Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter: Molecular characterization and occurrence

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 44, Issue 15, 2010, Pages 1831-1846

  Walgraeve, Christophe ^a   Demeestere, Kristof ^a   Dewulf, Jo ^a   Zimmermann, Ralf ^b,c   Van Langenhove, Herman ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK   (Germany)

^c INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Analysis; Concentrations; Oxidized; Oxygenated; Oxygenated PAH; Particulate matter; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS; ANALYSIS; ANALYTICAL SEQUENCE; ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER; CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS; CRITICAL PARAMETER; GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS; HEALTH EFFECTS; HUMAN HEALTH; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; MOLECULAR COMPOSITIONS; MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC; NEGATIVE IMPACTS; ORGANIC FRACTIONS; PAH RATIO; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY; RESEARCH ISSUES; SAMPLE PREPARATION; SEASONAL EFFECTS;

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL PROPERTIES; CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); EXTRACTION; HEALTH; INDICATORS (CHEMICAL); ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

OXYGEN; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; OXIDATION; PAH; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; SUMMER; TOXICITY; WINTER;

AIR POLLUTION; ANALYTIC METHOD; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DERIVATIZATION; EXTRACTION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH HAZARD; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SAMPLING; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; SOXHLET EXTRACTION; SUMMER; SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION; WINTER;

EID: 77950948646     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.004     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. Akimoto Y., Nito S., Inouye Y. Aromatic carboxylic acids generated from MSW incinerator fly ash. Chemosphere 1997, 34:251-261.
2. Albinet A., Leoz-Garziandia E., Budzinski H., ViIlenave E. Simultaneous analysis of oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on standard reference material 1649a (urban dust) and on natural ambient air samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionisation. Journal of Chromatography A 2006, 1121:106-113.
3. Albinet A., Leoz-Garziandia E., Budzinski H., ViIlenave E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in ambient air of the Marseilles area (South of France): concentrations and sources. Science of the Total Environment 2007, 384:280-292.
4. Albinet A., Leoz-Garziandia E., Budzinski H., Villenave E. Sampling precautions for the measurement of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:4988-4994.
5. Albinet A., Leoz-Garziandia E., Budzinski H., Villenave E., Jaffrezo J.L. Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys - part 1: concentrations, sources and gas/particle partitioning. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:43-54.
6. Albinet A., Leoz-Garziandia E., Budzinski H., Villenave E., Jaffrezo J.L. Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys - part 2: particle size distribution. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:55-64.
7. Allen J.O., Dookeran N.M., Taghizadeh K., Lafleur A.L., Smith K.A., Sarofim A.F. Measurement of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with a size-segregated urban aerosol. Environmental Science & Technology 1997, 31:2064-2070.
8. Alves C., Oliveira T., Pio C., Silvestre A.J.D., Fialho P., Barata F., Legrand M. Characterisation of carbonaceous aerosols from the Azorean Island of Terceira. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:1359-1373.
9. Alves C., Pio C., Carvalho A., Santos C. Atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols over grasslands of central Europe and a Boreal forest. Chemosphere 2006, 63:153-164.
10. Alves C.A. Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview. Anais da Academia Br asileira de Ciencias 2008, 80:21-82.
11. Andreae M.O., Jones C.D., Cox P.M. Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future. Nature 2005, 435:1187-1190.
12. Baez P.A., Garcia M.R., Torres B., Padilla H.G., Belmont R.D., Amador O.M., Villalobos-Pietrini R. Origin of trace elements and inorganic ions in PM10 aerosols to the South of Mexico City. Atmospheric Research 2007, 85:52-63.
13. Barbas J.T., Sigman M.E., Dabestani R. Photochemical oxidation of phenanthrene sorbed on silica gel. Environmental Science & Technology 1996, 30:1776-1780.
14. Bellouin N., Boucher O., Haywood J., Reddy M.S. Global estimate of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements. Nature 2005, 438:1138-1141.
15. Bente M., Adam T., Ferge T., Gallavardin S., Sklorz M., Streibel T., Zimmermann R. An on-line aerosol laser mass spectrometer with three, easily interchangeable laser based ionisation methods for characterisation of inorganic and aromatic compounds on particles. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2006, 258:86-94.
16. Bente M., Sklorz M., Streibel T., Zimmermann R. Online laser desorption-multiphoton postionization mass spectrometry of individual aerosol particles: molecular source indicators for particles emitted from different traffic-related and wood combustion sources. Analytical Chemistry 2008, 80:8991-9004.
17. Bi X., Simoneit B.R.T., Sheng G., Fu J. Characterization of molecular markers in smoke from residential coal combustion in China. Fuel 2008, 87:112-119.
18. Billet S., Garcon G., Dagher Z., Verdin A., Ledoux F., Cazier F., Courcot D., Aboukais A., Shirali P. Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5): physicochemical characterization and metabolic activation of the organic fraction in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Environmental Research 2007, 105:212-223.
19. Binabas M.R., Simoneit B.R.T., Elias V., Cabral J.A., Cardoso J.N. Composition of higher molecular-weight organic-matter in smoke aerosol from biomass combustion in Amazonia. Chemosphere 1995, 30:995-1015.
20. Borras E., Tortajada-Genaro L.A. Characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 2007, 583:266-276.
21. Brichac J., Zima J., Barek J. HPLC determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after their reduction to amino derivatives. Analytical Letters 2004, 37:2379-2392.
22. Canepari S., Cardarelli E., Perrino C., Catrambone M., Pietrodangelo A., Strincone M. Two-stage chemical fractionation method for the analysis of elements and non-volatile inorganic ions in PM10 samples: application to ambient samples collected in Rome (Italy). Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:7908-7923.
23. Caseiro A., Marr I.L., Claeys M., Kasper-Giebl A., Puxbaum H., Pio C.A. Determination of saccharides in atmospheric aerosol using anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and pulsed-amperometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1171:37-45.
24. Castells P., Santos F.J., Gaiceran M.T. Development of a sequential supercritical fluid extraction method for the analysis of nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosols. Journal of Chromatography A 2003, 1010:141-151.
25. Chang K.F., Fang G.C., Chen J.C., Wu Y.S. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Asia: a review from 1999 to 2004. Environmental Pollution 2006, 142:388-396.
26. Chang L.P., Tsai J.H., Chang K.L., Lin J.J. Water-soluble inorganic ions in airborne particulates from the nano to coarse mode: a case study of aerosol episodes in southern region of Taiwan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2008, 30:291-303.
27. Cheung H.C., Wang T., Baumann K., Guo H. Influence of regional pollution outflow on the concentrations of fine particulate matter and visibility in the coastal area of southern China. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:6463-6474.
28. Cho A.K., Di Stefano E., You Y., Rodriguez C.E., Schmitz D.A., Kumagai Y., Miguel A.H., Eiguren-Fernandez A., Kobayashi T., Avol E., Froines J.R. Determination of four quinones in diesel exhaust particles, SRM 1649a, an atmospheric PM2.5. Aerosol Science and Technology 2004, 38:68-81.
29. Cho A.K., Sioutas C., Miguel A.H., Kumagai Y., Schmitz D.A., Singh M., Eiguren-Fernandez A., Froines J.R. Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin. Environmental Research 2005, 99:40-47.
30. Choudhury D.R. Characterization of polycyclic ketones and quinones in diesel emission particulates by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology 1982, 16:102-106.
31. Chow J.C., Yu J.Z., Watson J.G., Ho S.S.H., Bohannan T.L., Hays M.D., Fung K.K. The application of thermal methods for determining chemical composition of carbonaceous aerosols: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 2007, 42:1521-1541.
32. Chung M.Y., Lazaro R.A., Lim D., Jackson J., Lyon J., Rendulic D., Hasson A.S. Aerosol-borne quinones and reactive oxygen species generation by particulate matter extracts. Environmental Science & Technology 2006, 40:4880-4886.
33. Chung S.W., Chung H.Y., Toriba A., Kameda T., Tang N., Kizu R., Hayakawa K. An environmental quinoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, acenaphthenequinone, modulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression through reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear factor kappa B activation in A549 cells. Toxicological Sciences 2007, 95:348-355.
34. Ciganek M., Neca J., Adamec V., Janosek J., Machala M. A combined chemical and bioassay analysis of traffic-emitted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Science of the Total Environment 2004, 334-335:141-148.
35. Cincinelli A., Del Bubba M., Martellini T., Gambaro A., Lepri L. Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy). Chemosphere 2007, 68:472-478.
36. Crimmins B.S., Baker J.E. Improved GC/MS methods for measuring hourly PAH and nitro-PAH concentrations in urban particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:6764-6779.
37. Currie L.A., Benner B.A., Kessler J.D., Klinedinst D.B., Klouda G.A., Marolf J.V., Slater J.F., Wise S.A., Cachier H., Cary R., Chow J.C., Watson J., Druffel E.R.M., Masiello C.A., Eglinton T.I., Pearson A., Reddy C.M., Gustafsson O., Quinn J.G., Hartmann P.C., Hedges J.I., Prentice K.M., Kirchstetter T.W., Novakov T., Puxbaum H., Schmid H. A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 2002, 107:279-298.
38. Dabek-Zlotorzynska E., McGrath M. Determination of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids in the ambient air and vehicle emissions: a review. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2000, 367:507-518.
39. Delhomme O., Herckes P., Millet M. Determination of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols using HPLC fluorescence with a post-column derivatisation technique. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2007, 389:1953-1959.
40. Delhomme O., Millet M., Herckes P. Determination of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosol samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2008, 74:703-710.
41. Dellinger B., Pryor W.A., Cueto R., Squadrito G.L., Hegde V., Deutsch W.A. Role of free radicals in the toxicity of airborne fine particulate matter. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2001, 14:1371-1377.
42. Di Filippo P., Riccardi C., Incoronato F., Sallusti F., Spicaglia S., Cecinato A. Characterization of selected speciated organic compounds associated with particulate matter in ambient air of the outskirts of Rome. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 2005, 25:393-406.
43. Dimashki M., Harrad S., Harrison R.M. Measurements of nitro-PAH in the atmospheres of two cities. Atmospheric Environment 2000, 34:2459-2469.
44. Durant J.L., Busby W.F., Lafleur A.L., Penman B.W., Crespi C.L. Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols. Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology 1996, 371:123-157.
45. Eiguren-Fernandez A., Miguel A.H., Di Stefano E., Schmitz D.A., Cho A.K., Thurairatnam S., Avol E.L., Froines J.R. Atmospheric distribution of gas- and particle-phase quinones in Southern California. Aerosol Science and Technology 2008, 42:854-861.
46. Eiguren-Fernandez A., Miguel A.H., Lu R., Purvis K., Grant B., Mayo P., Di Stefano E., Cho A.K., Froines J. Atmospheric formation of 9,10-phenanthraquinone in the Los Angeles air basin. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:2312-2319.
47. Enya T., Suzuki H., Watanabe T., Hirayama T., Hisamatsu Y. 3-nitrobenzanthrone, a powerful bacterial mutagen and suspected human carcinogen found in diesel exhaust and airborne particulates. Environmental Science & Technology 1997, 31:2772-2776.
48. Fang G.C., Wu Y.S., Rau J.Y., Huang S.H. Review of atmospheric water-soluble ionic species in Asia during 1998-2001. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2005, 21:189-196.
49. Feilberg A., Ohura T., Nielsen T., Poulsen M.W.B., Amagai T. Occurrence and photostability of 3-nitrobenzanthrone associated with atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:3591-3600.
50. Feng J.L., Chan C.K., Fang M., Hu M., He L.Y., Tang X.Y. Characteristics of organic matter in PM2.5 in Shanghai. Chemosphere 2006, 64:1393-1400.
51. Fitzpatrick E.M., Ross A.B., Bates J., Andrews G., Jones J.M., Phylaktou H., Pourkashanian M., Williams A. Emission of oxygenated species from the combustion of pine wood and its relation to soot formation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2007, 85:430-440.
52. Fraser M.P., Cass G.R., Simoneit B.R.T., Rasmussen R.A. Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 5. C-6-C-22 nonpolar and semipolar aromatic compounds. Environmental Science & Technology 1998, 32:1760-1770.
53. Fujimori E., Kobayashi T., Aoki M., Sakaguchi M., Saito T., Fukai T., Haraguchi H. Annual variations of the elemental concentrations of PM10 in ambient air of Nagoya City as determined by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical Sciences 2007, 23:1359-1366.
54. Galceran M.T., Moyano E. Effect of solvent polarity on the determination of Oxo-polycyclic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons using capillary gas-chromatography with splitless injection. Journal of Chromatography 1992, 607:287-294.
55. Galceran M.T., Moyano E. Determination of oxygenated and Nitrosubstituted polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons by Hplc and electrochemical detection. Talanta 1993, 40:615-621.
56. Galceran M.T., Moyano E. High-performance liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (pneumatically assisted electrospray) of hydroxy polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons. Journal of Chromatography A 1994, 683:9-19.
57. Galceran M.T., Moyano E. Determination of hydroxy-substituted polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons by high-performance liquid-chromatography with electrochemical detection. Journal of Chromatography A 1995, 715:41-48.
58. Galceran M.T., Moyano E. Determination of hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry - Comparison of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray. Journal of Chromatography A 1996, 731:75-84.
59. Garcia S.T., Valenzuela M.I.A., Gil E.P. Optimization and validation of a capillary electrophoresis methodology for inorganic anions in atmospheric aerosol samples. Talanta 2008, 75:748-752.
60. Goldfarb J.L., Suuberg E.M. Vapor pressures and thermodynamics of oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured using Knudsen effusion. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2008, 27:1244-1249.
61. Goriaux M., Jourdain B., Temime B., Besombes J.L., Marchand N., Albinet A., Leoz-Garziandia E., Wortham H. Field comparison of particulate PAH measurements using a low-flow denuder device and conventional sampling systems. Environmental Science & Technology 2006, 40:6398-6404.
62. Grosse S., Letzel T. Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pres sure ionization mass spectrometry with post-column liquid mixing for the efficient determination of partially oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1139:75-83.
63. Gullett B.K., Touati A., Hays M.D. PCDD/F, PCB, HxCBz, PAH, and PM emission factors for fireplace and woodstove combustion in the San Francisco Bay region. Environmental Science & Technology 2003, 37:1758-1765.
64. Hamilton J.F., Webb P.J., Lewis A.C., Hopkins J.R., Smith S., Davy P. Partially oxidised organic components in urban aerosol using GCXGC-TOF/MS. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2004, 4:1279-1290.
65. Harrad S., Hassoun S., Romero M.S.C., Harrison R.M. Characterisation and source attribution of the semi-volatile organic content of atmospheric particles and associated vapour phase in Birmingham, UK. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:4985-4991.
66. Harri M., Svoboda P., Mori T., Mutanen P., Kasai H., Savela K. Analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine among workers exposed to diesel particulate exhaust: comparison with urinary metabolites and PAH air monitoring. Free Radical Research 2005, 39:963-972.
67. Hattori T., Tang N., Tamura K., Hokoda A., Yang X., Igarashi K., Ohno M., Okada Y., Kameda T., Toriba A., Hayakawa K. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated derivatives in three cities in Liaoning Province, China. Environmental Forensics 2007, 8:165-172.
68. Hawthorne S.B., Miller D.J., Langenfeld J.J., Krieger M.S. Pm-10 high-volume collection and quantitation of semivolatile and nonvolatile phenols, methoxylated phenols, alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons from winter urban air and their relationship to wood smoke emissions. Environmental Science & Technology 1992, 26:2251-2262.
69. Hayakawa K., Noji K., Tang N., Toriba A., Kizu R., Sakai S., Matsumoto Y. A high-performance liquid chromatographic system equipped with on-line reducer, clean-up and concentrator columns for determination of trace levels of nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates. Analytica Chimica Acta 2001, 445:205-212.
70. Hays M.D., Fine P.M., Geron C.D., Kleeman M.J., Gullett B.K. Open burning of agricultural biomass: physical and chemical properties of particle-phase emissions. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:6747-6764.
71. Hays M.D., Lavrich R.J. Developments in direct thermal extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of fine aerosols. Trac - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2007, 26:88-102.
72. He L.Y., Hu M., Zhang Y.H., Yu B.D., Liu D.Q. Chemical characterization of fine particles from on-road vehicles in the Wutong tunnel in Shenzhen, China. Chemosphere 2006, 62:1565-1573.
73. Helmig D., Arey J., Harger W.P., Atkinson R., Lopezcancio J. Formation of mutagenic nitrodibenzopyranones and their occurrence in ambient air. Environmental Science & Technology 1992, 26:622-624.
74. Helmig D., Harger W.P. Oh radical-initiated gas-phase reaction-products of phenanthrene. Science of the Total Environment 1994, 148:11-21.
75. Helmig D., Lopezcancio J., Arey J., Harger W.P., Atkinson R. Quantification of ambient nitrodibenzopyranones - further evidence for atmospheric mutagen formation. Environmental Science & Technology 1992, 26:2207-2213.
76. Ho S.S.H., Yu J.Z. In-injection port thermal desorption and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in atmospheric aerosol samples. Journal of Chromatography A 2004, 1059:121-129.
77. Howard P.H., Meylan W.M. Handbook of Physical Properties of Organic Chemicals 1997, CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
78. Huang X.F., He L.Y., Hu M., Zhang Y.H. Annual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM2.5 in the urban atmosphere of Beijing. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:2449-2458.
79. Iinuma Y., Bruggemann E., Gnauk T., Muller K., Andreae M.O., Helas G., Parmar R., Herrmann H. Source characterization of biomass burning particles: the combustion of selected European conifers, African hardwood, savanna grass, and German and Indonesian peat. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2007, 112.
80. Ishii S., Hisamatsu Y., Inazu K., Kadoi M., Aika K.I. Ambient measurement of nitrotriphenylenes and possibility of nitrotriphenylene formation by atmospheric reaction. Environmental Science & Technology 2000, 34:1893-1899.
81. 2-air in the presence of O-3 or under photoirradiation. Chemosphere 2000, 41:1809-1819.
82. Jakober C.A., Charles M.J., Kleeman M.J., Green P.G. LC-MS analysis of carbonyl compounds and their occurrence in diesel emissions. Analytical Chemistry 2006, 78:5086-5093.
83. Jakober C.A., Riddle S.G., Robert M.A., Destaillats H., Charles M.J., Green P.G., Kleeman M.J. Quinone emissions from gasoline and diesel motor vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41:4548-4554.
84. Kallio M., Hyotylainen T., Lehtonen M., Jussila M., Hartonen K., Shimmo M., Riekkola M.L. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in the analysis of urban aerosols. Journal of Chromatography A 2003, 1019:251-260.
85. Karageorgos E.T., Rapsomanikis S. Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2007, 7:3015-3033.
86. Karthikeyan S., Balasubramanian R. Determination of water-soluble inorganic and organic species in atmospheric fine particulate matter. Microchemical Journal 2006, 82:49-55.
87. Kennedy I.M. The health effects of combustion-generated aerosols. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 2007, 31:2757-2770.
88. Kishikawa N., Morita S., Wada M., Ohba Y., Nakashima K., Kuroda N. Determination of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytical Sciences 2004, 20:129-132.
89. Kishikawa N., Wada M., Ohba Y., Nakashima K., Kuroda N. Highly sensitive and selective determination of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone in airborne particulates using high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A 2004, 1057:83-88.
90. Koeber R., Bayona J.M., Niessner R. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene diones in air particulate matter with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology 1999, 33:1552-1558.
91. Konig J., Balfanz E., Funcke W., Romanowski T. Determination of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter by capillary gas-chromatography and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 1983, 55:599-603.
92. Kubatova A., Dronen L.C., Picklo M.J., Hawthorne S.B. Midpolarity and nonpolar wood smoke particulate matter fractions deplete glutathione in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2006, 19:255-261.
93. Kubatova A., Steckler T.S., Gallagher J.R., Hawthorne S.B., Picklo M.J. Toxicity of wide-range polarity fractions from wood smoke and diesel exhaust particulate obtained using hot pressurized water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2004, 23:2243-2250.
94. Kubatova A., Vermeylen R., Claeys M., Cafmeyer J., Maenhaut W. Organic compounds in urban aerosols from Gent, Belgium: characterization, sources, and seasonal differences. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2002, 107.
95. Kumar R., Elizabeth A., Gawane A.G. Air quality profile of inorganic ionic composition of fine aerosols at two sites in Mumbai City. Aerosol Science and Technology 2006, 40:490-502.
96. Kuo C.T., Chen H.W., Lin S.T. Trace determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using liquid chromatography with on-line electrochemical reduction and fluorescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta 2003, 482:219-228.
97. Lampi M.A., Gurska J., McDonald K.I.C., Xie F.L., Huang X.D., Dixon D.G., Greenberg B.M. Photoinduced toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna: ultraviolet-mediated effects and the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon photoproducts. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2006, 25:1079-1087.
98. Lemieux P.M., Lutes C.C., Santoianni D.A. Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2004, 30:1-32.
99. Leoz-Garziandia E., Tatry V., Carlier P. Sampling and analysis of organic compounds in diesel particulate matter. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2000, 65:155-163.
100. Leoz-Garziandia E., Tatry V., Carlier P. Sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated PAH in diesel exhaust and ambient air. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 2000, 20:245-258.
101. Letzel T., Poschl U., Wissiack R., Rosenberg E., Grasserbauer M., Niessner R. Phenyl-modified reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: a universal method for the analysis of partially oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons. Analytical Chemistry 2001, 73:1634-1645.
102. Levsen K. The analysis of diesel particulate. Fresenius Zeitschrift Fur Analytische Chemie 1988, 331:467-478.
103. Lewandowski M., Jaoui M., Kleindienst T.E., Offenberg J.H., Edney E.O. Composition of PM2.5 during the summer of 2003 in research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:4073-4083.
104. Li N., Alam J., Venkatesan M.I., Eiguren-Fernandez A., Schmitz D., Di Stefano E., Slaughter N., Killeen E., Wang X.R., Huang A., Wang M.Y., Miguel A.H., Cho A., Sioutas C., Nel A.E. Nrf2 is a key transcription factor that regulates antioxidant defense in macrophages and epithelial cells: protecting against the proinflammatory and oxidizing effects of diesel exhaust chemicals. Journal of Immunology 2004, 173:3467-3481.
105. Li N., Hao M.Q., Phalen R.F., Hinds W.C., Nel A.E. Particulate air pollutants and asthma - a paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects. Clinical Immunology 2003, 109:250-265.
106. Li N., Sioutas C., Cho A., Schmitz D., Misra C., Sempf J., Wang M.Y., Oberley T., Froines J., Nel A. Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environmental Health Perspectives 2003, 111:455-460.
107. Lima A.L.C., Farrington J.W., Reddy C.M. Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment - a review. Environmental Forensics 2005, 6:109-131.
108. Lintelmann J., Fischer K., Karg E., Schroppel A. Determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerosol samples by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2005, 381:508-519.
109. Lintelmann J., Fischer K., Matuschek G. Determination of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2006, 1133:241-247.
110. Liu L.B., Hashi Y.K., Liu M., Wei Y.L., Lin J.M. Determination of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Beijing by GC/MS. Analytical Sciences 2007, 23:667-671.
111. Liu Y., Sklorz M., Schnelle-Kreis J., Orasche J., Ferge T., Kettrup A., Zimmermann R. Oxidant denuder sampling for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivates in ambient aerosol: evaluation of sampling artefact. Chemosphere 2006, 62:1889-1898.
112. Liu Z.D., Liu H.G., Wang B., Lu F., Huang S.H., Wu D.X., Han D.W. Aerosol observation in Fengtai area, Beijing. Particuology 2008, 6:214-217.
113. Lundstedt S., White P.A., Lemieux C.L., Lynes K.D., Lambert L.B., Oberg L., Haglund P., Tysklind M. Sources, fate, and toxic hazards of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at PAH-contaminated sites. Ambio 2007, 36:475-485.
114. Ma J.Y.C., Ma J.K.H. The dual effect of the particulate and organic components of diesel exhaust particles on the alteration of pulmonary immune/inflammatory responses and metabolic enzymes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C - Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews 2002, 20:117-147.
115. Machala M., Ciganek M., Blaha L., Minksova K., Vondrack J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated and estrogenic activities of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and azaarenes originally identified in extracts of river sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2001, 20:2736-2743.
116. Maricq M.M. Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: a review. Journal of Aerosol Science 2007, 38:1079-1118.
117. Marie C., Ravanat J.L., Badouard C., Marques M., Balducci F., Maitre A. Urinary levels of oxidative DNA and RNA damage among workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in silicon production: comparison with 1-hydroxypyrene. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2009, 50:88-95.
118. Marr L.C., Dzepina K., Jimenez J.L., Reisen F., Bethel H.L., Arey J., Gaffney J.S., Marley N.A., Molina L.T., Molina M.J. Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2006, 6:1733-1745.
119. Mazurek M.A. Molecular identification of organic compounds in atmospheric complex mixtures and relationship to atmospheric chemistry and sources. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002, 995-1003.
120. McDonald J.D., Barr E.B., White R.K., Chow J.C., Schauer J.J., Zielinska B., Grosjean E. Generation and characterization of four dilutions of diesel engine exhaust for a subchronic inhalation study. Environmental Science & Technology 2004, 38:2513-2522.
121. McDonald J.D., Zielinska B., Sagebiel J.C., McDaniel M.R. Characterization of fine particle material in ambient air and personal samples from an underground mine. Aerosol Science and Technology 2002, 36:1033-1044.
122. Metzger K.B., Tolbert P.E., Klein M., Peel J.L., Flanders W.D., Todd K., Mulholland J.A., Ryan P.B., Frumkin H. Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular emergency department visits. Epidemiology 2004, 15:46-56.
123. MIRA-T http://www.milieurapport.be/Default.aspx%3FPageID%3D593.
124. Morel M.C., Alers I., Arce R. Photochemical degradation of 1,6-and 1,8-dinitropyrene in solution. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 2006, 26:207-219.
125. Moyano E., Galceran M.T. Determination of oxy-, nitro- and hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosol samples. Quimica Analitica 1997, 16:159-164.
126. Moyano E., McCullagh M., Galceran M.T., Games D.E. Supercritical fluid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the analysis of hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Chromatography A 1997, 777:167-176.
127. Murahashi T. Determination of mutagenic 3-nitrobenzanthrone in diesel exhaust particulate matter by three-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 2003, 128:42-45.
128. Naumova Y.Y., Eisenreich S.J., Turpin B.J., Weisel C.P., Morandi M.T., Colome S.D., Totten L.A., Stock T.H., Winer A.M., Alimokhtari S., Kwon J., Shendell D., Jones J., Maberti S., Wall S.J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor and outdoor air of three cities in the US. Environmental Science & Technology 2002, 36:2552-2559.
129. Nawrot T., Torfs R., Fierens F., De Henauw S., Hoet P., van Kersschaever G., de Backer G., Nemery B. More people die in summer from fine particulate air pollution than in winter. Associations from a heavily polluted region in Western Europe. Epidemiology 2006, 17:S262.
130. Nawrot T.S., Nemery B. Response to findings on association between temperature and dose-response coefficient of inhalable particles (PM10) - response. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2007, 61:838-839.
131. Nemmar A., Inuwa I.M. Diesel exhaust particles in blood trigger systemic and pulmonary morphological alterations. Toxicology Letters 2008, 176:20-30.
132. Neusüss C., Pelzing M., Plewka A., Herrmann H. A new analytical approach for size-resolved speciation of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles: methods and first results. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2000, 105:4513-4527.
133. Nicol S., Dugay J., Hennion M.C. Determination of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic compounds in airborne particulate organic matter using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2001, 53:S464-S469.
134. Nicol S., Dugay J., Hennion M.C. Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated derivatives in airborne particulate matter using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science 2001, 24:451-458.
135. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Gomez-Perales J.E., Colvile R.N. Levels of particulate air pollution, its elemental composition, determinants and health effects in metro systems. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:7995-8006.
136. Ochiai N., Ieda T., Sasamoto K., Fushimi A., Hasegawa S., Tanabe K., Kobayashi S. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and simultaneous nitrogen phosphorous and mass spectrometric detection for characterization of nanoparticles in roadside atmosphere. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1150:13-20.
137. Ochsenkuhn K.M., Ochsenkuhn-Petropoulou M. Heavy metals in airborne particulate matter of an industrial area in Attica, Greece and their possible sources. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 2008, 17:455-462.
138. Ocskay R., Salma I., Wang W., Maenhaut W. Characterization and diurnal variation of size-resolved inorganic water-soluble ions at a rural background site. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2006, 8:300-306.
139. Oda J., Nomura S., Yasuhara A., Shibamoto T. Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 35:4819-4827.
140. Ohyama M., Otake T., Adachi S., Kobayashi T., Morinaga K. A comparison of the production of reactive oxygen species by suspended particulate matter and diesel exhaust particles with macrophages. Inhalation Toxicology 2007, 19:157-160.
141. Oliveira C., Pio C., Alves C., Evtyugina M., Santos P., Goncalves V., Nunes T., Silvestre A.J.D., Palmgren F., Wahlin P., Harrad S. Seasonal distribution of polar organic compounds in the urban atmosphere of two large cities from the North and South of Europe. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:5555-5570.
142. Olson D.A., Norris G.A. Chemical characterization of ambient particulate matter near the World Trade Center: source apportionment using organic and inorganic source markers. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:7310-7315.
143. Pachon J.E., Vela H.S. Heavy metal determination and source emission identification in an industrial location of Bogota-Colombia. Revista Facultad de Ingenieria-Universidad de Antioquia 2008, 120-133.
144. Park E.J., Kim D.S., Park K. Monitoring of ambient particles and heavy metals in a residential area of Seoul, Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2008, 137:441-449.
145. Pedersen D.U., Durant J.L., Taghizadeh K., Hemond H.F., Lafleur A.L., Cass G.R. Human cell mutagens in respirable airborne particles from the Northeastern United States. 2. Quantification of mutagens and other organic compounds. Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39:9547-9560.
146. Perrini G., Tomasello M., Librando V., Minniti Z. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment: formation, occurrences and analysis. Annali di Chimica 2005, 95:567-577.
147. Perrino C., Canepari S., Cardarelli E., Catrambone M., Sargolini T. Inorganic constituents of urban air pollution in the Lazio region (Central Italy). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2008, 136:69-86.
148. Phousongphouang P.T., Arey J. Sources of the atmospheric contaminants, 2-nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:3189-3199.
149. Pio C.A., Legrand M., Oliveira T., Afonso J., Santos C., Caseiro A., Fialho P., Barata F., Puxbaum H., Sanchez-Ochoa A., Kasper-Giebl A., Gelencser A., Preunkert S., Schock M. Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2007, 112.
150. Poster D.L., Schantz M.M., Sander L.C., Wise S.A. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples: a critical review of gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2006, 386:859-881.
151. Pozzoli L., Gilardoni S., Perrone M.G., De Gennaro G., De Rienzo M., Vione D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere: Monitoring, sources, sinks and fate. I: Monitoring and sources. Annali Di Chimica 2004, 94:17-32.
152. Prycek J., Ciganek M., Simek Z. Clean-up of extracts for nitrated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analyses prior to their gas chromatography determination. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 2007, 18:1125-1131.
153. Ramdahl T. Polycylic aromatic ketones in environmental-samples. Environmental Science & Technology 1983, 17:666-670.
154. Rao X., Kobayashi R., White-Morris R., Spaulding R., Frazey P., Charles M.J. GC/ITMS measurement of carbonyls anti multifunctional carbonyls in PM2.5 particles emitted from motor vehicles. Journal of Aoac International 2001, 84:699-705.
155. Ravindra K., Bencs L., Wauters E., de Hoog J., Deutsch F., Roekens E., Bleux N., Berghmans P., Van Grieken R. Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:771-785.
156. Ravindra K., Godoi A.F.L., Bencs L., Van Grieken R. Low-pressure gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry for the fast determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air samples. Journal of Chromatography A 2006, 1114:278-281.
157. Ravindra K., Sokhi R., Van Grieken R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42:2895-2921.
158. Re-Poppi N., Santiago-Silva M.R. Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and methoxylated phenols in wood smoke emitted during production of charcoal. Chromatographia 2002, 55:475-481.
159. Reed M.D., Monske M.L., Lauer F.T., Meserole S.P., Born J.L., Burchiel S.W. Benzo[a]pyrene diones are produced by photochemical and enzymatic oxidation and induce concentration-dependent decreases in the proliferative state of human pulmonary epithelial cells. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A 2003, 66:1189-1205.
160. Rissanen T., Hyotylainen T., Kallio M., Kronholm J., Kulmala M., Rikkola M.L. Characterization of organic compounds in aerosol particles from a coniferous forest by GC-MS. Chemosphere 2006, 64:1185-1195.
161. Ryno M., Rantanen L., Papaioannou E., Konstandopoulos A.G., Koskentalo T., Savela K. Comparison of pressurized fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction and sonication for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air and diesel exhaust particulate matter. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2006, 8:488-493.
162. Schauer C., Niessner R., Poschl U. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulate matter: decadal and seasonal trends, chemical degradation, and sampling artifacts. Environmental Science & Technology 2003, 37:2861-2868.
163. Schauer C., Niessner R., Poschl U. Analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection: air particulate matter, soot, and reaction product studies. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2004, 378:725-736.
164. Schnelle-Kreis E., Sklorz M., Peters A., Cyrys J., Zimmermann R. Analysis of particle-associated semi-volatile aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in urban particulate matter on a daily basis. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:7702-7714.
165. Schnelle-Kreis J., Sklorz M., Orasche J., Stolzel M., Peters A., Zimmermann R. Semi volatile organic compounds in ambient PM2.5. Seasonal trends and daily resolved source contributions. Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41:3821-3828.
166. Schnelle-Kreis J., Welthagen W., Sklorz M., Zimmermann R. Application of direct thermal desorption gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry for analysis of organic compounds in ambient aerosol particles. Journal of Separation Science 2005, 28:1648-1657.
167. Schober W., Belloni B., Lubitz S., Eberlein-Konig B., Bohn P., Saritas Y., Lintelmann J., Matuschek G., Behrendt H., Buters J. Organic extracts of urban aerosol (≤PM2.5) enhance rBet v. 1-induced upregulation of CD63 in basophils from birch pollen-allergic individuals. Toxicological Sciences 2006, 90:377-384.
168. Schulze J., Hartung A., Kiess H., Kraft J., Lies K.H. Identification of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in diesel particulate matter by capillary gas-chromatography and capillary gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Chromatographia 1984, 19:391-397.
169. Scifinder Scifinder Scholar 2007, American Chemical Society.
170. Shah M.H., Shaheen N. Annual and seasonal variations of trace metals in atmospheric suspended particulate matter in Islamabad, Pakistan. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 2008, 190:13-25.
171. Shimmo M., Anttila P., Hartonen K., Hyotylainen T., Paatero J., Kulmala M., Riekkola M.L. Identification of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles by on-line supercritical fluid extraction-liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2004, 1022:151-159.
172. Shimmo M., Jantti J., Aalto P., Hartonen K., Hyotylainen T., Kulmala M., Riekkola M.L. Characterisation of organic compounds in aerosol particles from a Finnish forest by on-line coupled supercritical fluid extraction-liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2004, 378:1982-1990.
173. Sidhu S., Gullett B., Striebich R., Klosterman J., Contreras J., DeVito M. Endocrine disrupting chemical emissions from combustion sources: diesel particulate emissions and domestic waste open burn emissions. Atmospheric Environment 2005, 39:801-811.
174. Sienra M.D. Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40:2374-2384.
175. Sienra M.D., Rosazza N.G. Occurrence of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban particulate matter PM10. Atmospheric Research 2006, 81:265-276.
176. Simoneit B.R.T., Bi X.H., Oros D.R., Medeiros P.M., Sheng G.Y., Fu J.M. Phenols and hydroxy-PAHs (arylphenols) as tracers for coal smoke particulate matter: source tests and ambient aerosol assessments. Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41:7294-7302.
177. Sklorz M., Briede J.J., Schnelle-Kreis J., Liu Y., Cyrys J., de Kok T.M., Zimmermann R. Concentration of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen free radical formation from urban particulate matter. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A - Current Issues 2007, 70:1866-1869.
178. Sklorz M., Schnelle-Kreis J., Liu Y.B., Orasche J., Zimmermann R. Daytime resolved analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosol samples - Impact of sources and meteorological conditions. Chemosphere 2007, 67:934-943.
179. Smichowski P., Gomez D., Frazzoli C., Caroji S. Traffic-related elements in airborne particulate matter. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 2008, 43:22-48.
180. Squadrito G.L., Cueto R., Dellinger B., Pryor W.A. Quinoid redox cycling as a mechanism for sustained free radical generation by inhaled airborne particulate matter. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2001, 31:1132-1138.
181. Taguchi K., Fujii S., Yamano S., Cho A.K., Kamisuki S., Nakai Y., Sugawara F., Froines J.R., Kumagai Y. An approach to evaluate two-electron reduction of 9,10-phenanthraquinone and redox activity of the hydroquinone associated with oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2007, 43:789-799.
182. Taguchi K., Shimada M., Fujii S., Sumi D., Pan X., Yamano S., Nishiyama T., Hiratsuka A., Yamamoto M., Cho A.K., Froines J.R., Kumagai Y. Redox cycling of 9,10-phenanthraquinone to cause oxidative stress is terminated through its monoglucuronide conjugation in human pulmonary epithelial A549 cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2008, 44:1645-1655.
183. Takamura-Enya T., Suzuki H., Hisamatsu Y. Mutagenic activities and physicochemical properties of selected nitrobenzanthrones. Mutagenesis 2006, 21:399-404.
184. Tang N., Taga R., Hattori T., Tamura K., Toroba A., Kizu R., Hayakawa K. Determination of atmospheric nitrobenzanthrones by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. Analytical Sciences 2004, 20:119-123.
185. Tang N., Toriba A., Kizu R., Hayakawa K. Improvement of an automatic HPLC system for nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: removal of an interfering peak and increase in the number of analytes. Analytical Sciences 2003, 19:249-253.
186. Tang X.L., Bi X.H., Sheng G.Y., Tan J.H., Fu J.M. Seasonal variation of the particle size distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban aerosol of Guangzhou, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2006, 117:193-213.
187. Thomas K.V., Balaam J., Barnard N., Dyer R., Jones C., Lavender J., McHugh M. Characterisation of potentially genotoxic compounds in sediments collected from United Kingdom estuaries. Chemosphere 2002, 49:247-258.
188. Tsapakis M., Lagoudaki E., Stephanou E.G., Kavouras I.G., Koutrakis P., Oyola P., von Baer D. The composition and sources of PM2.5 organic aerosol in two urban areas of Chile. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:3851-3863.
189. Turrio-Baldassarri L., Battistelli C.L., Iamiceli A.L. Evaluation of the efficiency of extraction of PAHs from diesel particulate matter with pressurized solvents. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2003, 375:589-595.
190. Umbuzeiro G.D., Franco A., Magalhaes D., de Castro F.J.V., Kummrow F., Rech C.M., de Carvalho L.R.F., Vasconcellos P.D. A preliminary characterization of the mutagenicity of atmospheric particulate matter collected during sugar cane harvesting using the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2008, 49:249-255.
191. Valavanidis A., Fiotakis K., Vlahogianni T., Bakeas E.B., Triantafillaki S., Paraskevopoulou V., Dassenakis M. Characterization of atmospheric particulates, particle-bound transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of urban air in the centre of Athens (Greece). Chemosphere 2006, 65:760-768.
192. Valavanidis A., Fiotakis K., Vlahogianni T., Papadimitriou V., Pantikaki V. Determination of selective quinones and quinoid radicals in airborne particulate matter and vehicular exhaust particles. Environmental Chemistry 2006, 3:118-123.
193. Vasconcellos P.C., Balasubramanian R., Bruns R.E., Sanchez-Ccoyllo O., Andrade M.F., Flues M. Water-soluble ions and trace metals in airborne particles over urban areas of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: influences of local sources and long range transport. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 2007, 186:63-73.
194. Viana M., Maenhaut W., ten Brink H.M., Chi X., Weijers E., Querol X., Alastuey A., Mikuska P., Vecera Z. Comparative analysis of organic and elemental carbon concentrations in carbonaceous aerosols in three European cities. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:5972-5983.
195. Vincenti M., Maurino V., Minero C., Pelizzetti E. Detection of nitro-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Antarctic airborne particulate. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2001, 79:257-272.
196. Vinitketkumnuen U., Kalayanamitra K., Chewonarin T., Kamens R. Particulate matter, PM 10 & PM 2.5 levels, and airborne mutagenicity in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2002, 519:121-131.
197. Vione D., Barra S., De Gennaro G., De Rienzo M., Gilardoni S., Perrone M.G., Pozzoli L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere: monitoring, sources, sinks and fate. II: sinks and fate. Annali di Chimica 2004, 94:257-268.
198. Vione D., Maurino V., Minero C., Pelizzetti E., Harrison M.A.J., Olariu R.I., Arsene C. Photochemical reactions in the tropospheric aqueous phase and on particulate matter. Chemical Society Reviews 2006, 35:441-453.
199. Vu-Duc T., Huynh C.K., Binet S. Laboratory generated bitumen fumes under standardized conditions. Clean-up scheme and ion trap GC-MS analysis of VOC, semi-volatile and particulate PAH and PASH. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2007, 4:245-248.
200. Walker B., Mouton C.P. Environmental influences on cardiovascular health. Journal of the National Medical Association 2008, 100:98-102.
201. Wang G.H., Kawamura K. Molecular characteristics of urban organic aerosols from Nanjing: a case study of a mega-city in China. Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39:7430-7438.
202. Wang G.H., Kawamura K., Zhao X., Li Q.G., Dai Z.X., Niu H.Y. Identification, abundance and seasonal variation of anthropogenic organic aerosols from a mega-city in China. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:407-416.
203. Ward T.J., Rinehart L.R., Lange T. The 2003/2004 Libby, Montana PM2.5 source apportionment research study. Aerosol Science and Technology 2006, 40:166-177.
204. Wauters E., Van Caeter P., Desmet G., David F., Devos C., Sandra P. Improved accuracy in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air using 24 h sampling on a mixed bed followed by thermal desorption capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2008, 1190:286-293.
205. Webb P.J., Hamilton J.F., Lewis A.C., Wirtz K. Formation of oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic compounds in aerosol from the photo-oxidation of o-tolualdehyde. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 2006, 26:237-252.
206. Wilson N.K., McCurdy T.R. Concentrations and phase distributions of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in ambient air. Atmospheric Environment 1995, 29:2575-2584.
207. Wingfors H., Sjodin A., Haglund P., Brorstrom-Lunden E. Characterisation and determination of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 35:6361-6369.
208. Wojas B., Almquist C. Mass concentrations and metals speciation of PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended solids in Oxford, Ohio and comparison with those from metropolitan sites in the Greater Cincinnati region. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:9064-9078.
209. Xia T., Korge P., Weiss J.N., Li N., Venkatesen M.I., Sioutas C., Nel A. Quinones and aromatic chemical compounds in particulate matter induce mitochondrial dysfunction: implications for ultrafine particle toxicity. Environmental Health Perspectives 2004, 112:1347-1358.
210. Xu J.H., Lee F.S.C. Analysis of nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Chemosphere 2001, 42:245-250.
211. Yang L.X., Wang D.C., Cheng S.H., Wang Z., Zhou Y., Zhou X.H., Wang W.X. Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Jinan, China. Science of the Total Environment 2007, 383:164-173.
212. Yu H.T. Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: photochemistry and phototoxicity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C-Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews 2002, 20:149-183.
213. Yusa V., Quintas G., Pardo O., Pastor A., de la Guardia M. Determination of PAHs in airborne particles by accelerated solvent extraction and large-volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2006, 69:807-815.
214. Zhang X.Y., Zhuang G.S., Guo J.H., Yin K.D., Zhang P. Characterization of aerosol over the northern South China Sea during two cruises in 2003. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41:7821-7836.
215. Zielinska B., Sagebiel J., McDonald J.D., Whitney K., Lawson D.R. Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline-fueled vehicles. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2004, 54:1138-1150.
216. Zielinska B., Samy S. Analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2006, 386:883-890.