Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for leukemia

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-25

  Wayne, Alan S ^a   Baird, Kristin ^a   Egeler, R Maarten ^b  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; HSCT; Leukemia; Pediatric

Indexed keywords

BUSULFAN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; IMATINIB; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; RETINOIC ACID;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOGENETICS; DONOR; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; GRAFT VERSUS LEUKEMIA EFFECT; HEALTH STATUS; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; LEUKEMIA; LEUKEMIA RELAPSE; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; REDUCED INTENSITY CONDITIONING; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 77951082463     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.11.005     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975-1995 1999, vol. 99:1-16. Edited by National Cancer Institute SP, NIH Publication. L.A.P.C. Gloeckler Ries, G.R. Bunin, S.M. Reis LAG (Eds.).
2. Smith M., Arthur D., Camitta B., et al. Uniform approach to risk classification and treatment assignment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:18-24.
3. McLean T.W., Ringold S., Neuberg D., et al. TEL/AML-1 dimerizes and is associated with a favorable outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1996, 88:4252-4258.
4. Borkhardt A., Cazzaniga G., Viehmann S., et al. Incidence and clinical relevance of TEL/AML1 fusion genes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia enrolled in the German and Italian multicenter therapy trials. Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica and the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Study Group. Blood 1997, 90:571-577.
5. Uckun F.M., Pallisgaard N., Hokland P., et al. Expression of TEL-AML1 fusion transcripts and response to induction therapy in standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2001, 42:41-56.
6. Kanerva J., Saarinen-Pihkala U.M., Niini T., et al. Favorable outcome in 20-year follow-up of children with very-low-risk ALL and minimal standard therapy, with special reference to TEL-AML1 fusion. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004, 42:30-35.
7. Johansson B., Moorman A.V., Haas O.A., et al. Hematologic malignancies with t(4;11)(q21;q23) - a cytogenetic, morphologic, immunophenotypic and clinical study of 183 cases. European 11q23 Workshop participants. Leukemia 1998, 12:779-787.
8. Pui C.H., Frankel L.S., Carroll A.J., et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the t(4;11)(q21;q23): a collaborative study of 40 cases. Blood 1991, 77:440-447.
9. Crist W., Boyett J., Pullen J., et al. Clinical and biologic features predict poor prognosis in acute lymphoid leukemias in children and adolescents: a Pediatric Oncology Group review. Med Pediatr Oncol 1986, 14:135-139.
10. Reaman G., Zeltzer P., Bleyer W.A., et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants less than one year of age: a cumulative experience of the Children's Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1985, 3:1513-1521.
11. Arico M., Valsecchi M.G., Camitta B., et al. Outcome of treatment in children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:998-1006.
12. Crist W.M., Carroll A.J., Shuster J.J., et al. Poor prognosis of children with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with the t(1;19)(q23;p13): a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Blood 1990, 76:117-122.
13. Uckun F.M., Sensel M.G., Sather H.N., et al. Clinical significance of translocation t(1;19) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the context of contemporary therapies: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:527-535.
14. Harris M.B., Shuster J.J., Carroll A., et al. Trisomy of leukemic cell chromosomes 4 and 10 identifies children with B-progenitor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a very low risk of treatment failure: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Blood 1992, 79:3316-3324.
15. Moorman A.V., Richards S.M., Martineau M., et al. Outcome heterogeneity in childhood high-hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2003, 102:2756-2762.
16. Charrin C., Thomas X., Ffrench M., et al. A report from the LALA-94 and LALA-SA groups on hypodiploidy with 30 to 39 chromosomes and near-triploidy: 2 possible expressions of a sole entity conferring poor prognosis in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood 2004, 104:2444-2451.
17. Heerema N.A., Sather H.N., Sensel M.G., et al. Prognostic impact of trisomies of chromosomes 10, 17, and 5 among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and high hyperdiploidy (>50 chromosomes). J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:1876-1887.
18. Sutcliffe M.J., Shuster J.J., Sather H.N., et al. High concordance from independent studies by the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) and Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) associating favorable prognosis with combined trisomies 4, 10, and 17 in children with NCI Standard-Risk B-precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group (COG) initiative. Leukemia 2005, 19:734-740.
19. Harrison C.J., Moorman A.V., Broadfield Z.J., et al. Three distinct subgroups of hypodiploidy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2004, 125:552-559.
20. Heerema N.A., Nachman J.B., Sather H.N., et al. Hypodiploidy with less than 45 chromosomes confers adverse risk in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the children's cancer group. Blood 1999, 94:4036-4045.
21. Raimondi S.C., Zhou Y., Mathew S., et al. Reassessment of the prognostic significance of hypodiploidy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2003, 98:2715-2722.
22. Pui C.H., Carroll A.J., Raimondi S.C., et al. Clinical presentation, karyotypic characterization, and treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a near-haploid or hypodiploid less than 45 line. Blood 1990, 75:1170-1177.
23. Mullighan C.G., Downing J.R. Genome-wide profiling of genetic alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: recent insights and future directions. Leukemia 2009, 23:1209-1218.
24. Gaynon P.S., Desai A.A., Bostrom B.C., et al. Early response to therapy and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a review. Cancer 1997, 80:1717-1726.
25. Steinherz P.G., Gaynon P.S., Breneman J.C., et al. Cytoreduction and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia-the importance of early marrow response: report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:389-398.
26. Arico M., Basso G., Mandelli F., et al. Good steroid response in vivo predicts a favorable outcome in children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP). Cancer 1995, 75:1684-1693.
27. Gajjar A., Ribeiro R., Hancock M.L., et al. Persistence of circulating blasts after 1 week of multiagent chemotherapy confers a poor prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1995, 86:1292-1295.
28. Rautonen J., Hovi L., Siimes M.A. Slow disappearance of peripheral blast cells: an independent risk factor indicating poor prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1988, 71:989-991.
29. Griffin T.C., Shuster J.J., Buchanan G.R., et al. Slow disappearance of peripheral blood blasts is an adverse prognostic factor in childhood T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Leukemia 2000, 14:792-795.
30. Panzer-Grumayer E.R., Schneider M., Panzer S., et al. Rapid molecular response during early induction chemotherapy predicts a good outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2000, 95:790-794.
31. van Dongen J.J., Seriu T., Panzer-Grumayer E.R., et al. Prognostic value of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Lancet 1998, 352:1731-1738.
32. Coustan-Smith E., Sancho J., Hancock M.L., et al. Clinical importance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2000, 96:2691-2696.
33. Nachman J.B., Sather H.N., Sensel M.G., et al. Augmented post-induction therapy for children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a slow response to initial therapy. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1663-1671.
34. Schrappe M., Reiter A., Ludwig W.D., et al. Improved outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia despite reduced use of anthracyclines and cranial radiotherapy: results of trial ALL-BFM 90. German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM Study Group. Blood 2000, 95:3310-3322.
35. Richards S., Burrett J., Hann I., et al. Improved survival with early intensification: combined results from the Medical Research Council childhood ALL randomised trials, UKALL X and UKALL XI. Medical Research Council Working Party on Childhood Leukaemia. Leukemia 1998, 12:1031-1036.
36. Silverman L.B., Gelber R.D., Dalton V.K., et al. Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Dana-Farber Consortium Protocol 91-01. Blood 2001, 97:1211-1218.
37. Amylon M.D., Shuster J., Pullen J., et al. Intensive high-dose asparaginase consolidation improves survival for pediatric patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and advanced stage lymphoblastic lymphoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Leukemia 1999, 13:335-342.
38. Pui C.H., Sandlund J.T., Pei D., et al. Improved outcome for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Total Therapy Study XIIIB at St Jude Children's Research Hospital. Blood 2004, 104:2690-2696.
39. Goldberg J.M., Silverman L.B., Levy D.E., et al. Childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute acute lymphoblastic leukemia consortium experience. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:3616-3622.
40. Reiter A., Schrappe M., Ludwig W.D., et al. Intensive ALL-type therapy without local radiotherapy provides a 90% event-free survival for children with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma: a BFM group report. Blood 2000, 95:416-421.
41. Magrath I., Adde M., Shad A., et al. Adults and children with small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma have a similar excellent outcome when treated with the same chemotherapy regimen. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:925-934.
42. Atra A., Imeson J.D., Hobson R., et al. Improved outcome in children with advanced stage B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL): results of the United Kingdom Children Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) 9002 protocol. Br J Cancer 2000, 82:1396-1402.
43. Bowman W.P., Shuster J.J., Cook B., et al. Improved survival for children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stage IV small noncleaved-cell lymphoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:1252-1261.
44. Chessells J.M. Relapsed lymphoblastic leukaemia in children: a continuing challenge. Br J Haematol 1998, 102:423-438.
45. Gaynon P.S., Harris R.E., Altman A.J., et al. Bone marrow transplantation versus prolonged intensive chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and an initial bone marrow relapse within 12 months of the completion of primary therapy: Children's Oncology Group study CCG-1941. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:3150-3156.
46. Raetz E.A., Borowitz M.J., Devidas M., et al. Reinduction platform for children with first marrow relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study [corrected]. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:3971-3978.
47. Nguyen K., Devidas M., Cheng S.C., et al. Factors influencing survival after relapse from acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Leukemia 2008, 22:2142-2150.
48. Ritchey A.K., Pollock B.H., Lauer S.J., et al. Improved survival of children with isolated CNS relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:3745-3752.
49. Buchanan G.R., Boyett J.M., Pollock B.H., et al. Improved treatment results in boys with overt testicular relapse during or shortly after initial therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A Pediatric Oncology Group study. Cancer 1991, 68:48-55.
50. Hahn T., Wall D., Camitta B., et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: an evidence-based review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005, 11:823-861.
51. Barrett A.J., Horowitz M.M., Pollock B.H., et al. Bone marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings as compared with chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a second remission. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:1253-1258.
52. Sharathkumar A., Saunders E.F., Dror Y., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation vs chemotherapy for children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004, 33:39-45.
53. Wheeler K.A., Richards S.M., Bailey C.C., et al. Bone marrow transplantation versus chemotherapy in the treatment of very high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission: results from Medical Research Council UKALL X and XI. Blood 2000, 96:2412-2418.
54. Uderzo C., Valsecchi M.G., Balduzzi A., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus chemotherapy in high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first remission. Associazione Italiana di Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP) and the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Br J Haematol 1997, 96:387-394.
55. Saarinen U.M., Mellander L., Nysom K., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in first remission for children with very high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective case-control study in the Nordic countries. Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO). Bone Marrow Transplant 1996, 17:357-363.
56. Barrett A.J., Horowitz M.M., Ash R.C., et al. Bone marrow transplantation for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1992, 79:3067-3070.
57. Bordigoni P., Vernant J.P., Souillet G., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission: a cooperative study of the Groupe d'Etude de la Greffe de Moelle Osseuse. J Clin Oncol 1989, 7:747-753.
58. Dopfer R., Henze G., Bender-Gotze C., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission after intensive primary and relapse therapy according to the BFM- and CoALL-protocols: results of the German Cooperative Study. Blood 1991, 78:2780-2784.
59. Hoogerbrugge P.M., Gerritsen E.J., Does-van den Berg A.V., et al. Case-control analysis of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation versus maintenance chemotherapy for relapsed ALL in children. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995, 15:255-259.
60. Uderzo C., Valsecchi M.G., Bacigalupo A., et al. Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy: ten-year experience of the Italian Bone Marrow Transplantation Group and the Italian Pediatric Hematology Oncology Association. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13:352-358.
61. Moussalem M., Esperou Bourdeau H., Devergie A., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission: factors predictive of survival, relapse and graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995, 15:943-947.
62. Wheeler K., Richards S., Bailey C., et al. Comparison of bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy for relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: the MRC UKALL X experience. Medical Research Council Working Party on Childhood Leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1998, 101:94-103.
63. Harrison G., Richards S., Lawson S., et al. Comparison of allogeneic transplant versus chemotherapy for relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the MRC UKALL R1 trial. MRC Childhood Leukaemia Working Party. Ann Oncol 2000, 11:999-1006.
64. Eapen M., Raetz E., Zhang M.J., et al. Outcomes after HLA-matched sibling transplantation or chemotherapy in children with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a second remission: a collaborative study of the Children's Oncology Group and the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Blood 2006, 107:4961-4967.
65. Chessells J.M., Bailey C., Wheeler K., et al. Bone marrow transplantation for high-risk childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia in first remission: experience in MRC UKALL X. Lancet 1992, 340:565-568.
66. Buchanan G.R., Rivera G.K., Pollock B.H., et al. Alternating drug pairs with or without periodic reinduction in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second bone marrow remission: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Cancer 2000, 88:1166-1174.
67. Sadowitz P.D., Smith S.D., Shuster J., et al. Treatment of late bone marrow relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Blood 1993, 81:602-609.
68. Balduzzi A., Valsecchi M.G., Uderzo C., et al. Chemotherapy versus allogeneic transplantation for very-high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first complete remission: comparison by genetic randomisation in an international prospective study. Lancet 2005, 366:635-642.
69. Schultz K.R.B.W., Slayton W., Aledo A., et al. Improved early event free survival in children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with intensive imatinib in combination with high dose chemotherapy: Children's Oncology Group (COG) study AALL0031 [abstract]. Blood 2007, 110:4a.
70. Eapen M., Rubinstein P., Zhang M.J., et al. Comparable long-term survival after unrelated and HLA-matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantations for acute leukemia in children younger than 18 months. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:145-151.
71. Jacobsohn D.A., Hewlett B., Morgan E., et al. Favorable outcome for infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005, 11:999-1005.
72. Kosaka Y., Koh K., Kinukawa N., et al. Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with MLL gene rearrangements: outcome following intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2004, 104:3527-3534.
73. Silverman L.B., Weinstein H.J. Treatment of childhood leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 1997, 9:26-33.
74. Pui C.H., Chessells J.M., Camitta B., et al. Clinical heterogeneity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with 11q23 rearrangements. Leukemia 2003, 17:700-706.
75. Luciani M., Rana I., Pansini V., et al. Infant leukaemia: clinical, biological and therapeutic advances. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2006, 95:47-51.
76. Nagayama J., Tomizawa D., Koh K., et al. Infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a germline MLL gene are highly curable with use of chemotherapy alone: results from the Japan Infant Leukemia Study Group. Blood 2006, 107:4663-4665.
77. Davies S.M., Ramsay N.K., Klein J.P., et al. Comparison of preparative regimens in transplants for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:340-347.
78. Bunin N., Aplenc R., Kamani N., et al. Randomized trial of busulfan vs total body irradiation containing conditioning regimens for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Consortium study. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003, 32:543-548.
79. Shah A.J., Lenarsky C., Kapoor N., et al. Busulfan and cyclophosphamide as a conditioning regimen for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004, 26:91-97.
80. Sullivan K.M., Weiden P.L., Storb R., et al. Influence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease on relapse and survival after bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings as treatment of acute and chronic leukemia. Blood 1989, 73:1720-1728.
81. Bader P., Kreyenberg H., Henze G.H., et al. Prognostic value of minimal residual disease quantification before allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the ALL-REZ BFM Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:377-384.
82. Dini G., Valsecchi M.G., Micalizzi C., et al. Impact of marrow unrelated donor search duration on outcome of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003, 32:325-331.
83. Bunin N., Carston M., Wall D., et al. Unrelated marrow transplantation for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission. Blood 2002, 99:3151-3157.
84. Saarinen-Pihkala U.M., Gustafsson G., Ringden O., et al. No disadvantage in outcome of using matched unrelated donors as compared with matched sibling donors for bone marrow transplantation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:3406-3414.
85. Green A., Clarke E., Hunt L., et al. Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who receive T-cell-depleted HLA mismatched marrow allografts from unrelated donors have an increased incidence of primary graft failure but a similar overall transplant outcome. Blood 1999, 94:2236-2246.
86. Oakhill A., Pamphilon D.H., Potter M.N., et al. Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in second complete remission. Br J Haematol 1996, 94:574-578.
87. Fleming D.R., Henslee-Downey P.J., Romond E.H., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with T cell-depleted partially matched related donors for advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adults: a comparative matched cohort study. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996, 17:917-922.
88. Ball L.M., Lankester A.C., Bredius R.G., et al. Graft dysfunction and delayed immune reconstitution following haploidentical peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005, 35(Suppl 1):S35-S38.
89. Lang P., Greil J., Bader P., et al. Long-term outcome after haploidentical stem cell transplantation in children. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2004, 33:281-287.
90. Bosi A., Laszlo D., Labopin M., et al. Second allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia: results of a survey by the European Cooperative Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:3675-3684.
91. Schroeder H., Gustafsson G., Saarinen-Pihkala U.M., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in second remission of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based case control study from the Nordic countries. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999, 23:555-560.
92. Sanders J.E., Thomas E.D., Buckner C.D., et al. Marrow transplantation for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission. Blood 1987, 70:324-326.
93. Lawson S.E., Darbyshire P.J. Use of donor lymphocytes in extramedullary relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998, 22:829-830.
94. Atra A., Millar B., Shepherd V., et al. Donor lymphocyte infusion for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia relapsing after bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1997, 97:165-168.
95. Collins R.H., Shpilberg O., Drobyski W.R., et al. Donor leukocyte infusions in 140 patients with relapsed malignancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol 1997, 15:433-444.
96. Helg C., Starobinski M., Jeannet M., et al. Donor lymphocyte infusion for the treatment of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma 1998, 29:301-313.
97. Porter D.L., Collins R.H., Hardy C., et al. Treatment of relapsed leukemia after unrelated donor marrow transplantation with unrelated donor leukocyte infusions. Blood 2000, 95:1214-1221.
98. Absalon M.J., Smith F.O. Treatment strategies for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009, 10:57-79.
99. Creutzig U., Ritter J., Zimmermann M., et al. Improved treatment results in high-risk pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients after intensification with high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone: results of Study Acute Myeloid Leukemia-Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster 93. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19:2705-2713.
100. Stevens R.F., Hann I.M., Wheatley K., et al. Marked improvements in outcome with chemotherapy alone in paediatric acute myeloid leukemia: results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council's 10th AML trial. MRC Childhood Leukaemia Working Party. Br J Haematol 1998, 101:130-140.
101. Perel Y., Auvrignon A., Leblanc T., et al. Impact of addition of maintenance therapy to intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy for childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia: results of a prospective randomized trial, LAME 89/91. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:2774-2782.
102. Capizzi R.L., Poole M., Cooper M.R., et al. Treatment of poor risk acute leukemia with sequential high-dose ARA-C and asparaginase. Blood 1984, 63:694-700.
103. Woods W.G., Ruymann F.B., Lampkin B.C., et al. The role of timing of high-dose cytosine arabinoside intensification and of maintenance therapy in the treatment of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 1990, 66:1106-1113.
104. Oliansky D.M., Rizzo J.D., Aplan P.D., et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of acute myeloid leukemia in children: an evidence-based review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007, 13:1-25.
105. Bleakley M., Lau L., Shaw P.J., et al. Bone marrow transplantation for paediatric AML in first remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002, 29:843-852.
106. Ravindranath Y., Yeager A.M., Chang M.N., et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation versus intensive consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in childhood. Pediatric Oncology Group. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1428-1434.
107. Amadori S., Testi A.M., Arico M., et al. Prospective comparative study of bone marrow transplantation and postremission chemotherapy for childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. The Associazione Italiana Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1993, 11:1046-1054.
108. Woods W.G., Neudorf S., Gold S., et al. A comparison of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and aggressive chemotherapy in children with acute myeloid leukemia in remission. Blood 2001, 97:56-62.
109. Feig S.A., Lampkin B., Nesbit M.E., et al. Outcome of BMT during first complete remission of AML: a comparison of two sequential studies by the Children's Cancer Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993, 12:65-71.
110. Burnett A.K., Goldstone A.H., Stevens R.M., et al. Randomised comparison of addition of autologous bone-marrow transplantation to intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission: results of MRC AML 10 trial. UK Medical Research Council Adult and Children's Leukaemia Working Parties. Lancet 1998, 351:700-708.
111. Razzouk B.I., Estey E., Pounds S., et al. Impact of age on outcome of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from 2 institutions. Cancer 2006, 106:2495-2502.
112. Ortega J.J., Madero L., Martin G., et al. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline monochemotherapy for children with acute promyelocytic leukemia: a multicenter study by the PETHEMA Group. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:7632-7640.
113. Testi A.M., Biondi A., Lo Coco F., et al. GIMEMA-AIEOPAIDA protocol for the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in children. Blood 2005, 106:447-453.
114. De Botton S., Chevret S., Sanz M., et al. Additional chromosomal abnormalities in patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) do not confer poor prognosis: results of APL 93 trial. Br J Haematol 2000, 111:801-806.
115. Fenaux P., Chevret S., Guerci A., et al. Long-term follow-up confirms the benefit of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. European APL group. Leukemia 2000, 14:1371-1377.
116. Ravindranath Y., Abella E., Krischer J.P., et al. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Down's syndrome is highly responsive to chemotherapy: experience on Pediatric Oncology Group AML Study 8498. Blood 1992, 80:2210-2214.
117. Gamis A.S., Woods W.G., Alonzo T.A., et al. Increased age at diagnosis has a significantly negative effect on outcome in children with Down syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group Study 2891. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:3415-3422.
118. Massey G.V. Transient leukemia in newborns with Down syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005, 44:29-32.
119. Dahl G.V., Kalwinsky D.K., Mirro J., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a program of intensive sequential chemotherapy for children and young adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in first remission. J Clin Oncol 1990, 8:295-303.
120. Wells R.J., Woods W.G., Buckley J.D., et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia: a Childrens Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:2367-2377.
121. Nesbit M.E., Buckley J.D., Feig S.A., et al. Chemotherapy for induction of remission of childhood acute myeloid leukemia followed by marrow transplantation or multiagent chemotherapy: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:127-135.
122. Aladjidi N., Auvrignon A., Leblanc T., et al. Outcome in children with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia after initial treatment with the French Leucemie Aique Myeloide Enfant (LAME) 89/91 protocol of the French Society of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:4377-4385.
123. Watson M., Buck G., Wheatley K., et al. Adverse impact of bone marrow transplantation on quality of life in acute myeloid leukaemia patients; analysis of the UK Medical Research Council AML 10 Trial. Eur J Cancer 2004, 40:971-978.
124. Cassileth P.A., Harrington D.P., Appelbaum F.R., et al. Chemotherapy compared with autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the management of acute myeloid leukemia in first remission. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1649-1656.
125. Zittoun R.A., Mandelli F., Willemze R., et al. Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation compared with intensive chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Leukemia Cooperative Groups. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:217-223.
126. Burnett A.K., Wheatley K., Goldstone A.H., et al. The value of allogeneic bone marrow transplant in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia at differing risk of relapse: results of the UK MRC AML 10 trial. Br J Haematol 2002, 118:385-400.
127. Chen A.R., Alonzo T.A., Woods W.G., et al. Current controversies: which patients with acute myeloid leukaemia should receive a bone marrow transplantation?-an American view. Br J Haematol 2002, 118:378-384.
128. Creutzig U., Reinhardt D. Current controversies: which patients with acute myeloid leukaemia should receive a bone marrow transplantation?-a European view. Br J Haematol 2002, 118:365-377.
129. Alonzo T.A., Wells R.J., Woods W.G., et al. Postremission therapy for children with acute myeloid leukemia: the children's cancer group experience in the transplant era. Leukemia 2005, 19:965-970.
130. Pession A., Rondelli R., Paolucci P., et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood: report from the bone marrow transplantation group of the Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP). Haematologica 2000, 85:638-646.
131. Gorin N.C., Labopin M., Fouillard L., et al. Retrospective evaluation of autologous bone marrow transplantation vs allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA identical related donor in acute myelocytic leukemia. A study of the European Cooperative Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Bone Marrow Transplant 1996, 18:111-117.
132. Ravindranath Y., Chang M., Steuber C.P., et al. Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) studies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a review of four consecutive childhood AML trials conducted between 1981 and 2000. Leukemia 2005, 19:2101-2116.
133. Smith F.O., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R.B., et al. Long-term results of children with acute myeloid leukemia: a report of three consecutive Phase III trials by the Children's Cancer Group: CCG 251, CCG 213 and CCG 2891. Leukemia 2005, 19:2054-2062.
134. Ferry C., Socie G. Busulfan-cyclophosphamide versus total body irradiation-cyclophosphamide as preparative regimen before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: what have we learned?. Exp Hematol 2003, 31:1182-1186.
135. Michel G., Gluckman E., Esperou-Bourdeau H., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for children with acute myeloblastic leukemia in first complete remission: impact of conditioning regimen without total-body irradiation-a report from the Societe Francaise de Greffe de Moelle. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:1217-1222.
136. Woodard P., Barfield R., Hale G., et al. Outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric patients with therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006, 47:931-935.
137. Woolfrey A.E., Gooley T.A., Sievers E.L., et al. Bone marrow transplantation for children less than 2 years of age with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 1998, 92:3546-3556.
138. Hsu K.C., Keever-Taylor C.A., Wilton A., et al. Improved outcome in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia predicted by KIR and HLA genotypes. Blood 2005, 105:4878-4884.
139. Meshinchi S., Leisenring W.M., Carpenter P.A., et al. Survival after second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for recurrent pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2003, 9:706-713.
140. Pulsipher M.A. Treatment of CML in pediatric patients: should imatinib mesylate (STI-571, Gleevec) or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant be front-line therapy?. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004, 43:523-533.
141. Druker B.J., Guilhot F., O'Brien S.G., et al. Five-year follow-up of patients receiving imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2408-2417.
142. Shah N.P. Loss of response to imatinib: mechanisms and management. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2005, 183-187.
143. Kolb E.A., Pan Q., Ladanyi M., et al. Imatinib mesylate in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia of childhood. Cancer 2003, 98:2643-2650.
144. Goldman J.M., Marin D. Management decisions in chronic myeloid leukemia. Semin Hematol 2003, 40:97-103.
145. Wassmann B., Pfeifer H., Scheuring U., et al. Therapy with imatinib mesylate (Glivec) preceding allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in relapsed or refractory Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). Leukemia 2002, 16:2358-2365.
146. Weisdorf D.J., Anasetti C., Antin J.H., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia: comparative analysis of unrelated versus matched sibling donor transplantation. Blood 2002, 99:1971-1977.
147. Goldman J.M., Druker B.J. Chronic myeloid leukemia: current treatment options. Blood 2001, 98:2039-2042.
148. Gratwohl A., Hermans J., Goldman J.M., et al. Risk assessment for patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia before allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Lancet 1998, 352:1087-1092.
149. Silver R.T., Woolf S.H., Hehlmann R., et al. An evidence-based analysis of the effect of busulfan, hydroxyurea, interferon, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in treating the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia: developed for the American Society of Hematology. Blood 1999, 94:1517-1536.
150. Stary J., Locatelli F., Niemeyer C.M. Stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005, 35(Suppl 1):S13-S16.
151. Niemeyer C.M., Kratz C.P., Hasle H. Pediatric myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2005, 6:209-214.
152. Hasle H., Niemeyer C.M., Chessells J.M., et al. A pediatric approach to the WHO classification of myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases. Leukemia 2003, 17:277-282.
153. Mandel K., Dror Y., Poon A., et al. A practical, comprehensive classification for pediatric myelodysplastic syndromes: the CCC system. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002, 24:596-605.
154. Occhipinti E., Correa H., Yu L., et al. Comparison of two new classifications for pediatric myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005, 44:240-244.
155. Hasle H., Baumann I., Bergstrasser E., et al. The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) for childhood myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Leukemia 2004, 18:2008-2014.
156. Niemeyer C.M., Arico M., Basso G., et al. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in childhood: a retrospective analysis of 110 cases. European Working Group on Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Childhood (EWOG-MDS). Blood 1997, 89:3534-3543.
157. Hasle H., Arico M., Basso G., et al. Myelodysplastic syndrome, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia associated with complete or partial monosomy 7. European Working Group on MDS in Childhood (EWOG-MDS). Leukemia 1999, 13:376-385.
158. Woods W.G., Barnard D.R., Alonzo T.A., et al. Prospective study of 90 children requiring treatment for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:434-440.
159. Freedman M.H., Estrov Z., Chan H.S. Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1988, 10:261-267.
160. Locatelli F., Nollke P., Zecca M., et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML): results of the EWOG-MDS/EBMT trial. Blood 2005, 105:410-419.
161. Yusuf U., Frangoul H.A., Gooley T.A., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in children with myelodysplastic syndrome or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: the Seattle experience. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004, 33:805-814.
162. Smith F.O., King R., Nelson G., et al. Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2002, 116:716-724.
163. Bunin N., Saunders F., Leahey A., et al. Alternative donor bone marrow transplantation for children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1999, 21:479-485.
164. Runde V., de Witte T., Arnold R., et al. Bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings as first-line treatment in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: early transplantation is associated with improved outcome. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998, 21:255-261.
165. Arico M., Biondi A., Pui C.H. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood 1997, 90:479-488.
166. Yoshimi A., Mohamed M., Bierings M., et al. Second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) results in outcome similar to that of first HSCT for patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2007, 21:556-560.
167. Yoshimi A., Bader P., Matthes-Martin S., et al. Donor leukocyte infusion after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2005, 19:971-977.
168. Creutzig U., Bender-Gotze C., Ritter J., et al. The role of intensive AML-specific therapy in treatment of children with RAEB and RAEB-t. Leukemia 1998, 12:652-659.
169. Kletzel M., Jacobsohn D., Tse W., et al. Reduced intensity transplants (RIT) in pediatrics: a review. Pediatr Transplant 2005, 9(Suppl 7):63-70.