The European Union and the fight against corruption in its near abroad: Can it make a difference?

Global Crime

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 122-144

  Börzel, Tanja A ^a   Stahn, Andreas ^a   Pamuk, Yasemin ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Corruption; Democracy; European neighbourhood policy; European Union; Good governance

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951728587     PISSN: 17440572     EISSN: 17440580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17440571003669142     Document Type: Article

References (114)

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30. Offe, 'Capitalism by Democratic Design?'.
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32. Sandholtz and Koetzle 'Accounting for Corruption', 48.
33. This distinction largely resembles the rough and most common typology in the literature that differentiates between highly centralised grand corruption and rather decentralised administrative corruption. Cf. Arvind K. Jain, 'Corruption: A Review', Journal of Economic Surveys 15, no. 1 (2002): 71-121
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39. Vito Tanzi, 'Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures', in Governance, Corruption & Economic Performance, ed. George T. Abed and Sanjeev Gupta (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2002).
40. George T. Abed and Hamid R. Davoodi, 'Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic Performance in Transition Countries', in Governance, Corruption & Economic Performance, ed. George T. Abed and Sanjeev Gupta (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2002), 5.
41. Rose-Ackerman, 'Democracy and "Grand Corruption"', 373.
42. Abed and Davoodi, 'Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic Performance in Transition Countries'; Rose-Ackerman, 'Democracy and Grand Corruption'.
43. Tanzi, 'Corruption Around the World'.
44. Joel S. Hellman, Geraint Jones, and Daniel Kaufmann, 'Seize the State, Seize the Day': State Capture, Corruption and Influence in Transition, 2444 (Washington, DC, 2000)
45. Abed and Davoodi, 'Corruption, Structural Reforms, and Economic Performance in Transition Countries'
46. Shen and Wiliamson, 'Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom, and State Strength'.
47. Hellman, Jones and Kaufmann, 'Seize the State, Seize the Day'; Johnston, 'Corruption and Democratic Consolidation'; and Daniel Lederman, Norman Loayza, and Rodrigo Reis Soares, 'Accountability and Corruption. Political Institutions Matter' (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2708, Washington, DC, 2001).
48. Rose-Ackerman, 'Democracy and "Grand Corruption"'.
49. Alejandro Moreno, 'Corruption and Democracy: A Cultural Assessment', Comparative Sociology 1, no. 3-4 (2002): 495-507.
50. Fritz W. Scharpf, Governing Europe. Effective and Legitimate? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
51. Börzel, Pamuk, and Stahn, 'European Union and the Promotion of Good Governance'.
52. Thomas Risse and Ursula Lehmkuhl, 'Regieren ohne Staat? Governance in Räumen begrenzter Staatlichkeit', in Schriften Zur Governance-Forschung, vol. 10, ed. Thomas Risse and Ursula Lehmkuhl (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2007).
53. Renate Mayntz and Fritz W. Scharpf, eds., Gesellschaftliche Selbstregulierung und Politische Steuerung (Frankfurt a. M.: Campus, 1995);
54. Adrienne Héritier, 'New Modes of Governance in Europe: Increasing Political Capacity and Policy Effectiveness?' in The State of the European Union, 6 - Law, Politics, and Society, ed. Tanja A. Börzel and Rachel Cichowski (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
55. Schimmelfennig, 'Europeanization Beyond Europe', 6.
56. Börzel, Pamuk, and Stahn, 'European Union and the Promotion of Good Governance'.
57. Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, 'On Compliance', International Organization 47, no. 2 (1993): 175-205
58. Abram Chayes, Antonia Handler Chayes, and Ronald B. Mitchell, 'Managing Compliance: A Comparative Perspective', in Engaging Countries: Strengthening Compliance with International Environmental Accords, ed. Edith Brown Weiss and Harold K. Jacobsen (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998).
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61. Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change', International Organization 55, no. 3 (2001): 553-88
62. Thomas Risse, 'International Norms and Domestic Change: Arguing and Communicative Behavior in the Human Rights Area', Politics and Society 27, no. 4 (1999): 526-56.
63. World Bank, Anticorruption in Transition.
64. Karen E. Smith, 'The Outsiders: The European Neighbourhood Policy', International Affairs 81, no. 4 (2005): 757-73, 758
65. Martin Dangerfield, 'The EU and Post-Communist Europe: One Approach or Several?' Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 23, no. 4 (2008): 478-500.
66. Barbara Lippert, The Discussion on EU Neighbourhood Policy - Concepts, Reform Proposals, and National Positions (Berlin: FES International Policy Analysis, 2007).
67. European Commission, Wider Europe - Neighbourhood, 4.
68. Smith, 'The Outsiders: The European Neighbourhood Policy'.
69. The Technical Assistance for the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS) programme included Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Russia. Mongolia joined the programme from 1993- 2003.
70. Christophe Hillion, 'Introduction to the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements', in EU Enlargement. The Constitutional Impact at EU and National Level, ed. Alfred E. Kellermann, Jaap
71. W. de Zwaan, and Jenö Czuczai (The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2001)
72. Roman Petrov, 'The Partner- ship and Co-Operation Agreements with the Newly Independent States', in Handbook on European Enlargement, ed. Andrea Ott and Kirstin Ingles (The Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2002), 175-96.
73. Cf. in this respect the much more detailed reform-objectives in the Council Regulation 99/2000 (December 29, 1999) compared to those of the Council Regulation 1279/96 (June 25, 1996).
74. Tanja A. Börzel, Yasemin Pamuk, and Andreas Stahn, 'Good Governance in the European Union', Berliner Arbeitspapiere zur Europäischen Integration, Center of European Studies, no. 5 (Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, 2007).
75. Marise Cremona and Gabriella Meloni, 'Introduction', in The European Neighbourhood Policy. A Framework for Modernisation, ed. Marise Cremona and Gabriella Meloni (EUI Working Papers, LAW 2007/21, Florence, 2007), 1.
76. Kelley, 'New Wine in Old Wineskins'; Magen, 'Shadow of Enlargement'
77. European Commission, On Strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy, 2006, COM (2006) 726 final.
78. European Commission, 'European Neighbourhood Policy'.
79. The individual Country Reports can be accessed under http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_de.htm (accessed January 25, 2009).
80. On the general structure of the Action Plans as well as the issues touched see also Smith, 'The Out- siders: The European Neighbourhood Policy' and Lippert, Discussion on EU Neighbourhood Policy.
81. The individual Action Plans can be accessed under http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_de.htm (accessed January 25, 2009).
82. See the respective clauses in the Action Plans of Armenia and Azerbaijan (Priority Area 4) and Georgia (Priority Area 2). Cf. also the Action Plans of Ukraine and Moldova.
83. Smith, 'The Outsiders: The European Neighbourhood Policy', 764.
84. Börzel, Pamuk, and Stahn, 'European Union and the Promotion of Good Governance'.
85. Börzel and Risse, 'One Size Fits All!'
86. European Commission, 'European Neighbourhood Policy', 8.
87. Kelley, 'New Wine in Old Wineskins', 39.
88. European Commission, 'European Neighbourhood Policy', 8.
89. Ibid., 3.
90. Kelley, 'New Wine in Old Wineskins', 40.
91. Hillion, 'Introduction to the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements'.
92. OSGF, Georgia and the European Neighborhood Policy. Perspectives and Challenges, Tbilisi, 2007.
93. Interview with an official of the European Commission, November 2007.
94. Börzel, Pamuk, and Stahn, 'Good Governance in the European Union'.
95. More specifically, the EU offers new enhanced bilateral agreements providing for a stake in the internal market that could eventually be 'expanded to include all elements of the European Economic Area' (Lippert, 'Discussion on EU Neighbourhood Policy', 9). Other incentives include visa facilitation, the promotion of 'people to people' contacts, enhanced bilateral or multilateral cooperation in different sectors such transport, energy, the opening-up of Community programs and agencies for participation as well as an intensified cooperation on foreign policy and security issues (European Commission, 'On Strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy'). Additionally, the EU has set up a so-called governance facility that provides additional funds to those neighbourhood countries that take the lead in implementing their Action Plans.
96. Börzel, Pamuk, and Stahn, 'European Union and the Promotion of Good Governance'.
97. European Commission, Wider Europe - Neighbourhood, 3.
98. Judith Kelley, Ethnic Politics in Europe: Power of Norms and Incentives (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004); Kelley, 'New Wine in Old Wineskins'.
99. Magen, 'Shadow of Enlargement'.
100. Lippert, 'Discussion on EU Neighbourhood Policy', 7.
101. Michael Emerson, Gergana Noutcheva, and Nicu Popescu, European Neighbourhood Policy Two Years On: Time Indeed for an "ENP Plus"', in CEPS Policy Brief, No. 126, Brussels, 2007
102. Viktor Yushchenko, Ukraine Following 'Road Map' to EU, 2007, in Interview with EuroNews, March 16, 2007.
103. Benita Ferrero-Waldner, EU-Ukraine Start Negotiations on New Enhanced Agreement, IP/07/ 275, Brussels, 2007.
104. European Commission, Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2007. Progress Report Ukraine, SEC (2008) 402, Brussels, 2008, 2.
105. Smith, 'The Outsiders: The European Neighbourhood Policy', 769.
106. It is, for example, difficult to determine significant differences between Belarus and Azerbaijan with regard to the state of democracy, human rights or the level of corruption that could account for the very distinct type of relations between both countries and the EU. Cf. Jan Boonstra, How Serious Is the EU About Supporting Democracy and Human Rights in Azerbaijan, Madrid, 2008.
107. Börzel, Pamuk, and Stahn, European Union and the Promotion of Good Governance.
108. European Commission, Wider Europe - Neighbourhood.
109. European Commission, European Neighbourhood Policy.
110. Financial and technical measures to accompany the reform of economic and social structures in the frame work of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership.
111. Cf. the respective TACIS and ENPI National Indicative Programmes for 2004-2006 and 2007-2010. These can be accessed under http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/enp/index_en.htm (accessed January 25, 2009).
112. Cf. Azerbaijan's TACIS National Indicative Programme for 2004-2006 and the ENPI National Indicative Programme 2007-2010.
113. Ukraine's and Moldova's Action Plan was concluded in the same year, which may have led to some adjustment with regard to the provision of TACIS funds. The emphasis in on civil society development Georgia's TACIS NIP, by contrast, has been part the exceptional assistance strategy that the EU specifically drew up in order largely circumvent the Georgian government.
114. Cf. the up-grading of civil society actors in the Council Regulation 1638/2006 (October 24, 2006) compared to the Council Regulation 99/2000 (December 29, 1999).