Integration of NG2-glia (synantocytes) into the neuroglial network

Neuron Glia Biology

Volumn 5, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 21-28

  Wigley, Rebekah ^a   Butt, Arthur M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Astrocyte; Cerebral blood vessel; Neuron; NG2; Pericyte; Synantocyte; Synapse

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ASTROCYTE; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; MACROGLIA; NERVE CELL; NEUROTRANSMISSION; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PERICYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEM CELL; SYNAPSE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CELL COMMUNICATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CYTOLOGY; GLIA; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PHYSIOLOGY; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

ANTIGEN; CHONDROITIN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN 4; PROTEOGLYCAN;

ANTIGENS; ASTROCYTES; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; CELL COMMUNICATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; NERVE NET; NEUROGLIA; NEURONS; PROTEOGLYCANS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 77951499807     PISSN: 1740925X     EISSN: 17410533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1740925X09990329     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Aguirre A.A., Chittajallu R., Belachew S. and Gallo V. (2004) NG2-expressing cells in the subventricular zone are type C-like cells and contribute to interneuron generation in the postnatal hippocampus. Journal of Cell Biology 165, 575-589. (Pubitemid 38679622)
2. Araque A., Parpura V., Sanzgiri R.P. and Haydon P.G. (1999) Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends in Neuroscience 22, 208-215. (Pubitemid 29202082)
3. Bakiri Y., Attwell D. and Káradóttir R. (2009) Electrical signalling properties of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Neuron Glia Biology, 10.1017/S1740925X09990202.
4. Belachew S., Chittajallu R., Aguirre A.A., Yuan X., Kirby M., Anderson S. et al. (2003) Postnatal NG2 proteoglycan-expressing progenitor cells are intrinsically multipotent and generate functional neurons. Journal of Cell Biology 161, 169-186. (Pubitemid 36459089)
5. Bergles D.E., Roberts J.D., Somogyi P. and Jahr C.E. (2000) Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus. Nature 405, 187-191. (Pubitemid 30313537)
6. Bushong E.A., Martone M.E., Jones Y.Z. and Ellisman M.H. (2002) Protoplasmic astrocytes in CA1 stratum radiatum occupy separate anatomical domains. Journal of Neuroscience 22, 183-192.
7. Butt A.M., Duncan A., Hornby M.F., Kirvell S.L., Hunter A., Levine J.M. et al. (1999) Cells expressing the NG2 antigen contact nodes of Ranvier in adult CNS white matter. Glia 26, 84-91. (Pubitemid 29103171)
8. Butt A.M., Hamilton N., Hubbard P., Pugh M. and Ibrahim M. (2005) Synantocytes: the fifth element. Journal of Anatomy 207, 695-706. (Pubitemid 43019729)
9. Butt A.M., Kiff J., Hubbard P. and Berry M. (2002) Synantocytes: new functions for novel NG2 expressing glia. Journal of Neurocytology 31, 551-565. (Pubitemid 37383741)
10. Dayer A.G., Cleaver K.M., Abouantoun T. and Cameron H.A. (2005) New GABAergic interneurons in the adult neocortex and striatum are generated from different precursors. Journal of Cell Biology 168, 415-427. (Pubitemid 40205064)
11. Dore-Duffy P., Katychev A., Wang X. and Van Buren E. (2006) CNS microvascular pericytes exhibit multipotential stem cell activity. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 26, 613-624.
12. Ge W.P., Yang X.J., Zhang Z., Wang H.K., Shen W., Deng Q.D. et al. (2006) Long-term potentiation of neuron-glia synapses mediated by Ca2p-permeable AMPA receptors. Science 312, 1533-1537. (Pubitemid 43865894)
13. Ge W.P., Zhou W., Luo Q., Jan L.Y. and Jan Y.N. (2009) Dividing glial cells maintain differentiated properties including complex morphology and functional synapses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 106, 328-333.
14. Gerhardt H. and Betsholtz C. (2003) Endothelial-pericyte interactions in angiogenesis. Cell Tissue Research 314, 15-23. (Pubitemid 37409909)
15. Grass D., Pawlowski P.G., Hirrlinger J., Papadopoulos N., Richter D.W., Kirchhoff F. et al. (2004) Diversity of functional astroglial properties in the respiratory network. Journal of Neuroscience 24, 1358-1365. (Pubitemid 38222986)
16. Grosche J., Kettenmann H. and Reichenbach A. (2002) Bergmann glial cells form distinct morphological structures to interact with cerebellar neurons. Journal of Neuroscience Research 68, 138-149. (Pubitemid 34275007)
17. Grosche J., Matyash V., Moller T., Verkhratsky A., Reichenbach A. and Kettenmann H. (1999) Microdomains for neuron-glia interaction: parallel fiber signaling to Bergmann glial cells. Nature Neuroscience 2, 139-143. (Pubitemid 30491313)
18. Halassa M.M., Fellin T. and Haydon P.G. (2007a) The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine 13, 54-63. (Pubitemid 46186152)
19. Halassa M.M., Fellin T., Takano H., Dong J.H. and Haydon P.G. (2007b) Synaptic islands defined by the territory of a single astrocyte. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 6473-6477. (Pubitemid 46920364)
20. Hamilton N., Vayro S., Kirchhoff F., Verkhratsky A., Robbins J., Gorecki D. et al. (2008) Mechanisms of ATP-and glutamate-mediated calcium signaling in white matter astrocytes. Glia 56, 734-749.
21. Hamilton N., Vayro S., Wigley R., Robbins J. and Butt A.M. (2009) Axons and astrocytes release glutamate and ATP to evoke calcium signals in NG2-glia. Glia in press.
22. Houades V., Koulakoff A., Ezan P., Seif I. and Giaume C. (2008) Gap junction-mediated astrocytic networks in the mouse barrel cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 28, 5207-5217.
23. Káradóttir R., Cavelier P., Bergersen L.H. and Attwell D. (2005) NMDA receptors are expressed in oligodendrocytes and activated in ischaemia. Nature 438, 1162-1166. (Pubitemid 41831686)
24. Káradóttir R., Hamilton N.B., Bakiri Y. and Attwell D. (2008) Spiking and nonspiking classes of oligodendrocyte precursor glia in CNS white matter. Nature Neuroscience 11, 450-456. (Pubitemid 351441876)
25. Leoni G., Rattray M. and Butt A.M. (2009) NG2 cells differentiate into astrocytes in cerebellar slices. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences 42, 208-218.
26. Lin S.C. and Bergles D.E. (2004) Synaptic signaling between GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus. Nature Neuroscience 7, 24-32.
27. Lin S.C., Huck J.H., Roberts J.D., Macklin W.B., Somogyi P. and Bergles D.E. (2005) Climbing fiber innervation of NG2-expressing glia in the mammalian cerebellum. Neuron 46, 773-785. (Pubitemid 40733132)
28. Nedergaard M., Ransom B. and Goldman S.A. (2003) New roles for astrocytes: redefining the functional architecture of the brain. Trends in Neuroscience 26, 523-530. (Pubitemid 37176906)
29. Nishiyama A., Lin X., Giese N., Heldin C. and Stallcup W. (1996) Co-localization of NG2 proteoglycan and PDGF alpha-receptor on O2A progenitor cells in the developing rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Research 43, 299-314. (Pubitemid 26054018)
30. Nolte C., Matyash M., Pivneva T., Schipke C.G., Ohlemeyer C., Hanisch U.K. et al. (2001) GFAP promoter-controlled EGFP-expressing transgenic mice: a tool to visualize astrocytes and astrogliosis in living brain tissue. Glia 33, 72-86. (Pubitemid 32102818)
31. Oberheim N.A., Wang X., Goldman S. and Nedergaard M. (2006) Astrocytic complexity distinguishes the human brain. Trends in Neuroscience 29, 547-553. (Pubitemid 44416461)
32. Ozerdem U., Monosov E. and Stallcup W.B. (2002) NG2 proteoglycan expression by pericytes in pathological microvasculature. Microvascular Research 63, 129-134. (Pubitemid 34971515)
33. Parpura V., Basarsky T.A., Liu F., Jeftinija K., Jeftinija S. and Haydon P.G. (1994) Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signalling. Nature 369, 744-747. (Pubitemid 24225363)
34. Peppiatt C.M., Howarth C., Mobbs P. and Attwell D. (2006) Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes. Nature 443, 700-704. (Pubitemid 44564713)
35. Psachoulia K., Young K.M. and Richardson W.D. (2009) Separate populations of dividing and non-dividing NG2 cells in the postnatal mouse brain. Neuron Glia Biology, in press.
36. Rivers L.E., Young K.M., Rizzi M., Jamen F., Psachoulia K., Wade A. et al. (2008) PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice. Nature Neuroscience 11, 1392-1401.
37. Rouach N., Koulakoff A., Abudara V., Willecke K. and Giaume C. (2008) Astroglial metabolic networks sustain hippocampal synaptic transmission. Science 322, 1551-1555.
38. Wang L.Y., Cai W.Q., Chen P.H., Deng Q.Y. and Zhao C.M. (2009) Downregulation of P2X7 receptor expression in rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells after hypoxia ischemia. Glia 57, 307-319.
39. Wigley R., Hamilton N., Nishiyama A., Kirchhoff F. and Butt A.M. (2007) Morphological and physiological interactions of NG2-glia with astrocytes and neurons. Journal of Anatomy 210, 661-670. (Pubitemid 46851001)
40. Zhu X., Bergles D.E. and Nishiyama A. (2008) NG2 cells generate both oligodendrocytes and gray matter astrocytes. Development 135, 145-157. (Pubitemid 351201488)
41. Ziskin J.L., Nishiyama A., Rubio M., Fukaya M. and Bergles D.E. (2007) Vesicular release of glutamate from unmyelinated axons in white matter. Nature Neuroscience 10, 321-330. (Pubitemid 46310473)
42. Barkovich A.J., Kjos B.O., Jackson D.E.J. and Norman D. (1988) Normal maturation of the neonatal and infant brain: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 166, 173-180. (Pubitemid 18027067)
43. Barnea-Goraly N., Menon V., Eckert M., Tamm L., Bammer R., Karchemskiy A. et al. (2005) White matter development during childhood and adolescence: a cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging study. Cerebral Cortex 15, 1848-1854. (Pubitemid 41628326)
44. Beaulieu C. (2002) The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system-a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine 15, 435-455. (Pubitemid 36054508)
45. Ben Bashat D., Ben Sira L., Graif M., Pianka P., Hendler T., Cohen Y. et al. (2002) Normal white matter development from infancy to adulthood: comparing diffusion tensor and high b value diffusion weighted MR images. 10th Annual Meeting of the International-Society-for-Magnetic-Resonance-in-Medicine (ISMRM). John Wiley & Sons Inc, pp. 503-511. (Pubitemid 40586748)
46. Benes F.M. (1989) Myelination of cortical-hippocampal relays during late adolescence. Schizophrenia in Bulletin 15, 585-593.
47. Bengtsson S.L., Nagy Z., Forsman L., Forssberg H., Skare S. and Ullén F. (2005) Extensive piano practicing has regionally specific effects on white matter development. Nature Neuroscience 8, 1148-1150. (Pubitemid 43348132)
48. Berthold C.H., Nilsson I. and Rydmark M. (1983) Axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness in nerve-fibers of the ventral spinal root of the 7th lumbar nerve of the adult and developing cat. Journal of Anatomy 136, 483-508. (Pubitemid 13106418)
49. Bonzano L., Tacchino A., Roccatagliata L., Abbruzzese G., Mancardi G.L. and Bove M. (2008) Callosal contributions to simultaneous bimanual finger movements. Journal of Neuroscience 28, 3227-3233. (Pubitemid 351442291)
50. Brody B.A., Kinney H.C., Kloman A.S. and Gilles F.H. (1987) Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy. I. An autopsy study of myelination. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 46, 268-301.
51. Engelbrecht V., Rassek M., Preiss S., Wald C. and Modder U. (1998) Age-dependent changes in magnetization transfer contrast of white matter in the pediatric brain. American Journal of Neuroradiology 19, 1923-1929. (Pubitemid 30409575)
52. Engelbrecht V., Scherer A., Rassek M., Witsack H.J. and Modder U. (2002) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the brain in children: findings in the normal brain and in the brain with white matter diseases. Radiology 222, 410-418. (Pubitemid 34106113)
53. Eyre J.A., Miller S. and Ramesh V. (1991) Constancy of central conduction delays during development in man: investigation of motor and sensory pathways. Journal of Physiology 434, 441-452.
54. Fields R.D. (2008) White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders. Trends in Neurosciences 31, 361-370.
55. Flechsig P.E. (1920) Anatomie des Menschlichen Gehirns und Ruckenmarks auf Myelogenetischer Grundlage. Thieme.
56. Friede R.L. and Bischhausen R. (1982) How are sheath dimensions affected by axon caliber and internode length? Brain Research 235, 335-350. (Pubitemid 12180782)
57. Fuentemilla L., Camara E., Munte T.F., Kramer U.M., Cunillera T., Marco-Pallares J. et al. (2009) Individual differences in true and false memory retrieval are related to white matter brain microstructure. Journal of Neuroscience 29, 8698-8703.
58. Giedd J.N. (2008) The teen brain: insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health 42, 335-343.
59. Giedd J.N., Blumenthal J., Jeffries N.O., Castellanos F.X., Liu H., Zijdenbos A. et al. (1999) Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience 2, 861-863. (Pubitemid 30602596)
60. Gilles F.H., Shankle W. and Dooling E.C. (1983) Myelinated tracts: growth patterns. In Gilles F.H., Leviton A. & Dooling E.C. (eds) The Developing Human Brain. Boston, UK: John Wright, PSG Inc., pp. 117-183.
61. Good C.D., Johnsrude I.S., Ashburner J., Henson R.N.A., Friston K.J. and Frackowiak R.S.J. (2001) A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage 14, 21-36. (Pubitemid 32552740)
62. Haier R.J., Jung R.E., Yeo R.A., Head K. and Alkire M.T. (2004) Structural brain variation and general intelligence. NeuroImage 23, 425-433. (Pubitemid 39119473)
63. Hamano K., Takeya T., Iwasaki N., Nakayama J., Ohto T. and Okada Y. (1998) A quantitative study of the progress of myelination in the rat central nervous system, using the immunohistochemical method for proteolipid protein. Developmental Brain Research 108, 287-293. (Pubitemid 28332839)
64. Han Y., Yang H., Lv Y.-T., Zhu C.-Z., He Y., Tang H.-H. et al. (2009) Gray matter density and white matter integrity in pianists' brain: A combined structural and diffusion tensor MRI study. Neuroscience Letters 459, 3-6.
65. Hartline D.K. and Colman D.R. (2007) Rapid conduction and evolution of giant axons and myelinated fibers. Current Biology 17, R29-R35.
66. Hasan K.M., Karnali A., Kramer L.A., Papnicolaou A.C., Fletcher J.M. and Ewing-Cobbs L. (2008) Diffusion tensor quantification of the human midsagittal corpus callosum subdivisions across the lifespan. Brain Research 1227, 52-67.
67. Haynes R.L., Borenstein N.S., Desilva T.M., Folkerth R.D., Liu L.G., Volpe J.J. et al. (2005) Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant. Journal of Comparative Neurology 484, 156-167.
68. Henkelman R.M., Stanisz G.J. and Graham S.J. (2001) Magnetization transfer in MRI: a review. NMR in Biomedicine 14, 57-64.
69. Imfeld A., Oechslin M.S., Meyer M., Loenneker T. and Jancke L. (2009) White matter plasticity in the corticospinal tract of musicians: A diffusion tensor imaging study. NeuroImage 46, 600-607.
70. Iwasaki N., Hamano K., Okada Y., Horigome Y., Nakayama J., Takeya T. et al. (1997) Volumetric quantification of brain development using MRI. Neuroradiology 39, 841-846. (Pubitemid 27528522)
71. Johansen-Berg H., Della-Maggiore V., Behrens T.E., Smith S.M. and Paus T. (2007) Integrity of white matter in the corpus callosum correlates with bimanual co-ordination skills. NeuroImage 36 Suppl 2, T16-T21. (Pubitemid 46702723)
72. Kiernan J.A. (2007) Histochemistry of staining methods for normal and degenerating myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Journal of Histotechnology 30, 87-106.
73. Kinney H.C., Brody B.A., Kloman A.S. and Gilles F.H. (1988) Sequence of central nervous system myelination in human infancy. II. Patterns of myelination in autopsied infants. Journal of Neuropathology Experimental Neurology 47, 217-234.
74. Kinney H.C., Karthigasan J., Borenshteyn N.I., Flax J.D. and Kirschner D.A. (1994) Myelination in the developing human brain-biochemical correlates. Neurochemistry Research 19, 983-996. (Pubitemid 24243333)
75. Klingberg T., Hedehus M., Temple E., Salz T., Gabrieli J.D.E., Moseley M.E. et al. (2000) Microstructure of temporo-parietal white matter as a basis for reading ability: evidence from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Neuron 25, 493-500.
76. Knickmeyer R.C., Gouttard S., Kang C.Y., Evans D., Wilber K., Smith J.K. et al. (2008) A structural MRI study of human brain development from birth to 2 years. Journal of Neuroscience 28, 12176-12182.
77. Le Bihan D. (2003) Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 4, 469-480. (Pubitemid 37280168)
78. Lee D.J., Chen Y. and Schlaug G. (2003) Corpus callosum: musician and gender effects. NeuroReport 14, 205-209. (Pubitemid 36308411)
79. Leenen L.P.H., Meek J., Posthuma P.R. and Nieuwenhuys R. (1985) A detailed morphometrical analysis of the pyramidal tract of the rat. Brain Research 359, 65-80. (Pubitemid 16185317)
80. Lobel U., Sedlacik J., Gullmar D., Kaiser W.A., Reichenbach J.R. and Mentzel H.J. (2009) Diffusion tensor imaging: the normal evolution of ADC, RA, FA, and eigenvalues studied in multiple anatomical regions of the brain. Neuroradiology 51, 253-263.
81. Lucas Keene M.F. and Hewer E.E. (1931) Some observations on myelination in the human central nervous system. Journal of Anatomy 66, 1-13.
82. Madison G., Forsman L., Blom Ö., Karabanov A. and Ullén F. (2009) Correlations between general intelligence and components of serial timing variability. Intelligence 37, 68-75.
83. Markham J.A. and Greenough W.T. (2004) Experience-driven brain plasticity: beyond the synapse. Neuron Glia Biology 1, 351-363.
84. Marsh R., Gerber A.J. and Peterson B.S. (2008) Neuroimaging studies of normal brain development and their relevance for understanding childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 47, 1233-1251.
85. Martin E., Kikinis R., Zuerrer M., Boesch C., Briner J., Kewitz G. et al. (1988) Developmental stages of human brain: an MR study. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 12, 917-922.
86. McGraw P., Liang L.X. and Provenzale J.M. (2002) Evaluation of normal age-related changes in anisotropy during infancy and childhood as shown by diffusion tensor imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology 179, 1515-1522. (Pubitemid 35386653)
87. Michailov G.V., Sereda M.W., Brinkmann B.G., Fischer T.M., Haug B., Birchmeier C. et al. (2004) Axonal neuregulin-1 regulates myelin sheath thickness. Science 304, 700-703. (Pubitemid 38560869)
88. Muetzel R.L., Collins P.F., Mueller B.A., Schissel A.M., Lim K.O. and Luciana M. (2008) The development of corpus callosum microstructure and associations with bimanual task performance in healthy adolescents. NeuroImage 39, 1918-1925. (Pubitemid 351179409)
89. Nadon N.L., Crotzer D.R. and Stewart J.R. (1995) Embryonic development of central nervous system myelination in a reptilian species, Eumeces fasciatus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 362, 433-440.
90. Nathan P.J. and Smith M.C. (1955) Long descending tracts in man. 1. Review of present knowledge. Brain 78, 249-303.
91. Niogi S.N. and McCandliss B.D. (2005) Left lateralized white matter microstructure accounts for individual differences in reading ability and disability Conference on Advances in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, pp. 2178-2188.
92. Nunez J.L., Nelson J., Pych J.C., Kim J.H.Y. and Juraska J.M. (2000) Myelination in the splenium of the corpus callosum in adult male and female rats. Developmental Brain Research 120, 87-90. (Pubitemid 30155870)
93. Olesen P.J., Nagy Z., Westerberg H. and Klingberg T. (2003) Combined analysis of DTI and fMRI data reveals a joint maturation of white and grey matter in a fronto-parietal network. Cognitive Brain Research 18, 48-57. (Pubitemid 37500974)
94. Öztürk A.H., Tascioglu B., Aktekin M., Kurtoglu Z. and Erden I. (2002) Morphometric comparison of the human corpus callosum in professional musicians and non-musicians by using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroradiology 29, 29-34. (Pubitemid 34467950)
95. Paus T., Collins D.L., Evans A.C., Leonard G., Pike B. and Zijdenbos A. (2001) Maturation of white matter in the human brain: a review of magnetic resonance studies. Brain Research Bulletin 54, 255-266. (Pubitemid 32273618)
96. Paus T., Zijdenbos A., Worsley K., Collins D.L., Blumenthal J., Giedd J.N. et al. (1999) Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study. Science 283, 1908-1911. (Pubitemid 129504141)
97. Perrin J.S., Leonard G., Perron M., Pike G.B., Pitiot A., Richer L. et al. (2009) Sex differences in the growth of white matter during adolescence. NeuroImage 45, 1055-1066.
98. PfefferbaumA.,MathalonD.H., Sullivan E.V., Rawles J.M.,ZipurskyR.B. and Lim K.O. (1994) A quantitative magnetic-resonance-imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Archives of Neurology 51, 874-887. (Pubitemid 24286042)
99. Reiss A.L., Abrams M.T., Singer H.S., Ross J.L. and Denckla M.B. (1996) Brain development, gender and IQ in children. A volumetric imaging study. Brain 119, 1763-1774.
100. Schlaug G., Jäncke L., Huang Y., Staiger J.F. and Steinmetz H. (1995) Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia 33, 1047-1055.
101. Schmithorst V.J., Wilke M., Dardzinski B.J. and Holland S.K. (2005) Cognitive functions correlate with white matter architecture in a normal pediatric population: A diffusion tensor MRI study. Human Brain Mapping 26, 139-147.
102. Schweigreiter R., Roots B.I., Bandtlow C.E. and Gould R.M. (2006) Understanding myelination through studying its evolution. International Review of Neurobiology 73, 219-273. (Pubitemid 43776543)
103. Smith R.S. and Koles Z.J. (1970) Myelinated nerve fibers: computed effect of myelin thickness on conduction velocity. American Journal of Physiology 219, 1256-1258.
104. Stanisz G.J., Kecojevic A., Bronskill M.J. and Henkelman R.M. (1999) Characterizing white matter with magnetization transfer and T-2. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 42, 1128-1136.
105. Stufflebeam S.M., Witzel T., Mikulski S., Hamalainen M.S., Temereanca S., Barton J.J.S. et al. (2008) A non-invasive method to relate the timing of neural activity to white matter microstructural integrity. NeuroImage 42, 710-716.
106. Tuch D.S., Salat D.H., Wisco J.J., Zaleta A.K., Hevelone N.D. and Rosas H.D. (2005) Choice reaction time performance correlates with diffusion anisotropy in white matter pathways supporting visuospatial attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102, 12212-12217.
107. Ullén F., Forsman L., Blom ö ., Karabanov A. and Madison G. (2008) Intelligence and variability in a simple timing task share neural substrates in the prefrontal white matter. Journal of Neuroscience 28, 4238-4243.
108. van Buchem M.A., Steens S.C.A., Vrooman H.A., Zwinderman A.H., McGowan J.C., Rassek M. et al. (2001) Global estimation of myelination in the developing brain on the basis of magnetization transfer imaging: A preliminary study. 7th Scientific Meeting and Exhibition of the International-Society-for-Magnetic- Resonance-in-Medicine. American Society of Neuroradiology, pp. 762-766. (Pubitemid 32318714)
109. van der Knaap M.S. and Valk J. (1990) MR imaging of the various stages of normal myelination during the first year of life. Neuroradiology 31, 459-470. (Pubitemid 20044450)
110. Verhaart W.J.C. (1950) Hypertrophy of pes pedunculi and pyramid as result of degeneration of contralateral corticofugal fiber tracts. Journal of Comparative Neurology 92, 1-15.
111. Wolff S.D. and Balaban R.S. (1989) Magnetization transfer contrast (Mtc) and tissue water proton relaxation in vivo. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 10, 135-144.
112. Wozniak J.R. and Lim K.O. (2006) Advances in white matter imaging: A review of in vivo magnetic resonance methodologies and their applicability to the study of development and aging. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review 30, 762-774.
113. Yakovlev P.I. and Lecours A.-R. (1967) The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In Minkowski A. (ed) Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 3-65.
114. Zhai G.H., Lin W.L., Wilber K.P., Gerig G. and Gilmore J.H. (2003) Comparisons of regional white matter diffusion in healthy neonates and adults performed with a 3.0-T head-only MR imaging unit. Radiology 229, 673-681. (Pubitemid 37467568)