47. Canning D (1992) Average behaviour in learning models. J Econ Theory 57: 442-472.
48. Cantner U, Pyka A (1998a) Absorbing technological spillovers-simulations in an evolutionary framework. Ind Corp Change 7: 369-397.
49. Cantner U, Pyka A (1998b) Technological evolution-an analysis within the knowledge-based approach. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 9: 85-108.
50. Cantner U, Hanusch H, Pyka A (1998) Pushing technological progress forward: a comparison of firm strategies. In: Lesourne J, Orlean A (eds) Advances in self-organization and evolutionary economics. Economica, London, pp 114-145.
51. Cantner U, Hanusch H, Pyka A (2000) Horizontal heterogeneity, technological progress and sectoral development. In: Cantner U, Hanusch H, Klepper S (eds) Economic evolution, learning, and complexity. Physica, Heidelberg, pp 73-96.
52. Cantono S, Silverberg G (2008) A percolation model of eco-innovation diffusion: the relationship between diffusion learning economies and subsidies. The UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series 2009-025.
53. Carrillo-Hermosilla J (2006) A policy approach to the environmental impacts of technological lock-in. Ecol Econ 58: 717-742.
54. Chen S-H, Yeh C-H (2000) Simulating economic transition process by genetic programming. Ann Oper Res 97: 265-286.
55. Chiaromonte F, Dosi G (1993) Heterogeneity competition and macroeconomic dynamics. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 4: 36-63.
56. Conlisk J (1989) An aggregate model of technical change. Q J Econ 104: 787-821.
57. Conlisk J (1996) Why bounded rationality? J Econ Lit 34: 669-700.
58. Conlisk J, Gong JC, Tong CH (2001) Actions influenced by a social network. J Evol Econ 11: 277-305.
59. Cowan R (2004) Network models of innovation and knowledge diffusion. University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
60. Cowan R, Jonard N (2000) The dynamics of collective invention. University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
61. Cowan R, Jonard N (2004) Network structure and the diffusion of knowledge. J Econ Dyn Control 28: 1557-1575.
62. Cowan R, Jonard N, Zimmermann JB (2006) Evolving networks of inventors. J Evol Econ 1: 55-174.
63. Curzon Price T (1997) Using co-evolutionary programming to stimulate strategic behaviors in markets. J Evol Econ 7: 219-254.
64. David P (1985) Clio and the economics of QWERY. Am Econ Rev 75: 332-337.
65. David G, Fagiolo G (2008) Agent-based models for economic policy design: an introduction to the special issue. J Econ Behav Organ 67: 351-354.
66. Dawid H (1999) Adaptive learning by genetic algorithms analytical results and application to economic models, 2nd version. Springer, Berlin.
67. Dawid H (2006) Agent-based models of innovation and technological change. In: Tesfatsion L, Judd K (eds) Handbook of computational economics II: agent-based computational economics. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1235-1272.
68. Dawid H, Kopel M (1998) On economic applications of the genetic algorithm: a model of the cobweb type. J Evol Econ 8: 297-315.
69. Delre SA, Jager W, Janssen MA (2007) Diffusion dynamics in small-world networks with heterogeneous consumers. Comput Math Organ Theory 13: 185-202.
70. Dercole F, Rinaldi S (2008) Analysis of evolutionary processes. Princeton series in theoretical and computational biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
71. Dopfer K (ed) (2005) The evolutionary foundations of economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
72. Dosi G (1982) Technological paradigms and technological trajectories: a suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technological change. Res Policy 6: 147-162.
73. Dosi G, Ermoliev YM, Kaniovski YM (1994a) Generalized urn schemes and technological dynamics. J Math Econ 23: 1-19.
74. Dosi G, Fabiani S, Aversi R, Meacci M (1994b) The dynamics of international differentiation: a multi-country evolutionary model. Ind Corp Change 3: 225-242.
75. Dosi G, Fagiolo G, Roventini A (2006) An evolutionary model of endogenous business cycles. Comput Econ 27: 3-34.
76. Dosi G, Marengo L, Bassanini A, Valente M (1999) Norms as emergent properties of adaptive learning. J Evol Econ 9: 5-26.
77. Eiben AE (2000) Multiparent recombination. In: Bäck T, Fogel DB, Michalewicz Z (eds) Evolutionary computation 1: basic algorithms and operators. Institute of Physics, London, pp 289-307.
78. Eiben AE, Smith JE (2003) Introduction to evolutionary computing. Springer, Berlin.
79. Epstein C (2007) Generative social science: studies in agent-based computational modeling. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
80. Epstein C, Axtell R (1996) Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up. MIT Press, Cambridge.
81. Fagiolo G (2005) A note on equilibrium selection in Polya-urn coordination games. LEM Working Paper 2005/04 SantAnna School for Advanced Studies Pisa. www. lemsssup. it. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
82. Fagiolo G, Dosi G (2003) Exploitation exploration and innovation in a model of endogenous growth with locally interacting agents. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 14: 237-273.
83. Fagiolo G, Dosi G, Gabriele R (2004) Matching bargaining and wage setting in an evolutionary model of labor market and output dynamics. Adv Complex Systems 7: 157-186.
84. Fagiolo G, Windrum P, Moneta A (2007) A critical guide to empirical validation of agent-based economics models: methodologies procedures and open problems. Comput Econ 30: 195-226.
85. Fisher RA (1930) The genetic theory of natural selection. Dover Brooks, New York.
86. Fogel DB (2000) Evolutionary computation towards a new philosophy of machine intelligence. IEEE Press, New York.
87. Foray D (1997) The dynamic implications of increasing returns: technological change and path dependent inefficiency. Int J Ind Organ 15: 733-752.
88. Foster D, Young P (1990) Stochastic evolutionary games. Theor Popul Biol 38: 219-232.
89. Frank SA (1995) George Prices contributions to evolutionary genetics. J Theor Biol 175: 375-388.
90. Frederick S, Loewenstein G, O'Donoghue T (2002) Intertemporal choice: a critical view. J Econ Lit 40: 351-402.
91. Frenke R (1998) Coevolution and stable adjustment in the cobweb model. J Evol Econ 8: 383-406.
92. Frenken K (2006) Technological innovation and complexity theory. Econ Innov New Technol 15: 137-155.
93. Frenken K, Nuvolari A (2004) The early development of the steam engine: an evolutionary interpretation using complexity theory. Ind Corp Change 13: 419-450.
94. Frenken K, Windrum P (2005) Product differentiation and product complexity. A conceptual model and an empirical application to microcomputers. University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
95. Frenken K, Saviotti PP, Trommetter M (1999) Variety and niche creation in aircraft helicopters motorcycles and microcomputers. Res Policy 28: 469-488.
96. Friedman M (1953) On the methodology of positive economics. In: Friedman M (ed) Essays in positive economics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
97. Friedman D (1991) Evolutionary theory of games. Econometrica 59: 637-666.
98. Fudenberg D (2006) Advancing beyond advances in behavioural economics. J Econ Lit 54: 649-711.
99. Fudenberg D, Levine DK (1997) The theory of learning in games. MIT Press, Cambridge.
100. Gabriele R (2002) Labour market dynamics and institutions: an evolutionary approach. LEM working paper 2002/07 SantAnna School for Advanced Studies Pisa. www. lemsssup. it. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
101. Garcia J, van den Bergh JCJM (2007) Models of genetic and cultural group selection: a critical survey. Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
102. Geels FW (2002) Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Res Policy 31: 1257-1274.
103. Geels FW (2005) Technological transitions and system innovations: a co-evolutionary and socio-technical analysis. Edward Eldgar, Cheltenham.
104. Geroski PA (2000) Models of technology diffusion. Res Policy 29: 603-625.
105. Gilbert N, Pyka A, Ahrweiler P (2001) Innovation networks-a simulation approach. JASSS 4.
106. Gilboa I, Schmeidler D (1995) Case-based decision theory. Q J Econ 110: 605-639.
107. Gintis H (2000) Game theory evolving. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
108. Goldberg DE (1989) Genetic algorithms in search optimization and machine learning. Addison-Wesley, Reading.
109. Grafen A (2000) Developments of the price equation and natural selection under uncertainty. Proc Biol Sci 267: 1223-1227.
110. Grossman G, Helpman E (1991) Innovation and growth. Duckworth, MA.
111. Gunderson LH, Holling CS (2001) Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press, Washington, DC.
112. Guth W, Schmittberger R, Schwarze B (1982) An experimental analysis of ultimatum bargaining. J Econ Behav Organ 3: 367-388.
113. Helbing D (1995) Quantitative sociodynamics stochastic methods and models of social interaction processes. Kluwer Academic, Boston.
114. Henrich J (2004) Cultural group selection. Co-evolutionary process and large-scale cooperation. J Econ Behav Organ 53: 85-88.
115. Henrich J, Boyd R, Young P, McCabe K, Alberts W, Ockenfelds A, Gigerenzer G (1999) What is the role of culture in bounded rationality? www. psych. ubc. ca/~henrich. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
116. Hill S, ORiordan C (2001) Genetic algorithms their operators and the NK Model. Technical report NUID-IT-150601 Department of Information Technology National, University of Ireland, Galway.
117. Hodgson GM (1993) Economics and evolution: bringing life back into economics. Polity Press, Cambridge.
118. Hodgson GM (1997) The ubiquity of habits and rules. Camb J Econ 21: 663-684.
119. Hodgson GM, Knudsen T (2004) The complex evolution of a simple traffic convention: the functions and implications of habit. J Econ Behav Organ 54: 19-47.
120. Hofbauer J, Sigmund K (1998) Evolution games and population dynamics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
121. Hofbauer J, Sigmund K (1990) Adaptive dynamics and evolutionary stability. Appl Math Letters 3: 75-79.
122. Hofbauer J, Sigmund K (2003) Evolutionary game dynamics. Bull Am Math Soc 4: 479-519.
123. Hofbauer J, Oechssler J, Riedel F (2009) Brown-von Neumann-Nash dynamics: the continuous strategy case. Games Econ Behav 65: 406-429.
124. Hohnisch M, Pittnauer S, Stauffer D (2008) A percolation-based model explaining delayed takeoff in new product diffusion. Ind Corp Change 17: 1001-1017.
125. Holland JH (1980) Adaptive algorithms for discovering and using general patterns in growing knowledge-based. Int J Policy Anal Inf Syst 4: 245-268.
126. Holland JH (1992) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introduction analysis with applications to biology control and artificial intelligence, 2nd edn. MIT Press Cambridge, Cambridge.
127. Holland JH, Miller JH (1991) Artificial adaptive agents in economic theory. Am Econ Rev 81: 365-370.
128. Ishibuchi H, Sakamota R, Nakashima T (2001) Evolution of unplanned coordination in a market selection game. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5: 524-534.
129. Iwai K (1984a) Schumpeterian dynamics part I: evolutionary model of innovation and imitation. J Econ Behav Organ 5: 159-190.
130. Iwai K (1984b) Schumpeterian dynamics part II: technological progress firm growth and economic selection. J Econ Behav Organ 5: 321-351.
131. Iwai K (2000) A contribution to the evolutionary theory of innovation imitation and growth. J Econ Behav Organ 42: 167-198.
132. Janssen MA, Carpenter SR (1999) Managing the resilience of lakes: a multi-agent modelling approach. Ecol Soc 3: 15. www. consecolorg/vol3/iss2/art15. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
133. Janssen MA, Jager W (2002) Simulating diffusion of green products. Co-evolution of firms and consumers. J Evol Econ 12: 283-306.
134. Kahneman D, Tversky A (1979) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47: 263-291.
135. Kandori SA, Mailath GJ, Rob R (1993) Learning mutations and long run equilibrium in games. Econometrica 61: 29-56.
136. Katz M, Shapiro C (1986) Technology adoption in the presence of network externalities. J Polit Econ 94: 822-841.
137. Kauffman SA (1993) The origins of order: self-organization and selection in evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.
138. Kirman A (1993) Ants rationality and recruitment. Q J Econ 108: 137-156.
139. Kirman A (1997) The economy as an evolving network. J Evol Econ 7: 339-353.
140. Kirman A, Vriend NJ (2001) Evolving market structure: an ACE model of price dispersion and loyalty. J Econ Dyn Control 25: 459-502.
141. Klos TB, Nooteboom B (2001) Agent based computational transaction cost economics. J Econ Dyn Control 25: 503-526.
142. Knudsen T (2002) Economic selection theory. J Evol Econ 12: 434-470.
143. Komarowa NL (2004) Replicator-mutator equation universality property and population dynamics of learning. J Theor Biol 230: 227-239.
144. Koza JR (1992) Genetic programming. MIT, Cambridge.
145. Koza JR (1994) Genetic programming II: automatic discovery of reusable programs. MIT, Cambridge.
146. Kwasnicki W (2001) Comparative analysis of selected neo-Schumpeterian models of industrial dynamics. www. prawouniwroc. pl/~kwasnicki. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
147. Kwasnicki W (2007) Schumpeterian modelling. In: Hanusch H, Pyka A (eds) The Elgar companion to neo-Schumpeterian economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 389-405.
148. Kwasnicki W, Kwasnicka H (1992) Market innovation competition: an evolutionary model of industrial dynamics. J Econ Behav Organ 19: 343-368.
149. Lande R, Arnold SJ (1983) The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evol 37: 1210-1226.
150. Lansing JS, Miller JH (2004) Cooperation games and ecological feedback: some insights from Bali. http://zia. hss. cmu. edu/miller. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
151. Lazaric N, Raybaut A (2005) Knowledge hierarchy and the selection of routines: an interpretative model with group interactions. J Evol Econ 15: 393-421.
152. Lazi PL, Stolzmann W, Wilson SW (eds) (1998) Learning classifier systems from foundations to applications. Springer, Berlin.
153. LeBaron B (2001) Empirical regularities from interacting long and short horizon investors in an agent based stock market. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5: 442-455.
154. Levy M, Levy H, Solomon S (2000) Microscopic simulation of financial markets. Academic, New York.
155. Leydesdorff L, van den Besselaar P (1998) Competing technologies: lock-ins and lock-outs. http://users. fmg. uva. nl/lleydesdorff. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
156. Lieberman JD, Hauert C, Nowak MA (2005) Evolutionary dynamics on graphs. Nat 433: 312-316.
157. Loomes G, Sugden R (1986) Regret theory: an alternative theory of rational choice under uncertainty. Econ J 92: 805-824.
158. Lucas R Jr (1988) On the mechanics of economic development. J Monet Econ 22: 3-42.
159. Lundvall BA (1988) Innovation as an interactive process: from user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation. In: Dosi G, Freeman C, Nelson R, Silverberg G, Soete L (eds) Technical change and economic theory. Pinter, London, pp 349-369.
160. Malerba F (2006) Innovation and the evolution of industries. J Evol Econ 16: 3-23.
161. Malerba F, Nelson R, Orsenigo L, Winter S (2005) The dynamics of the vertical scope of firms in related industries the coevolution of competences technical change and the size and structure of markets. CESPR Bocconi University, Milan.
162. Manfredi P, Bonaccorsi A, Secchi A (2004) Social heterogeneities in classical new product diffusion models. LEM working paper 1991/21 SantAnna School for Advanced Studies Pisa. www. lemsssup. it. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
163. Mansfield E (1961) Technical change and the rate of imitation. Econometrica 29: 741-765.
164. Marimon R, McGrattan E, Sargent TJ (1990) Money as a medium of exchange in an economy with artificially intelligent agents. J Econ Dyn Control 14: 329-373.
165. Matteo R, Leombruni NS, Sonnessa, M (2006) A common protocol for agent-based social simulation. JASSS 9.
166. Maynard Smith J, Price GR (1973) The logic of animal conflict. Nat 246: 15-18.
167. McGill B, Brown JS (2007) Evolutionary game theory and adaptive dynamics of continuous traits. Ann Rev Ecolog Evol Syst 38: 403-435.
168. Metcalfe JS (1988) The diffusion of innovations: an interpretative survey. In: Dosi G, Freeman C, Nelson R, Silverberg G, Soete L (eds) Technical change and economic theory. Pinter, London, pp 560-589.
169. Metcalfe JS (1994) Competition Fisher's principle and increasing returns in the selection process. J Evol Econ 4: 327-346.
170. Metcalfe JS, Foster J, Ramlogan R (2006) Adaptive economic growth. Camb J Econ 30: 7-32.
171. Miller JH (1996) The coevolution of automata in the repeated prisoners dilemma. J Econ Behav Organ 29: 87-112.
172. Mitchell M (1996) An introduction to genetic algorithms. MIT, Cambridge.
173. Mokyr J (1990) The lever of riches. Oxford University Press, New York.
174. Morone P, Taylor R (2004) Knowledge diffusion dynamics and network properties of face to face interactions. J Evol Econ 14: 327-351.
175. Neely CJ, Weller P, Dittmar R (1997) Is technical analysis in the foreign exchange market profitable? A genetic programming approach. J Financ Quant Anal 32: 405-426.
176. Nelson R (1995) Recent evolutionary theorizing about economic change. J Econ Lit 33: 48-90.
177. Nelson R, Winter S (1977) In search of useful theory of innovation. Res Policy 6: 36-76.
178. Nelson R, Winter S (1982) An evolutionary theory of economic change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
179. Noailly J (2008) Coevolution of economic and ecological systems. J Evol Econ 18: 1-29.
180. Noailly J, van den Bergh JCJM, Withagen C (2009) Local and global interactions in an evolutionary resource game. Comput Econ 33: 155-173.
181. Noailly J, Withagen C, van den Bergh JCJM (2007) Evolution of social norms in a common-pool resource game. Environ Resour Econ 36: 113-141.
182. Norgaard RB (1984) Coevolutionary development potential. Land Econ 60: 160-173.
183. Nowak MA (2006) Evolutionary dynamics exploring the equations of life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
184. Nowak M, Sigmund K (1990) The evolution of stochastic strategies in the prisoner's dilemma. Acta Appl Math 20: 247-265.
185. Nowak MA, Sigmund K (2004) Evolutionary dynamics of biological games. Sci 3030: 796-798.
186. Olsson O, Frey BS (2002) Entrepreneurship as recombinant growth. Small Bus Econ 19: 69-80.
187. Önal H (1997) A computationally convenient diversity measure: theory and application. Environ Resour Econ 9: 409-427.
188. Paker DC, Manson SM, Janssen MA, Hoffman MJ, Deadman P (2003) Multi-agent systems for the simulation of land-use and land cover change: a review. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 93: 314-337.
189. Pesendorfer W (2006) Behavioral economic comes of age: a review essay on advance in behavioral economics. J Econ Lit 54: 712-721.
190. Potts J (2000) The new evolutionary microeconomics: complexity competence and adaptive behavior. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
191. Prelec D, Loewenstein G (1991) Decision making over time and under uncertainty: a common approach. Manag Sci 37: 770-786.
192. Price G (1970) Selection and covariance. Nat 227: 520-521.
193. Price G (1995) The nature of selection. J Theor Biol 175: 389-396.
194. Pyka A, Fagiolo G (2007) Agent-based modelling: A methodology for Neo-Schumpeterian economics. In: Hanusch H, Pyka A (eds) The Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 467-492.
195. Riechmann T (1999) Learning and behavioural stability-an economic interpretation of genetic algorithms. J Evol Econ 9: 225-242.
196. Romer PM (1986) Increasing returns and long run growth. J Polit Econ 94: 1002-1037.
197. Romer PM (1990) Endogenous technological change. J Polit Econ 98: 71-102.
198. Safarzynska K, van den Bergh JCJM (2007) Policy for system innovation: demand-supply coevolution with multiple increasing returns. IVM, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
199. Safarzynska K, van den Bergh JCJM (2008) Beyond replicator dynamics. A model of selection mutation and recombinant innovation returns. IVM, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.
200. Sahal D (1985) Technological guideposts and innovation avenues. Res Policy 14: 61-82.
201. Saint-Jean M (2006) Environmental innovation and policy: lessons from an evolutionary model of industrial dynamics. www. mnp. nl. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
202. Samuelson L (1997) Evolutionary games and equilibrium selection. MIT, Cambridge.
203. Sandholm WH (2007) Evolution and learning in games: overview. Working paper University of Wisconsin. http://www. sscwisc. edu/~whs. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
204. Sargent TJ (1993) An evolutionary theory of economic change. Harvard University Press, Harvard.
205. Saviotti PP (2001) Variety growth and demand. J Evol Econ 11: 119-142.
206. Saviotti PP, Metcalfe JS (eds) (1991) Evolutionary theories of economic and technological change. Harwood Academic, Chur.
207. Saviotti PP, Pyka A (2004) Economic development by the creation of new sectors. J Evol Econ 14: 1-35.
208. Saviotti PP, Pyka A (2008) Micro and macro dynamics: industry life cycles inter-sector coordination and aggregate growth. J Evol Econ 18: 167-182.
209. Saviotti PP, Trickett A (1992) The evolution of helicopter technology 1940-1986. Econ Innov New Technol 2: 111-130.
210. Schelling TC (1978) Micromotives and macrobehaviour. Norton, New York.
211. Schumpeter JA (1939) Business cycles: a theoretical historical and statistical analysis of the capitalistic process. McGraw-Hill, Cambridge.
212. Schwoon M (2006) Simulating the adoption of fuel cell vehicles. J Evol Econ 16: 435-472.
213. Silva ST (2009) On evolutionary technological change and economic growth: Lakatos as a staring point for appraisal. J Evol Econ 19: 111-135.
214. Silverberg G (1988) Modelling economic dynamics and technical change: mathematical approaches to self-organization and evolution. In: Dosi G, Freeman C, Nelson R, Silverberg G, Soete L (eds) Technical change and economic theory. Pinter, London, pp 531-559.
215. Silverberg G (1997) Evolutionary modelling in economics: recent history and immediate prospects. University of Maastricht, Maastricht.
216. Silverberg G, Lehnert D (1993) Long waves and evolutionary chaos in a simple Schumpeterian model of embodied technical change. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 4: 9-37.
217. Silverberg G, Verspagen B (1994a) Learning innovation and economic growth: a long-run model of industrial dynamic. Ind Corp Change 3: 199-223.
218. Silverberg G, Verspagen B (1994b) Collective learning innovation and growth in a boundedly rational evolutionary world. J Evol Econ 4: 207-226.
219. Silverberg G, Verspagen B (1995) An evolutionary model of long-term cyclical variations of catching up and falling behind. J Evol Econ 5: 209-227.
220. Silverberg G, Verspagen B (2003) Brewing the future: stylized facts about innovation and their confrontation with a percolation model. ECIS working paper 0306.
221. Silverberg G, Verspagen B (2005a) Evolutionary theorising on economic growth. In: Dopfer K (ed) The evolutionary foundations of economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 506-539.
222. Silverberg G, Verspagen B (2005b) A percolation model of innovation in complex technology space. J Econ Dyn Control 29: 225-244.
223. Silverberg G, Yildizoglu M (2002) An evolutionary interpretation of the Aghion & Howitt (1992) model. Working paper E3i2002-3 Equipe Industries Innovation Institutions Université Bordeaux IV France.
224. Silverberg G, Dosi G, Orsenigo L (1988) Innovation diversity and diffusion: a self-organization model. Econ J 98: 1032-1054.
225. Simon H (1955) A behavioural model of rational choice. Q J Econ 69: 99-118.
226. Simon H (1956) Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychol Rev 63: 129- 138.
227. Soete L, Turner R (1984) Technology diffusion and the rate of technical change. Econ J 94: 612-623.
228. Solomon S, Wiebuch GL, de Arcangelis N, Stauffer JD (2000) Social percolation models. Physica A 277: 239-247.
229. Stirling A (2004) Diverse designs fostering technological diversity in innovation for sustainability. Paper presented at conference on Innovation, Sustainability and Policy. Seeon, Germany.
230. Stirling A (2007) A general framework for analyzing diversity in science technology and society. J R Soc Interface 4: 707-719.
231. Tassier T, Menczer F (2001) Emerging small-word referral networks in evolutionary labor markets. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5: 482-492.
232. Taylor PD, Jonker L (1978) Evolutionary stable strategies and game dynamics. Math Biosci 40: 145-156.
233. Tesfatsion L (2001a) Introduction to the special issue on agent based computational economics. J Econ Dyn Control 25: 281-293.
234. Tesfatsion L (2001b) Guest editorial: agent-based modelling of evolutionary economic systems. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 5: 437-441.
235. Tesfatsion L, Judd K (eds) (2006) Handbook of computational economics II: agent-based computational economics. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
236. Thaler R (1981) Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency. Econ Lett 8: 201-207.
237. Thebaud O, Locatelli B (2001) Modelling the emergence of recourse-sharing conventions: an agent-based approach. JASSS 4.
238. Theil H (1967) Economics and information theory. North Holland, Amsterdam.
239. Trauslen A, Nowak MA (2006) Evolution of cooperation by multilevel selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 10952-10955.
240. Tsur Y, Zemel A (2007) Towards endogenous recombinant growth. J Econ Dyn Control 31: 3459-3477.
241. Unruh GC (2000) Understanding carbon lock-in. Energy Pol 28: 817-830.
242. van den Bergh JCJM (2004) Evolutionary modelling in ecological economics. In: Proops J, Safonov P (eds) Modelling in ecological economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 9-35.
243. van den Bergh JCJM (2007) Evolutionary thinking in environmental economics. J Evol Econ 17: 521-549.
244. van den Bergh JCJM (2008) Optimal diversity: increasing returns versus recombinant innovation. J Econ Behav Organ 68: 565-580.
245. van den Bergh JCJM, Gowdy JM (2009) A group selection perspective on economic behavior institutions and organizations. J Econ Behav Organ. doi: 10. 1016/j. jebo. 2009. 04. 017.
246. van den Bergh JCJM, Stagl S (2004) Coevolution of economic behavior and institutions: towards a positive theory of institutional change. J Evol Econ 13: 289-317.
247. van den Bergh JCJM, Faber A, Idenburg AM, Oosterhuis FH (2006) Survival of the greenest: evolutionary economics and policies for energy innovation. Environ Sci 3: 57-71.
248. van den Heuvel STA, van den Bergh JCJM (2009) Multilevel assessment of diversity innovation and selection in the solar photovoltaic industry. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 20: 50-60.
249. van Veelen M (2005) On the use of the Price equation. J Theor Biol 237: 412-426.
250. Vriend N (1995) Self-organization of markets: an example of a computational approach. Comput Econ 8: 205-231.
251. Vriend N (2006) ACE models of endogenous interactions. In: Tesfatsion L, Judd K (eds) Handbook of computational economics II: agent-based computational economics. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1048-1078.
252. Watson RA (2006) Compositional evolution: the impact of sex symbiosis and modularity on the gradualist framework of evolution. MIT, Cambridge.
253. Watts D, Strogatz S (1998) Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Lett Nation 393: 440-442.
254. Waxman D, Gavrilets S (2004) 20 questions on adaptive dynamics: a target review. J Evol Biol 18: 1139-1154.
255. Weibull JW (1995) Evolutionary game theory. MIT, Cambridge.
256. Weibull JW (1998) What have we learned from evolutionary game theory so far. Working paper Research Institute of Industrial Economics Sweden. http://swopechhsse/iuiwop. Accessed 14 Jan 2009.
257. Weidlich W, Braun M (1992) The master equation approach to nonlinear economics. J Evol Econ 2: 233-265.
258. Weiss G (1999) Multiagent systems. A modern approach to distributed artificial intelligence. MIT Press, Cambridge.
259. Weitzman ML (1992) On diversity. Q J Econ 107: 363-405.
260. Weitzman ML (1998a) The Noah's ark problem. Econometrica 66: 1279-1298.
261. Weitzman ML (1998b) Recombinant growth. Q J Econ 113: 331-360.
262. Wheeler SN, Bean N, Gaffney J, Taylor P (2006) A Markov analysis of social learning and adaptation. J Evol Econ 16: 299-319.
263. Wilson DS (2002) Darwin's cathedral: evolution religion and the nature of society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
264. Wilson DS (2006) Human groups as adaptive units: toward a permanent consensus. In: Carruther P, Laurence S, Stich S (eds) The innate mind: culture and cognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 78-90.
265. Wilson DS, Sober E (1994) Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioural sciences. Behav Brain Sci 17: 585-654.
266. Winder N, McIntosh BS, Jeffrey P (2005) The origin diagnostic and practical application of co-evolutionary theory. Ecol Econ 54: 347-361.
267. Windrum P (2004) Neo-Schumpeterian simulation models. University of Maastricht, Maastricht.
268. Windrum P, Birchenhall CT (1998) Is life cycle theory a special case?: dominant designs and emergence of market niches through co-evolutionary learning. Struct Chang Econ Dyn 9: 109-134.
269. Windrum P, Birchenhall CT (2005) Structural change in the presence of network externalities: a co-evolutionary model of technological successions. J Evol Econ 15: 123-148.
270. Windrum P, Birchenhall CT (2009a) Consumer heterogeneity and the development of environmentally friendly products. Technol Forecast Soc Change 76: 533-551.
271. Windrum P, Birchenhall CT (2009b) Environmental impact quality and price: consumer trade-offs and the development of environmentally friendly technologies. Technol Forecast Soc Change 76: 552-556.
272. Winter SG (1964) Economic natural selection and the theory of the firm. Yale Econ Essays 4: 225-272.
273. Witt U (1997) "Lock-in" vs "critical masses"-industrial change under network externalities. Int J Ind Organ 15: 753-773.
274. Witt U (2008) What is specific about evolutionary economics? J Evol Econ 18: 547-575.
275. Wooldridge M (1999) Intelligent agents. In: Weiss E (ed) Multi-agent systems: a modern approach to distributed artificial intelligence. MIT, Cambridge, pp 27-78.
276. Wooldridge M (2002) An introduction to multiagent systems. Wiley, Chichester.
277. Young HP (1993) The evolution of conventions. Econometrica 61: 57-84.