Examining Sex Differences in the Use of Direct and Indirect Aggression

Gender Issues

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 267-288

  Artz, Sibylle ^a   Nicholson, Diana ^a   Magnuson, Douglas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Aggression; Direct aggression; Indirect aggression; Prevalence and preferences for forms of aggression; Sex differences; Sex of target

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950723668     PISSN: 1098092X     EISSN: 19364717     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12147-008-9065-5     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Adams, D. (1992). Biology does not make men more aggressive than women. In K. Björkqvist & P. Niemelä (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 17-25). San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc.
2. Alder, C. (1998). "Passionate and willful" girls: Confronting practices. Women & Criminal Justice, 9(4), 81-101.
3. Alder, C., & Worrall, A. (2004). A contemporary crisis? In C. Alder & A. Worrall (Eds.), Girls' violence: Myths and realities (pp. 1-20). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
4. Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8(4), 291-322.
5. Artz, S. (1997). On becoming an object: Sex and the violent school girl. Journal of Child & Youth Care, 1(2), 17-38.
6. Artz, S. (1998). Sex, power, and the violent school girl. Toronto, Ontario: Trifolium Books.
7. Artz, S. (2000). The guys here degrade you: Youth perspectives on sex. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 14(4), 29-46.
8. Artz, S. (2005). To die for: Adolescent girls' search for male attention. In D. Pepler, K. Madsen, C. Webster, & K. Levene (Eds.), Development and treatment of girlhood aggression (pp. 137-159). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
9. Artz, S., Blais, M., & Nicholson, D. (2000). Developing girls' custody units, phase 1 report to Justice Canada, Ottawa, ON.
10. Artz, S., & Riecken, T. (1994a). A Study of violence among adolescent female students in a suburban school district. Ministry of Education, Research & Evaluation Branch, and Gender Equity Programs.
11. Artz, S., & Riecken, T. (1994b). Final report: A study of violence among adolescent female students in a suburban school district. For Gender Equity Programs, Ministry of Education and Ministry Responsible for Multiculturalism and Human Rights.
12. Artz, S., & Riecken, T. (1995a). A community based violence project, first quarter report. B.C. Health Research Foundation.
13. Artz, S., & Riecken, T. (1995b). Final report: A study of violence among adolescent female students in a suburban school district. For the Vancouver Foundation.
14. Artz, S., Riecken, T., MacIntyre, B. & Lam, E. (1997). A community based violence prevention project, fourth quarter report. Submitted to the BC Health Research Foundation.
15. Artz, S., Riecken, T., MacIntyre, B., Lam, E. & Maczewski, M. (1998). A community based violence prevention project, sixth quarter report. Submitted to the BC Health Research Foundation.
16. Artz, S., Riecken, T., MacIntyre, B., Lam, E. & Maczewski, M. (1999a). A community based violence prevention project, seventh quarter report. Submitted to the BC Health Research Foundation.
17. Artz, S., Riecken, T., MacIntyre, B., Lam, E., & Maczewski, M. (1999b). A community based violence prevention project, final report. Submitted to the BC Health Research Foundation.
18. Artz, S., Riecken, T., MacIntyre, B., Lam, E., & Maczewski, M. (2000). Theorizing gender differences in receptivity to violence prevention programs in schools. BC Counselor, 22(1), 7-36.
19. Atkin, C., Smith, S., Roberto, A., Fediuk, T., & Wagner, T. (2002). Correlates of verbally aggressive communication in adolescents. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(3), 251-268.
20. Baines, & Alder, C. (1996). Are girls more difficult to work with? Youth workers' perceptions in juvenile justice and related areas. Crime and Delinquency, 42, 467-485.
21. Batchelor, S., Burman, M., & Brown, J. (2001). Discussing violence: Let's hear it for the girls. Probation Journal, 48(2), 125-134.
22. Björkqvist, K., and Niemelä, P. (1992). New trends in the study of female aggression. In K. Björkqvist & P. Niemelä (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 3-16). San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc.
23. Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukianen, A. (1992). The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. In K. Björkqvist & P. Niemelä (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 51-64). San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc.
24. Burman, M., Brown, J., & Batchelor, S. (2003). "Taking it to heart": Girls and the meanings of violence. In E. Stanko (Ed.), The meanings of violence. London: Routledge.
25. Cairns, R., Cairns, B., Neckarman, H., Ferguson, L., & Gariepy, J. (1989). Growth and aggression: 1. Childhood to early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 320-330.
26. Campbell, A. (1995). A few good men: Evolutionary psychology and female adolescent aggression. Ethnology and Sociobiology, 16, 100-123.
27. Card, N., Hodges, E., Little, T., & Hawley, H. (2005). Gender effects in peer nominations for aggression and social status. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(2), 146-155.
28. Chesney-Lind, M. (1999). Media misogyny: Demonizing "violent" girls and women. In J. Ferrell & N. Websdale (Eds.), Making trouble: Cultural constructions of crime, deviance, and control (pp. 115-140). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
29. Chesney-Lind, M., & Irwin, K. (2004). From badness to meanness popular constructions of contemporary girlhood. In A. Harris (Ed.), All about the girl: Culture, power and identity (pp. 45-56). New York, NY: Routledge.
30. Craig, W. (1998). The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 123-130.
31. Crick, N. (1993). Relational aggression: Gender differences in the expression of aggressive behavior. In S. Asher (Chair), Social relationships, social beliefs, and aggression. Symposium Conducted at the Annual General Meeting of the American Psychological Association, August 1993, Toronto, Canada.
32. Crick, N., & Grotpeter, J. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722.
33. Crick, N., & Grotpeter, J. (1996). Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367-380.
34. Cullerton-Sen, C., & Crick, N. (2005). Understanding the effects of physical and relational victimization: The utility of multiple perspectives in predicting social-emotional adjustment. School Psychology Review, 34(2), 147-160.
35. David, C., & Kistner, J. (2000). Do positive self-perceptions have a "dark side"? Examination of the link between perceptual bias and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(4), 327-337.
36. Doob, A., & Cesaroni, (2004). Responding to youth crime in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
37. Galen, B., & Underwood, M. (1997). A developmental investigation of social aggression among children. Developmental Psychology, 33, 589-600.
38. Gendreau, P., & Archer, J. (2005). Subtypes of aggression in humans and animals. In R. Tremblay, W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 25-46). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
39. Giroux, H. (1996). Fugitive cultures: Race, violence and youth. New York, NY: Routledge.
40. Harris, M. (1991). Effects of sex of target, sex of aggressor and relationship on evaluations of physical aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6(2), 174-186.
41. Harris, M. (1996). Aggression, gender and ethnicity. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(2), 123-146.
42. Hawley, P., & Vaughn, B. (2003). Aggression and adaptive functioning: The bright side to bad behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39(3), 239-242.
43. Henington, C., Hughes, J., Cavell, T., & Thompson, B. (1998). The role of relational aggression in identifying aggressive boys and girls. Journal of School Psychology, 36(4), 457-477.
44. Hilton, N., Harris, G., & Rice, M. (2000). The functions of aggression by male teenagers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 988-994.
45. Hindelang, M., Hirschi, T., & Weis, J. (1981). Measuring delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
46. Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S., & Thomson, R. (1998). The male in the head: Young people, heterosexuality and power. London: Tufnell Press.
47. Kimmel, M., & Mahler, M. (2003). Adolescent masculinity, homophobia and violence: Random school shootings, 1982-2001. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), 1439-1458.
48. Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Björkqvist, K., & Peltonen, T. (1988). Is indirect aggression typical of females? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year old children. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 403-414.
49. Lahelma, E. (2002). Gendered conflicts in secondary school: Fun or enactment of power? Gender and Education, 14(3), 295-306.
50. Little, T., Jones, S., Henrich, C., & Hawley, P. (2003). Disentangling the "whys" from the "whats" of aggressive behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(2), 122-133.
51. McCreary, D. (1994). The male role and avoiding femininity. Sex Roles, 31(9/10), 517-531.
52. Messerschmidt, J. (1995). From patriarchy to gender: Feminist theory, criminology and the challenge of diversity. In N. H. Rafter & F. Heidensohn (Eds.), International feminist perspectives in criminology. London: Sage.
53. Messerschmidt, J. (1997). Crime as structured action: Gender, race, class, and crime in the making. London: Sage.
54. Miller, J. (2001). One of the guys: Girls, gangs and gender. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Miller, J. (2002). The strengths and limits of 'doing gender' for understanding street crime. Theoretical Criminology, 6(4), 433-460.
56. Pellegrini, A., Roseth, C., Milner, S., Bohn, C., Van Ryzin, M., Vance, N., et al. (2007). Social dominance in preschool classrooms. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 121(1), 54-64.
57. Peterson, L., & Rigby, K. (1999). Countering bullying at an Australian secondary school with students as helpers. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 481-492.
58. Richardson, D., & Green, L. (1999). Social sanction and threat explanations of gender effects on direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 425-434.
59. Richardson, D., & Green, L. (2006). Direct and indirect aggression: Relationships as social context. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(10), 2492-2508.
60. Riecken, T., Artz, S., MacIntyre, B., Lam, E., & Maczewski, M. (1998). A community based violence prevention project, fifth quarter report. Submitted to the BC Health Research Foundation.
61. Roecker, C., Caprini, J., Dickerson, J., Parks, E., & Barton, A. (1999). Children's responses to overt and relational aggression. Paper Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, March.
62. Rozak, T., & Rozak, B. (Eds.). (1970). Masculine and feminine. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
63. Simmons, R. (2002). Odd girl out. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc.
64. Smith, P., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R., & Liefooghe, A. (2002). Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences in a fourteen-country international comparison. Child Development, 73(4), 1119-1133.
65. Sprott, J., & Doob, A. (2004). Youth justice in Canada. In M. Tonry & A. Doob (Eds.), Crime and justice: A review of the research (Vol. 31, pp. 185-242). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
66. Tannenbaum, L. (1999). Slut! Growing up female with a bad reputation. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press.
67. Tremblay, J. (2000). The origins of youth violence. Isuma: The Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 1(2), 19-24.
68. Vaillancourt, T. (2005). Indirect aggression among humans: Social construct or evolutionary adaptation? In R. Tremblay, W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 158-177). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
69. Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (2004). The social context of children's aggression. Girls and aggression: Contributing factors and intervention principles (pp. 57-73). New York, NY: Kluwer.
70. Werner, N., & Nixon, C. (2005). Normative beliefs and relational aggression: An investigation of the cognitive bases of adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(3), 229-243.
71. Xie, H., Cairns, R., & Cairns, B. (2002). The development of social aggression and physical aggression: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 341-355.
72. Yubero, S., & Navarro, R. (2006). Students' and teachers' views of gender-related aspects of aggression. School Psychology International, 27(4), 488-512.
73. Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Geiger, T., & Crick, N. (2005). Relational and physical aggression, prosocial behavior, and peer relations: Gender moderation and bidirectional associations. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(4), 421-452.