Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI

Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 469-480

  Le Bihan, Denis ^a  

^a SERVICE HOSPITALIER FRÉDÉRIC JOLIOT   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; CYTOLOGY; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; ANISOTROPY; BLOOD OXYGENATION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN MATURATION; DIFFUSION NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; IMAGE DISPLAY; IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION; IMAGING SYSTEM; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROSCIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; WHITE MATTER;

BRAIN; DIFFUSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED;

WATER;

EID: 0038042125     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: 14710048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrn1119     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Einstein, A. Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Motion (eds Furthe, R. & Cowper, A. D.) (Dover, New York, 1956).
2. Le Bihan, D. & Breton, E. Imagerie de diffusion in vivo par resonance magnetique nucleaire. C. R.Acad. Sci. (Paris) 301, 1109-1112 (1985).
3. Merboldt, K. D., Hanicke, W. & Frahm, J. Self-diffusion NMR imaging using stimulated echoes. J. Magn. Reson. 64, 479-486 (1985).
4. Taylor, D. G. & Bushell, M. C. The spatial mapping of translational diffusion coefficients by the NMR imaging technique. Phys. Med. Biol. 30, 345-349 (1985).
5. Le Bihan, D. Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure. NMR Biomed. 8, 375-386 (1995).
6. Lauterbur, P. C. Image formation by induced local interactions: examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature 242, 190-191 (1973).
7. Kumar, A., Welti, D. & Ernst, R. NMR Fourier zeugmatography. J. Magn. Reson. 18, 69-83 (1975).
8. Stejskal, E. O. & Tanner, J. E. Spin diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of a time- dependent field gradient. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 288-292 (1965).
9. Le Bihan, D. in Diffusion and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Applications to Functional MRI (ed. Le Bihan, D.) (Raven, New York, 1995).
10. Tanner, J. E. Self diffusion of water in frog muscle. Biophys. J. 28, 107-116 (1979).
11. Tanner, J. E. Transient diffusion in a system partitioned by permeable barriers. Application to NMR measurements with a pulsed field gradient. J. Chem. Phys. 69, 1748-1754 (1978).
12. Cooper, R. L., Chang, D. B., Young, A. C., Martin, J. & Ancker-Johnson, B. Restricted diffusion in biophysical systems. Biophys. J. 14, 161-177 (1974).
13. Le Bihan, D. et al. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 161, 401-407 (1986).
14. Bougeault, P & Geleyn, J. F. Some problems of closure assumption and scale dependency in the parameterization of moist deep convection for numerical weather prediction. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 40, 123-135 (1988).
15. Callaghan, P. T. Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1991).
16. Anderson, A. W. & Gore, J. C. Analysis and correction of motion artifacts in diffusion weighted imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 32, 379-387 (1994).
17. Baird, A. E. & Warach, S. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18, 583-609 (1998).
18. Chien, D. et al. MR diffusion imaging of cerebral infarction in humans. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 13, 1097-1102 (1992).
19. Moseley, M. E. et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of acute stroke: correlation with T2-weighted and magnetic susceptibility-enhanced MR imaging in cats. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 11, 423-429 (1990).
20. Mintorovitch, J. et al. Comparison of diffusion- and T2- weighted MRI for the early detection of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Magn. Reson. Med. 18, 39-50 (1991).
21. Hossmann, K. A. & Hoehn Berlage, M. Diffusion and perfusion MR imaging of cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev 7, 187-217 (1995).
22. Sotak, C. H. The role of diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of ischemic brain injury - a review. NMR Biomed. 15, 561-569 (2002).
23. Warach, S., Chien, D., Li, W., Ronthal, M. & Edelman, R. R. Fast magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging of acute human stroke. Neurology 42, 1717-1723 (1992).
24. Sorensen, A. G. et al. Hyperacute stroke: evaluation with combined multisection diffusion-weighted and hemodynamically weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology 199, 391-401 (1996).
25. Sorensen, A. G. et al. Hyperacute stroke: simultaneous measurement of relative cerebral blood volume, relative cerebral blood flow, and mean tissue transit time. Radiology 210, 519-527 (1999).
26. Knight, R. A. et al. Temporal evolution of ischemic damage in rat brain measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 22, 802-808 (1991).
27. Norris, D. G., Niendorf, T & Leibfritz, D. Healthly and infarcted brain tissues studied at short diffusion times: the origins of apparent restriction and the reduction in apparent diffusion coefficient. NMR Biomed. 7, 304-310 (1994).
28. Rohl, L. et al. Viability thresholds of ischemic penumbra of hyperacute stroke defined by perfusion-weighted MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient. Stroke 32, 1140-1146 (2001).
29. Warach, S., Boska, M. & Welch, K. M. A. Pitfalls and potential of clinical diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute stroke. Stroke 28, 481-482 (1997).
30. Warach, S., Dashe, J. F. & Edelman, R. R. Clinical outcome in ischemic stroke predicted by early diffusion-weighted and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary analysis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 53-59 (1996).
31. Lovblad, K. O. et al. Ischemic lesion volumes in acute stroke by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging correlate with clinical outcome. Ann. Neurol. 42, 164-170 (1997).
32. Gonzalez, R. G. et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging: diagnostic accuracy in patients imaged within 6 hours of stroke symptom onset. Radiology 210, 155-162 (1999).
33. Warach, S., Boska, M. & Welch, K. M. Pitfalls and potential of clinical diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute stroke. Stroke 28, 481-482 (1997).
34. Dreher, W. et al. Temporal and regional changes during focal ischemia in rat brain studied by proton spectroscopic imaging and quantitative diffusion NMR imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 39, 878-888 (1998).
35. Basser, P. J. & Jones, D. K. Diffusion-tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis — a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 456-467 (2002).
36. Bammer, R. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging using single-shot SENSE-EPI. Magn. Reson. Med. 48, 128-136 (2002).
37. Bammer, R. et al. Improved diffusion-weighted single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) in stroke using sensitivity encoding (SENSE). Magn. Reson. Med. 46, 548-554 (2001).
38. Vavrek, R. M. & MacFall, J. R. in Diffusion and Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Applications to Functional MRI (ed. Le Bihan, D.) 67-72 (Raven, New York, 1995).
39. Ogawa, S. et al. Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation — functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5951-5955 (1992).
40. Logothetis, N. K. The neural basis of the blood-oxygen- level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 357, 1003-1037 (2002).
41. Zhong, J., Petroff, O. A. C., Prichard, J. W. & Gore, J. C. Changes in water diffusion and relaxation properties of rat cerebrum during status epilepticus. Magn. Reson. Med. 30, 241-246 (1993).
42. Darquie, A., Poline, J. B., Poupon, C., Saint Jalmes, H. & Le Bihan, D. Transient decrease in water diffusion observed in human occipital cortex during visual stimulation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9391-9395 (2001).
43. Cohen, L. B. Changes in neuron structure during action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. Physiol. Rev 53, 373-418 (1973).
44. Andrew, R. D. & MacVicar, B. A. Imaging cell volume changes and neuronal excitation in the hippocampal slice. Neuroscience 62, 371-383 (1994).
45. Ransom, B. R., Yamate, C. L. & Connors, B. W. Activity- dependent shrinkage of extracellular space in rat optic nerve: a developmental study. J. Neurosci. 5, 532-535 (1985).
46. Svoboda, J. & Sykova, E. Extracellular space volume changes in the rat spinal cord produced by nerve stimulation and peripheral injury. Brain Res. 560, 216-224 (1991).
47. Crick, F. Do dentritic spines twitch? Trends Neurosci. 5. 44-47 (1982).
48. Halpain, S. Actin and the agile spine: how and why do dendritic spines dance? Trends Neurosci. 23, 141-146 (2000).
49. Cleveland, G. G., Chang, D. C., Hazelwood, C. F. & Rorschach, H. E. Nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of skeletal muscle. Anisotropy of the diffusion coefficient of the intracellular water. Biophys. J. 16, 1043-1053 (1976).
50. Hansen, J. R. Pulsed NMR study of water mobility in muscle and brain tissue. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 230, 482-486 (1971).
51. Moseley, M. E., Cohen, Y & Mintorovitch, J. Early detection of regional cerebral ischemic injury in cats: evaluation of diffusion and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 14, 330-346 (1990).
52. Chenevert, T. L., Brunberg, J. A. & Pipe, J. G. Anisotropic diffusion within human white matter: demonstration with NMR techniques in vivo. Radiology 177, 401-405 (1990).
53. Beaulieu, C. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system — a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 435-455 (2002).
54. Douek, P, Turner, R., Pekar, J., Patronas, N. J. & Le Bihan, D. MR color mapping of myelin fiber orientation. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15, 923-929 (1991).
55. Basser, P J., Mattiello, J. & Le Bihan, D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys. J. 66, 259-267 (1994).
56. Basser, P J., Mattiello, J. & Le Bihan, D. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J. Magn. Reson. 103, 247-254 (1994).
57. Le Bihan, D. & van Zijl, P. From the diffusion coefficient to the diffusion tensor. NMR Biomed. 15, 431-434 (2002).
58. Basser, P J. in Imaging Brain Structure and Function (eds Lester, D. S., Felder, C. C. & Lewis, E. N.) 123-138 (New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 1997).
59. Basser, P J. & Pierpaoli, C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion- tensor MRI. J. Magn. Reson. 111, 209-219 (1996).
60. Pajevic, S. & Pierpaoli, C. Color schemes to represent the orientation of anisotropic tissues from diffusion tensor data: application to white matter fiber tract mapping in the human brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 42, 526-540 (1999).
61. Moseley, M. E., Cohen, Y & Kucharczyk, J. Diffusion- weighted MR imaging of anisotropic water diffusion in cat central nervous system. Radblogy 176, 439-446 (1990).
62. Turner, R. et al. Echo-planar imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions. Radblogy 177, 407-414 (1990).
63. Rutherford, M. A. et al. MR imaging of anisotropically restricted diffusion in the brain of neonates and infants. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15, 188-198 (1991).
64. Neil, J. J. et al. Normal brain in human newborns: apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion anisotropy measured by using diffusion tensor MR imaging. Radiology 209, 57-66 (1998).
65. Toft, P. B., Leth, H., Peitersen, B., Lou, H. C. & Thomsen, C. The apparent diffusion coefficient of water in gray and white matter of the infant brain. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 20, 1006-1011 (1996).
66. Baratti, C., Barnett, A. S. & Pierpaoli, C. Comparative MR imaging study of brain maturation in kittens with T1, T2, and the trace of the diffusion tensor. Radiology 210, 133-142 (1999).
67. Vorisek, I. & Sykova, E. Evolution of anisotropic diffusion in the developing rat corpus callosum. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 912-919 (1997).
68. Prayer, D. et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI of myelination in the rat brain following treatment with gonadal hormones. Neuroradiology 39, 320-325 (1997).
69. Takeda, K. et al. MR assessment of normal brain development in neonates and infants: Comparative study of T1- and diffusion-weighted images. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 21, 1-7 (1997).
70. Beaulieu, C., Fenrich, F. R. & Allen, P. S. Multicomponent water proton transverse relaxation and T2-discriminated water diffusion in myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve. Magn. Reson. Imaging 16, 1201-1210 (1998).
71. Le Bihan, D., Turner, R. & Douek, P. Is water diffusion restricted in human brain white matter? An echo-planar NMR imaging study. Neuroreport 4, 887-890 (1993).
72. Moonen, C. T. W. et al. Restricted and anisotropic displacement of water in healthy cat brain and in stroke studied by NMR diffusion imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 19, 327-332 (1991).
73. Clark, C. A. & Le Bihan, D. Water diffusion compartmentation and anisotropy at high b values in the human brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 44, 852-859 (2000).
74. Hajnal, J. V, Doran, M. & Hall, A. S. MR imaging of anisotropically restricted diffusion of water in the nervous system: technical, anatomic, and pathological considerations. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15, 1-18 (1991).
75. Sakuma, H. et al. Adult and neonatal human brain: diffusional anisotropy and myelination with diffusion- weighted MR imaging. Radiology 180, 229-233 (1991).
76. 2H single- and double- quantum-filtered diffusion NMR spectroscopy. J. Magn. Reson. 112, 151-159 (1996).
77. Silva, M. D. et al. Deconvolution of compartmental water diffusion coefficients in yeast-cell suspensions using combined T1 and diffusion measurements. J. Magn. Reson. 156, 52-63 (2002).
78. Sukstanskii, A. L. & Yablonskiy, D. A. Effects of restricted diffusion on MR signal formation. J. Magn. Reson. 157, 92-105 (2002).
79. Mori, S. & van Zijl, P. C. M. Fiber tracking: principles and strategies — a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 468-480 (2002).
80. Mori, S., Crain, B. J., Chacko, V P & van Zijl, P. C. M. Three- dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann. Neurol. 45, 265-269 (1999).
81. Conturo, T. E. et al. Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10422-10427 (1999).
82. Poupon, C. et al. Regularization of diffusion-based direction maps for the tracking of brain white matter fascicles. Neuroimage 12, 184-195 (2000).
83. Mangin, J. F. et al. A framework based on spin glass models for the inference of anatomical connectivity from diffusion- weighted MR data — a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 481-492 (2002).
84. Koch, M. A., Norris, D. G. & Hund-Georgiadis, M. An investigation of functional and anatomical connectivity using magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 16, 241-250 (2002).
85. Lin, C. P, Tseng, W. Y. I., Cheng, H. C. & Chen, J. H. Validation of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance axonal fiber imaging with registered manganese-enhanced optic tracts. Neuroimage 14, 1035-1047 (2001).
86. Ananth, H. et al. Cortical and subcortical gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia determined through structural magnetic resonance imaging with optimized volumetric voxel-based morphometry. Am. J. Psychiatry 159, 1497-1505 (2002).
87. Rugg-Gunn, F J., Eriksson, S. H., Symms, M. R., Barker, G. J. & Duncan, J. S. Diffusion tensor imaging of cryptogenic and acquired partial epilepsies. Brain 124, 627-636 (2001).
88. Frank, L. R. Anisotropy in high angular resolution diffusion- weighted MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 45, 935-939 (2001).
89. Wiegell, M. R., Larsson, H. B. W. & Wedeen, V J. Fiber crossing in human brain depicted with diffusion tensor MR imaging. Radiology 217, 897-903 (2000).
90. Tuch, D. S. et al. High angular resolution diffusion imaging reveals intravoxel white matter fiber heterogeneity. Magn. Reson. Med. 48, 577-582 (2002).
91. Mori, S. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of the developing mouse brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 46, 18-23 (2001).
92. Le Bihan, D. et al. Diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in brain tumors. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 5, 25-31 (1993).
93. Ikezaki, K. et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) mapping of experimental brain tumor. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien) 70, 170-172 (1997).
94. Krabbe, K. et al. MR diffusion imaging of human intracranial tumours. Neuroradiology 39, 483-489 (1997).
95. Barzo, P, Marmarou, A., Fatouros, P., Hayasaki, K & Corwin, F. Contribution of vasogenic and cellular edema to traumatic brain swelling measured by diffusion-weighted imaging. J. Neurosurg. 87, 900-907 (1997).
96. Schwartz, R. B., Mulkern, R. V, Gudbjartsson, H. & Jolesz, F. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in hypertensive encephalopathy: clues to pathogenesis. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 19, 859-862 (1998).
97. Chang, L. & Ernst, T. MR spectroscopy and diffusion- weighted MR imaging in focal brain lesions in AIDS. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 7, 409-426 (1997).
98. Schaefer, P W., Buonanno, F. S., Gonzalez, R. G. & Schwamm, L. H. Diffusion-weighted imaging discriminates between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in a patient with eclampsia. Stroke 28, 1082-1085 (1997).
99. Okada, K., Wu, L. H. & Kobayashi, S. Diffusion-weighted MRI in severe leukoaraiosis. Stroke 30, 478-479 (1999).
100. Jones, D. K. et al. Characterization of white matter damage in ischemic leukoaraiosis with diffusion tensor MRI. Stroke 30, 393-397 (1999).
101. Chabriat, H. et al. Decreased hemispheric water mobility in hemiplegic migraine related to mutation of CACNA1A gene. Neurology 54, 510-512 (2000).
102. Gulani, V. et al. A multiple echo pulse sequence for diffusion tensor imaging and its application in excised rat spinal cords. Magn. Reson. Med. 38, 868-873 (1997).
103. Ford, J. C., Hackney, D. B., Lavi, E., Phillips, M. & Patel, U. Dependence of apparent diffusion coefficients on axonal spacing, membrane permeability, and diffusion time in spinal cord white matter. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging8, 775-782 (1998).
104. Inglis, B. A., Yang, L., Wirth, E. D. III, Plant, D. & Mareci, T. H. Diffusion anisotropy in excised normal rat spinal cord measured by NMR microscopy. Magn. Reson. Imaging 15, 441–450 (1997).
105. Clark, C. A., Barker, G. J. & Tofts, P. S. Magnetic resonance diffusion imaging of the human cervical spinal cord in vivo. Magn. Reson. Med. 41, 1269-1273 (1999).
106. Ries, M., Jones, R. A., Dousset, V & Moonen, C. T. W. Diffusion tensor MRI of the spinal cord. Magn. Reson. Med. 44, 884-892 (2000).
107. Ono, J., Harada, K., Mano, T, Sakurai, K. & Okada, S. Differentiation of dys- and demyelination using diffusional anisotropy. Pediatr. Neurol. 16, 63-66 (1997).
108. Werring, D. J., Clark, C. A., Barker, G. J., Thompson, A. J. & Miller, D. H. Diffusion tensor imaging of lesions and normal- appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 52, 1626-1632 (1999).
109. Tievsky, A. L., Ptak, T & Farkas, J. Investigation of apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion tensor anisotropy in acute and chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20, 1491-1499 (1999).
110. Iwasawa, T. et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the human optic nerve: a new approach to evaluate optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis. Magn. Reson. Med. 38, 484-491 (1997).
111. Horsfield, M. A., Larsson, H. B., Jones, D. K. & Gass, A. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 64 (Suppl. 1), S80-S84 (1998).
112. Ay, H. et al. Posterior leukoencephalopathy without severe hypertension: utility of diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology 51, 1369-1376 (1998).
113. Eichler, F. S. et al. Proton MR spectroscopic and diffusion tensor brain MR imaging in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: initial experience. Radiology 225, 245-252 (2002).
114. Filippi, C. G., Ulug, A. M., Ryan, E., Ferrando, S. J. & van Gorp, W. Diffusion tensor imaging of patients with HIV and normal-appearing white matter on MR images of the brain. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 22, 277-283 (2001).
115. Hanyu, H. et al. Increased water diffusion in cerebral white matter in Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology 43, 343-351 (1997).
116. Hanyu, H. et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the hippocampus and temporal white matter in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 156, 195-200 (1998).
117. Chabriat, H. et al. Clinical severity in cAdASIL related to ultrastructural damage in white matter — in vivo study with diffusion tensor MRI. Stroke 30, 2637-2643 (1999).
118. Horsfield, M. A. & Jones, D. K. Applications of diffusion- weighted and diffusion tensor MRI to white matter diseases — a review. NMR Biomed. 15, 570-577 (2002).
119. Lim, K. O. & Helpern, J. A. Neuropsychiatry applications of DTI — a review. NMR Biomed. 15, 587-593 (2002).
120. Buchsbaum, M. S. et al. MRI white matter diffusion anisotropy and PET metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 9, 425-430 (1998).
121. Lim, K. O. et al. Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56, 367-374 (1999).
122. Pfefferbaum, A. et al. In vivo detection and functional correlates of white matter microstructural disruption in chronic alcoholism. Abohol Clin. Exp. Res. 24, 1214-1221 (2000).
123. Klingberg, T. et al. Microstructure of temporo-parietal white matter as a basis for reading ability: evidence from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Neuron 25, 493-500 (2000).
124. Molko, N. et al. Visualizing the neural bases of a disconnection syndrome with diffusion tensor imaging. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 629-636 (2002).
125. Moseley, M. Diffusion tensor imaging and aging - a review. NMR Biomed. 15, 553-560 (2002).
126. Schmithorst, V J., Wilke, M., Dardzinski, B. J. & Holland, S. K Correlation of white matter diffusivity and anisotropy with age during childhood and adolescence: a cross-sectional diffusion-tensor MR imaging study. Radblogy 222, 212-218 (2002).
127. Neil, J., Miller, J., Mukherjee, P & Huppi, P. S. Diffusion tensor imaging of normal and injured developing human brain — a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 543-552 (2002).
128. Takahashi, M., Ono, J., Harada, K., Maeda, M. & Hackney, D. B. Diffusional anisotropy in cranial nerves with maturation: quantitative evaluation with diffusion MR imaging in rats. Radiology 216, 881-885 (2000).
129. Zimmerman, R. A. et al. Advances in pediatric neuroimaging. Brain Dev. 20, 275-289 (1998).
130. Huppi, P S. et al. Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr. Res. 44, 584-590 (1998).
131. Engelbrecht, V., Scherer, A., Rassek, M., Witsack, H. J. & Modder, U. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the brain in children: findings in the normal brain and in the brain with white matter diseases. Radiology 222, 410-418 (2002).
132. Eriksson, S. H. et al. Exploring white matter tracts in band heterotopia using diffusion tractography. Ann. Neurol. 52, 327-334 (2002).
133. Eriksson, S. H., Rugg-Gunn, F J., Symms, M. R., Barker, G. J. & Duncan, J. S. Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with epilepsy and malformations of cortical development. Brain 124, 617-626 (2001).
134. Assaf, Y & Cohen, Y. In vivo and in vitro bi-exponential diffusion of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in rat brain: a potential structural probe? NMR Biomed. 11, 67-74 (1998).
135. Cohen, Y & Assaf, Y. High b-value q-space analyzed diffusion-weighted MRS and MRI in neuronal tissues — a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 516-542 (2002).
136. Callaghan, P. T. NMR imaging, NMR diffraction and applications of pulsed gradient spin echoes in porous media. Magn. Reson. Imaging 14, 701-709 (1996).
137. Merboldt, K D., Horstermann, D., Hanicke, W., Bruhn, H. & Frahm, J. Molecular self-diffusion of intracellular metabolites in rat brain in vivo investigated by localized proton NMR diffusion sprectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 125-129 (1993).
138. Posse, S., Cuenod, C. A. & Le Bihan, D. Human brain: proton diffusion MR spectroscopy. Radiology 188, 719-725 (1993).
139. Wick, M., Nagatomo, Y, Prielmeier, F. & Frahm, J. Alteration of intracellular metabolite diffusion in rat brain in vivo during ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke 26, 1930-1934 (1995).
140. Sehy, J. V, Ackerman, J. J. H. & Neil, J. J. Apparent diffusion of water, ions, and small molecules in the Xenopus oocyte is consistent with Brownian displacement. Magn. Reson. Med. 48, 42-51 (2002).