Corruption, democracy, economic freedom, and state strength: A cross-national analysis

International Journal of Comparative Sociology

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 327-345

  Shen, Ce ^a   Williamson, John B ^a  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Comparative; Corruption; Cross national; Democracy

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; DEMOCRACY; NATIONALISM; POLITICAL CONFLICT;

EID: 33645752100     PISSN: 00207152     EISSN: 17452554     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020715205059206     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Ades, A. and Di Tella, R. (1994) 'Competition and Corruption', Working Paper, Oxford University, Institute of Economics and Statistics, March.
2. Ades, A. and Di Tella, R. (1997) 'National Champions and Corruption: Some Unpleasant Interventionist Arithmetic', The Economist Journal 107: 1023-1042.
3. Ades, A. and Di Tella, R. (1999) 'Rents, Competition, and Corruption', The American Economic Review 89: 982-993.
4. Ahrend, R. (2002) 'Press Freedom, Human Capital and Corruption', DELTA Working Paper No. 2002-11, February, [http://ssrn.com/abstract=620102].
5. Alam, S.M. (1995) 'A Theory of Limits on Corruption and some Applications', KYKLOS 48 (3): 419-435.
6. Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S. and Wacziarg, R. (2003) 'Fractionalization', Journal of Economic Growth 8: 155-194.
7. Ali, A.M. and Isse, H.S. (2003) 'Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Comparison', Cato Journal 22 (3): 449-466.
8. Broadman, H.G. and Recanatini, F. (2000) 'Seeds of Corruption: Do Market Institutions Matter?', World Bank Working Paper No. 2368, Washington, DC.
9. Brock, W.A. and Durlauf, S.N. (2001) 'What Have We Learned from a Decade of Empirical Research on Growth? Growth Empirics and Reality', World Bank Economic Review 15 (2): 229-272.
10. Cokgezen, M. (2004) 'Corruption in Kyrgyztan: The Facts, Causes and Consequences', Central Asian Survey 23 (1): 79-94.
11. Doig, A. (2000) 'In the State We Trust? Democratisation, Corruption and Development', in A. Doig and R. Theobald (eds) Corruption and Democratisation, pp. 13-36. London: Frank Cass.
12. Doig, A. and McIvor, S. (1999) 'Corruption and its Control in the Development Context: An Analysis and Selective Review of Literature', Third World Quarterly 20: 657-676.
13. Doppelhofer, G., Miller, R.I. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (2000) 'Determinants of Long-Term Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach', NBER Working Paper 7750.
14. Easterly, W. and Levine, R. (1997) 'Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions', Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (4): 1203-1250.
15. Freedom House (2003) Freedom of the World 2003: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. New York: Freedom House. Available at: [http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2003/table.pdf], accessed 8 November 2004.
16. Gardiner, J. (2002) 'Defining Corruption', in A. Heidernheimer and M. Johnston (eds) Political Corruption: Concepts and Contexts, pp. 25-40. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
17. Girling, J. (1997) Corruption, Capitalism, and Democracy. New York: Routledge.
18. Gray, C.W. and Kaufmann, D. (1998) 'Corruption and Development', Finance and Development March: 7-10.
19. Gwartney, J. and Lawson, R. (2003) Economic Freedom of the World: 2003 Annual Report. Canada: The Fraser Institute.
20. Harriss-White, B. and White, G. (1996) 'Corruption, Liberalization and Democracy: Editorial Introduction', IDS Bulletin 27 (2): 1-5.
21. Hibbs, D.A. (1973) Mass Political Violence: A Cross-National Causal Analysis. New York: Wiley.
22. Hu, L-T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999) 'Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives', Structural Equation Modeling 6: 1-55.
23. Husted, B.W. (1999) 'Wealth, Culture and Corruption', Journal of International Business Studies 30 (2): 339-359.
24. IMF (International Monetary Fund) (1995) 'Unproductive Public Expenditures: A Pragmatic Approach to Policy Analysis', IMF Pamphlet Series 48, Washington, DC.
25. Isham, J., Kaufmann, D. and Pritchett, L.H. (1995) 'Governance, and Returns on Investment: An Empirical Investigation', Policy Research Working Paper 1550, World Bank, Poverty and Human Resources Division, Washington, DC.
26. Islam, R. (2003) 'Do More Transparent Governments Govern Better?', World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3077, Washington, DC.
27. Johnston, M. (1998) 'Fighting Systematic Corruption: Social Foundations for Institutional Reform', in M. Robinson (ed.) Corruption and Development, pp. 85-104. London: Frank Cass.
28. Jöreskog, K.G. and Sörbom, D. (1996) LISREL 8: User's Reference Guide. Chicago, IL: SSI Scientific Software International.
29. Kaufmann, D. and Kraay, A. (2001) 'Growth without Governance', available at: [http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pdf/growthgov.pdf], accessed 8 November 2004.
30. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Mastruzzi, M. (2003) 'Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996-2002', World Bank Policy Research Working Papers 3106, Washington, DC, available at: [http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002/], accessed 8 November 2004.
31. Kline, R.B. (2005) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 2nd edn. New York: The Guilford Press.
32. Knack, S. and Keefer, P. (1995) 'Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures', Economics and Politics 7: 207-227.
33. LaFree, G. and Morris, N. (2004) 'Corruption as a Global Social Problem', in G. Ritzer (ed.) Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective, pp. 600-618. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
34. LaPalombara, J. (1994) 'Structural and Institutional Aspects of Corruption', Social Research 61: 325-350.
35. Little, W. (1996) 'Corruption and Democracy in Latin America', IDS Bulletin 27 (2): 64-70.
36. Little, W. and Posada-Carbo, E. (1996) Political Corruption in Europe and Latin America. London: Macmillan.
37. Mauro, P. (1995) 'Corruption and Growth', Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 681-712.
38. Mauro, P. (1997) 'Why Worry about Corruption?', Economic Issues 6: 1-13.
39. Riley, S. (1998) 'The Political Economy of Anti-Corruption in Africa', in M. Robinson (ed.) Corruption and Development, pp. 129-159. London: Frank Cass.
40. Robinson, M. (1998) 'Corruption and Development: An Introduction', in M. Robinson (ed.) Corruption and Development, pp. 1-14. London: Frank Cass.
41. Shandra, J.M., London, B. and Williamson, J.B. (2003) 'Environmental Degradation, Environmental Sustainability, and Overurbanization in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis', Sociological Perspectives 46: 309-329.
42. Stapenhurst, R. (2000) The Media's Role in Curbing Corruption. New York: World Bank Institute.
43. Sussman, L.R. and Deutsch Karlekar, K. (2003) The Annual Survey of Press Freedom 2002. New York: Freedom House.
44. Tanzi, V. (1998) 'Corruption around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures', IMF Staff Papers 45 (4): 559-594.
45. Theobald, R. (1990) Corruption, Development, and Underdevelopment. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
46. Theobald, R. and Williams, R. (2000) 'Combating Corruption in Botswana: Regional Role Model or Deviant Case?', in A. Doig and R. Theobald (eds) Corruption and Democratisation, pp. 117-134. London: Frank Cass.
47. Transparency International (2004) 'Global Corruption Report 2004', Corruption Perceptions Index, available at: [http://www.transparency.org/cpi/2004/cpi2004.en.html%23cpi2004], accessed 8 November 2004.
48. Waisbord, S.R. (2004) 'Scandals, Media, and Citizenship in Contemporary Argentina', American Behavioral Scientist 47 (8): 1072-1098.
49. Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society. New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Wei, S.-J. (1997) 'How Taxing is Corruption in International Investors?', mimeo, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
51. World Bank (1997) The State of a Changing World: World Development Report 1997. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52. World Bank (2003) World Development Indicators 2003, available at: [http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2003/worldview.htm], accessed 8 November 2004.
53. Xin, X. and Rudel, T.K. (2004) 'The Context for Political Corruption: A Cross-National Analysis', Social Science Quarterly 85: 294-330.