The neurobiology of stress management

Neuroendocrinology Letters

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 19-39

  Esch, Tobias ^a,b,c   Stefano, George B ^b,c  

^a Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science   (Germany)

^b Institute for Mind Body Medicine   (Germany)

^c STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Autoregulation; Behavior; Brain; Dopamine; Exercise; Meditation; Mind body medicine; Morphine; Nitric oxide; Nutrition; Opioids; Oxytocin; Pleasure; Relaxation; Reward; Stress

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CATECHOLAMINE; DOPAMINE; ENDOCANNABINOID; ENDORPHIN; HYDROCORTISONE; INTERMEDIN; MELATONIN; MORPHINE; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; OPIATE; OPIATE RECEPTOR; OXYTOCIN; SEROTONIN; VASOPRESSIN;

ADAPTATION; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ALERTNESS; ALLOSTASIS; AUTOREGULATION; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXERCISE; FOOD INTAKE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; LEISURE; MEMORY; MENTAL HEALTH; MOTIVATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; REACTION ANALYSIS; RELIGION; REVIEW; REWARD; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS MANAGEMENT; WELLBEING;

EID: 77749339006     PISSN: 0172780X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (219)

1. Adler T. A complex relationship: Psychosocial stress, pollution, and health. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117: A407.
2. Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Eisenberg DM, Forys KL. Mind-body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003; 16: 131-147.
3. Atmanene C, Laux A, Glattard E, Muller A, Schoentgen F, Metz-Boutigue MH, Aunis D, Van Dorsselaer A, Stefano GB, Sanglier-Cianférani S, Goumon Y. Characterization of human and bovine phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP/RKIP) interactions with morphine and morphine-glucuronides determined by noncovalent mass spectrometry. Med Sci Monit 2009; 15: BR178-87.
4. Bakoula C, Kolaitis G, Veltsista A, Gika A, Chrousos GP. Parental stress affects the emotions and behaviour of children up to adolescence: A Greek prospective, longitudinal study. Stress 2009; in press.
5. Baron Short E, Kose S, Mu Q, Borckardt J, Newberg A, George MS, Kozel FA. Regional brain activation during meditation shows time and practice effects: An exploratory fMRI study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2007 (Epub).
6. Barr GA, Moriceau S, Shionoya K, Muzny K, Gao P, Wang S, Sullivan RM. Transitions in infant learning are modulated by dopamine in the amygdala. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12: 1367-1369.
7. Ben-Sefer E, Ben-Natan M, Ehrenfeld M. Childhood obesity: Current literature, policy and implications for practice. Int Nurs Rev 2009; 56: 166-173.
8. Benson H, Casey A. Stress Management. Special Health Report. Harvard Health Publications, Harvard University, Boston, 2008.
9. Benz D, Cadet P, Mantione K et al. Tonal nitric oxide and health: A free radical and a scavenger of free radicals. Med Sci Monit 2002a; 8: RA1-4.
10. Benz D, Cadet P, Mantione K et al. Tonal nitric oxide and health: Antibacterial and -viral actions and implications for HIV. Med Sci Monit 2002b; 8: RA27-31.
11. Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML. Affective neuroscience of pleasure: Reward in humans and animals. Psychopharmacology 2008; 199: 457-480.
12. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1998; 28: 306-369.
13. Berridge KC. Pleasures of the brain. Brain Cogn 2003; 52: 106-128.
14. Bilfinger TV, Stefano GB: Human aortocoronary grafts and nitric oxide release: Relationship to pulsatile pressure. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 480-485.
15. Bilfinger TV, Vosswinkel JA, Cadet P, Rialas CM, Magazine HI, Stefano GB. Direct assessment and diminished production of morphine stimulated NO by diabetic endothelium from saphenous vein. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2002; 23: 97-102.
16. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Babyak MA, Watkins LL, Waugh R, Georgdiades A, Bacon SL, Hayano J, Coleman RE, Hinderliter A. Effects of exercise and stress management training on markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with ischemic heart disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 293: 1626-1634.
17. Boecker H, Sprenger T, Spilker ME, Henriksen G, Koppenhoefer M, Wagner KJ, Valet M, Berthele A, Tolle TR. The Runner's High: Opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18: 2523-2531.
18. Boettcher C, Fellermeier M, Boettcher C, Dräger B, Zenk MH. How human neuroblastoma cells make morphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 8495-8500.
19. Breard M, Sari MA, Frapart Y, Boucher JL, Ducrocq C, Grillon C. The endogenous neurotransmitter, serotonin, modifies neuronal nitric oxide synthase activities. Free Radic Res 2007; 41: 413-423.
20. Brotto LA, Gorzalka BB, LaMarre AK. Melatonin protects against the effects of chronic stress on sexual behaviour in male rats. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 3465-3469.
21. Campbell A. The limbic system and emotion in relation to acupuncture. Acupunct Med 1999; 17: 124-128.
22. Cannon W. The emergency function of the adrenal medulla in pain and the major emotions. Am J Physiol 1914, 33: 356-372.
23. Cannon WB, Pereira JR. Increase of adrenal secretion in fever. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1924a; 10: 247-248.
24. Cannon WB, Querido A. The role of adrenal secretion in the chemical control of body temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1924b; 10: 245-246.
25. Cannon WB. A note on the effect of asphyxia and afferent stimulation on adrenal secretion. Science 1917; 45: 463-464.
26. Chanrion B, Mannoury la Cour C, Bertaso F, Lerner-Natoli M, Freissmuth M, Millan MJ, Bockaert J, Marin P. Physical interaction between the serotonin transporter and neuronal nitric oxide synthase underlies reciprocal modulation of their activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 8119-8124.
27. Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G. Endocrinology of the stress response. Annu Rev Physiol 2005; 67: 259-284.
28. Chin EH, Love OP, Verspoor JJ, Williams TD, Rowley K, Burness G. Juveniles exposed to embryonic corticosterone have enhanced flight performance. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276: 499-50.
29. Cordellini S, Vassilieff VS. Decreased endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction to noradrenaline in acute-stressed rats is potentiated by previous chronic stress: nitric oxide involvement. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 30: 79-83.
30. Croft JB, Mokdad AH, Power AK, Greenlund KJ, Giles WH. Public health surveillance of serious psychological distress in the United States. Int J Public Health 2009; 54 (Suppl 1): 4-6.
31. Dallman MF, Pecoraro NC, la Fleur SE. Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19: 275-280.
32. Daubenmier JJ, Weidner G, Sumner MD, Mendell N, Merritt-Worden T, Studley J, Ornish D. The contribution of changes in diet, exercise, and stress management to changes in coronary risk in women and men in the multisite cardiac lifestyle intervention program. Ann Behav Med 2007; 33: 57-68.
33. Davidson RJ, Kabat-Zinn J, Schumacher J, Rosenkranz M, Muller D, Santorelli SF et al. Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 564-570.
34. de la Fuente-Fernéndez R, Lidstone S, Stoessl AJ. Placebo effect and dopamine release. J Neural Transm Suppl 2006; 70: 415-418.
35. de la Fuente-Fernández R, Ruth TJ, Sossi V, Schulzer M, Calne DB, Stoessl AJ. Expectation and dopamine release: Mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson's disease. Science 2001; 293: 1164-1166.
36. de la Torre JC, Stefano GB. Evidence that Alzheimer's disease is a microvascular disorder: The role of constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res Rev 2000; 34: 119-36.
37. Doyle TG, Berridge KC, Gosnell BA. Morphine enhances hedonic taste payability in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 46: 745-749.
38. Dusek JA, Benson H. Mind-body medicine: a model of the comparative clinical impact of the acute stress and relaxation responses. Minn Med 2009; 92: 47-50.
39. Dusek JA, Chang BH, Zaki J, Lazar S, Deykin A, Stefano GB, Wohlhueter AL, Hibberd PL, Benson H. Association between oxygen consumption and nitric oxide production during the relaxation response. Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: CR 1-10.
40. Dusek JA, Hibberd PL, Buczynski B, Chang BH, Dusek KC, Johnston JM, Wohlhueter AL, Benson H, Zusman RM. Stress management versus lifestyle modification on systolic hypertension and medication elimination: A randomized trial. J Altern Complement Med 2008a; 14: 129-138.
41. Dusek JA, Otu HH, Wohlhueter AL, Bhasin M, Zerbini LF, Joseph MG, Benson H, Libermann TA. Genomic counter-stress changes induced by the relaxation response. PLoS ONE 2008b; 3: e2576.
42. Erickson K, Kramer AF. Exercise effects on cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults. Br J Sports Med 2008; (in press).
43. Ernst S, Esch SM, Esch T. [The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on health care.] Forsch Komplementmed 2009; 16: 296-303.
44. Ernst S, Welke J, Heintze C, Gabriel R, Zoellner A, Kiehne S, Schwantes U, Esch T. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on quality of life in nursing home residents: A feasibility study. Forsch Komplementmed 2008; 15: 74-81.
45. Esch T, Duckstein J, Welke J, Braun V. Mind/body techniques for physiological and psychological stress reduction: Stress management via Tai Chi training - a pilot study. Med Sci Monit 2007a; 13: CR488-497.
46. Esch T, Esch SM, Stefano GB. Pain, stress and relaxation: Involvement of basic biological principles and healthy autoregulation. Eur J Integr Med 2009a; 1: 237-238.
47. Esch T, Guarna M, Bianchi E, Stefano GB. Meditation and limbic processes. Biofeedback 2004a; 32: 22-32.
48. Esch T, Guarna M, Bianchi E, Zhu W, Stefano GB. Commonalities in the central nervous system's involvement with complementary medical therapies: Limbic morphinergic processes. Med Sci Monit 2004b; 10: MS6-MS17.
49. Esch T, Kim JW, Stefano GB. Neurobiological implications of eating healthy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006a; 27: 21-33.
50. Esch T, Michalsen A, Stefano GB. [Endocannabinoids as molecular instruments of health promotion]. Med Monatsschr Pharmazeut 2006b; 29: 397-403.
51. Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Benson H. An overview of stress and its impact in immunological diseases. Mod Asp Immunobiol 2002a; 2: 187-192.
52. Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Benson H. Stress in cardiovascular diseases. Med Sci Monit 2002b; 8: RA93-RA101.
53. Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Benson H. Stress-related diseases: A potential role for nitric oxide. In: Stefano GB (ed.). Biomedical significance of nitric oxide. Medical Science International, New York, 2003a.
54. Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Benson H. Stress-related diseases: A potential role for nitric oxide. Med Sci Monit 2002c; 8: RA 103-118.
55. Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Benson H. The role of stress in neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2002d; 23: 199-208.
56. Esch T, Stefano GB, Fricchione GL. The therapeutic use of the relaxation response in stress-related diseases. Med Sci Monit 2003b; 9: RA23-34.
57. Esch T, Stefano GB. A bio-psycho-socio-molecular approach to pain and stress management. Forsch Komplementmed 2007b; 14: 224-234.
58. Esch T, Stefano GB. Love promotes health. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2005a; 26: 264-267.
59. Esch T, Stefano GB. Proinflammation: A common denominator or initiator of different pathophysiological disease processes. Med Sci Monit 2002e; 8: HY1-9.
60. Esch T, Stefano GB. The neurobiology of love. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2005b; 26: 175-192.
61. Esch T, Stefano GB. The neurobiology of pleasure, reward processes, addiction and their health implications. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2004c; 25: 235-251.
62. Esch T. [Determination of processes for the active preservation of cellular autonomy and organisation by the use of the sister-chromatid exchange method]. Dissertation Thesis, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen, 1999.
63. Esch T. [Health in stress: Change in the stress concept and its significance for prevention, health and life style]. Gesundheitswesen 2002f; 64: 73-81.
64. Esch T. [Healthy despite (and with!) music. The significance of music for motivation, reward and stress reduction.] Orchester 2009b; 57: 18-19.
65. Esch T. [Music medicine: Music in association with harm and healing]. Musikphysiol Musikermed 2003c; 10: 213-224.
66. Esch T. [Stress, adaptation, and self-organization: Balancing processes facilitate health and survival]. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2003d; 10: 330-341.
67. Esch T. Endocannabinoid signaling in stress, medicine and wellness. Med Sci Monit 2005c; 11: ED3-5.
68. Esch T. Mind-Body-Medizin: Stress, Stressmanagement und Gesundheitsförderung. [Mind-Body Medicine: Stress, stress management and health promotion]. Kompl Integr Med 2008a; 49: 35-39.
69. Esch T. Musical healing in mental disorders. In: Stefano GB, Bernstein S, Kim M (eds.). Musical healing. Medical Science International, New York, 2003e.
70. Esch T. Vom Verhalten zu den Molekülen: Ein biopsychosoziomolekularer Zugang zu Stress- und Schmerzlinderung. In: Niewöhner J, Beck S (eds.). Wie geht Kultur unter die Haut? Emergente Praxen an der Schnittstelle von Medizin, Lebens- und Sozialwissenschaft. Transcript Verlag, Bielfeld 2008b.
71. Foster PL. Stress responses and genetic variation in bacteria. Mutat Res 2005; 569: 3-11.
72. Fricchione G, Stefano GB. Placebo neural systems: Nitric oxide, morphine and the dopamine brain reward and motivation circuitries. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: MS54-65.
73. Fricchione G, Zhu W, Cadet P, Mantione KJ, Bromfield E, Madsen J, DeGirolami U, Dworetzky B, Vaccaro B, Black P, Stefano GB. Identification of endogenous morphine and a mu3-like opiate alkaloid receptor in human brain tissue taken from a patient with intractable complex partial epilepsy. Med Sci Monit 2008;14: CS45-49.
74. Fricchione GL, Cytryn L, Bilfinger TV, Stefano GB. Cell behavior and signal molecule involvement in a case study of malignant histiocytosis: A negative model of morphine as an immunoregulator. Am J Hematol 1997; 56: 197-205.
75. Fricchione GL, Stefano GB: The stress response and autoimmunoregulation. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994; 4: 13-28.
76. Fulda S, Wetter TC. Where dopamine meets opioids: A metaanalysis of the placebo effect in restless legs syndrome treatment studies. Brain 2008; 131: 902-917.
77. Galhardo RS, Hastings PJ, Rosenberg SM. Mutation as a stress response and the regulation of evolvability. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 42: 399-435.
78. Gertz K, Priller J, Kronenberg G, Fink KB, Winter B, Schröck H, Ji S, Milosevic M, Harms C, Böhm M, Dirnagl U, Laufs U, Endres M. Physical activity improves long-term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow. Circ Res 2006; 99: 1132-1140.
79. Giuliodori AM, Gualerzi CO, Soto S, Vila J, Tavio MM. Review on bacterial stress topics. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007; 1113: 95-104.
80. Gold SM, Mohr DC, Huitinga I, Flachenecker P, Sternberg EM, Heesen C. The role of stress-response systems for the pathogenesis and progression of MS. Trends Immunol 2005; 26: 644-652.
81. Gottholmseder G, Nowotny K, Pruckner GJ, Theurl E. Stress perception and commuting. Health Econ 2009; 18: 559-576.
82. Gould E, McEwen BS, Tanapat P, Galea LAM, Fuchs E. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 2492-2498.
83. Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2004; 57: 35-43.
84. Guarna M, Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Bartolini A, Noli L, Neri C, Stefano GB, Bianchi E. Effects of endogenous morphine deprivation on memory retention of passive avoidance learning in mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7: 311-319.
85. Gumusel B, Orhan D, Tolunay O, Uma S. The role of nitric oxide in mediating nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxation in rat pulmonary artery. Nitric Oxide 2001; 5: 296-301.
86. Herholz K, Buskies W, Rist M, Pawlik G, Hollmann W, Heiss WD. Regional cerebral blood flow in man at rest and during exercise. J Neurol 1987; 234: 9-13.
87. Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9: 58-65.
88. Hoffman JW, Benson H, Arns PA et al: Reduced sympathetic nervous system responsivity associated with the relaxation response. Science 1982; 215: 190-192.
89. Hollman W, Strueder HK. Exercise, physical activity, nutrition, and the brain. Nutr Rev 1996; 54: 537-543.
90. Hollmann W, Strueder HK. Brain function, mind, mood, nutrition, and physical exercise. Nutrition 2000a; 16: 516-5.
91. Hollmann W, Strueder HK. Brain, psyche and physical activity. Orthopade 2000b; 29: 948-956.
92. Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Evans KC, Hoge EA, Dusek JA, Morgan L, Pitman RK, Lazar SW. Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2009; (in press).
93. st century. Am Psychol 2000; 55: 509-515.
94. Huether G, Doering S, Rüger U, Rüther E, Schüssler G. The stress-reaction process and the adaptive modification and reorganization of neuronal networks. Psychiatry Res 1999; 87: 83-95.
95. Huether G. The central adaptation syndrome: Psychosocial stress as a trigger for adaptive modifications of brain structure and brain function. Prog Neurobiol 1996; 48: 569-612.
96. Hughes TK Jr, Smith EM, Chin R, Cadet P, Sinisterra J, Leung MK, Shipp MA, Scharrer B, Stefano GB. Interaction of immunoactive monokines (interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor) in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4426-4429.
97. Jones F, Bright J, Clow A. Stress: Myth, Theory and Research. New York: Prentice Hall; 2001.
98. Kabat-Zinn J, Massion AO, Kristeller J, Peterson LG, Fletcher KE, Pbert L, Lenderking WR, Santorelli SF. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 936-943.
99. Kabat-Zinn J, Wheeler E, Light T, Skillings A, Scharf MJ, Cropley TG, Hosmer D, Bernhard JD. Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom Med 1998; 60: 625-632.
100. Kelley AE, Bakshi VP, Haber SN, Steininger TL, Will MJ, Zhang M. Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol Behav 2002; 76: 365-377.
101. Kelley AE, Baldo BA, Pratt WE, Will MJ. Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: integration of energy, action and reward. Physiol Behav 2005; 86: 773-795.
102. Khalsa DS, Amen D, Hanks C, Money N, Newberg A. Cerebral blood flow changes during chanting meditation. Nucl Med Commun 2009; 30: 956-961.
103. Komaroff AL. Mind-Body Medicine: A Special Health Report. Boston: Harvard Health Publications, 2001.
104. Kream RM, Mantione KJ, Sheehan M, Stefano GB. Morphine's chemical messenger status in animals. Act Nerv Super Rediviva 2009a; 51(1-2): 46-54.
105. Kream RM, Sheehan M, Cadet P, Mantione KJ, Zhu W, Casares FM, Stefano GB. Persistence of evolutionary memory: Primordial six-transmembrane helical domain mu opiate receptors selectively linked to endogenous morphine signaling. Med Sci Monit 2007; 13: SC5-SC6.
106. Kream RM, Stefano GB. Endogenous morphine and nitric oxide coupled regulation of mitochondrial processes. Med Sci Monit 2009b; 15: RA263-268.
107. Kringelbach ML. Food for thought: hedonic experience beyond homeostasis in the human brain. Neuroscience 2004; 126: 807-819.
108. Kringelbach ML. The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 691-702.
109. Lazar SW, Bush G, Gollub RL, Fricchione GL, Khalsa G, Benson H. Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 1581-1585.
110. Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, Gray JR, Greve DN, Treadway MT, McGarvey M, Quinn BT, Dusek JA, Benson H, Rauch SL, Moore CI, Fischl B. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport 2005; 16: 1893-1897.
111. Le Tourneau M. Mind-body medicine for stress management and opportunities at NCCAM. Altern Ther Health Med 2003; 9: 18.
112. Lee Duckworth A, Steen TA, Seligman ME. Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005; 1: 629-651.
113. Liu Y, Shenouda D, Bilfinger TV, Stefano ML, Magazine HI, Stefano GB. Morphine stimulates nitric oxide release from invertebrate microglia. Brain Res 1996; 722: 125-131.
114. Magazine HI, Liu Y, Bilfinger TV et al: Morphine-induced conformational changes in human monocytes,granulocytes, and endothelial cells and in invertebrate immunocytes and microglia are mediated by nitric oxide. J Immunol 1996; 156: 4845-4850.
115. Mahler SV, Smith KS, Berridge KC. Endocannabinoid hedonic hot spot for sensory pleasure: Anandamide in nucleus accumbens shell enhances 'liking' of a sweet reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 2267-2278.
116. Mantione KJ, Cadet P, Zhu W, Kream RM, Sheehan M, Fricchione GL, Goumon Y, Esch T, Stefano GB. Endogenous morphine signaling via nitric oxide regulates the expression of CYP2D6 and COMT: Autocrine/paracrine feedback inhibition. Addict Biol 2008; 13: 118-123.
117. Mantione KJ, Esch T, Stefano GB. Detection of nitric oxide in exhaled human breath: Exercise and resting determinations. Med Sci Monit 2007; 13: MT1-5.
118. Mantione KJ, Goumon Y, Esch T, Stefano GB. Morphine 6beta glucuronide: Fortuitous morphine metabolite or preferred peripheral regulatory opiate? Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: MS43-46.
119. Marazziti D, Canale D: Hormonal changes when falling in love. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 931-936.
120. Marazziti D, Cassano GB: The neurobiology of attraction. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26: 58-60.
121. McCarty R, Gold P. Catecholamines, Stress, and Disease: A Psychobiological Perspective. Psychosom Med 1996; 58: 590-597.
122. McEwen BS. Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583: 174-185.
123. McEwen BS. Plasticity of the hippocampus: Adaptation to chronic stress and allostatic load. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 933: 265-277.
124. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 171-179.
125. McEwen BS. The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation. Neuroimage 2009; 47: 911-913.
126. Metz U, Welke J, Esch T, Renneberg B, Braun V, Heintze C. Perception of Stress and Quality of life in overweight and obese people - Implications for preventive consultancies in primary care. Med Sci Monit 2009; 15: PH1-6.
127. Meyer SE, Chrousos GP, Gold PW. Major depression and the stress system: A life span perspective. Dev Psychopathol 2001; 13: 565-580.
128. Michalsen A, Grossman P, Acil A, Langhorst J, Luedtke R, Esch T, Stefano GB, Dobos GJ. Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: CR555-561.
129. Moles A, Kieffer BL, D'Amato FR. Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Science 2004; 304: 1888-1889.
130. Negrao AB, Deuster PA, Gold PW, Singh A, Chrousos GP. Individual reactivity and physiology of the stress response. Biomed Pharmacother 2000; 54: 122-128.
131. Neri C, Ghelardini C, Sotak B, Palmiter RD, Guarna M, Stefano GB, Bianchi E. Dopamine is necessary to endogenous morphine formation in mammalian brain in vivo. J Neurochem 2008; 106: 2337-2344.
132. Newberg A, Alavi A, Baime M, Pourdehnad M, Santanna J, d'Aquili E. The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: A preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Res 2001; 106: 113-122.
133. Olsen P, Rasmussen M, Zhu W, Tonnesen E, Stefano GB. Human gliomas contain morphine. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: MS18-21.
134. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Brown SE, Gould KL, Merritt TA, Sparler S, Armstrong WT, Ports TA, Kirkeeide RL, Hogeboom C, Brand RJ. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998; 280: 2001-2007.
135. Panksepp J. Neurologizing the psychology of affects: How appraisal-based constructivism and basic emotion theory can coexist. Persp Psychol Sci 2007; 2: 281-296.
136. Pecina S, Berridge KC. Central enhancement of taste pleasure by intraventricular morphine. Neurobiology 1995; 3: 269-280.
137. Pecina S, Berridge KC. Hedonic hot spot in nucleus accumbens shell: where do mu-opioids cause increased hedonic impact of sweetness? J Neurosci 2005; 25: 11777-11786.
138. Poeaknapo C, Schmidt J, Brandsch M, Dräger B, Zenk MH. Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 14091-14096.
139. Poeaknapo C. Mammalian morphine: de novo formation of morphine in human cells. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: MS6-17.
140. Pollak DD, Monje FJ, Zuckerman L, Denny CA, Drew MR, Kandel ER. An animal model of a behavioral intervention for depression. Neuron 2008; 60: 149-161.
141. Richardson KM, Rothstein HR. Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs: A meta-analysis. J Occup Health Psychol 2008; 13: 69-93.
142. Rojas Vega S, Strueder HK, Wahrmann BV, Bloch W, Hollmann W. Bicarbonate reduces serum prolactin increase induced by exercise to exhaustion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006a; 38: 675-680.
143. Rojas Vega S, Strueder HK, Wahrmann BV, Schmidt A, Bloch W, Hollmann W. Acute BDNF and cortisol response to low intensity exercise and following ramp incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans. Brain Res 2006b; 1121: 59-65.
144. Rossano MJ. Did meditating make us human? Camb Archaeol J 2007; 17: 47-58.
145. Roustit C, Chaix B, Chauvin P. Family breakup and adolescents' psychosocial maladjustment: Public health implications for family disruptions. Pediatrics 2007; 120: e984-991.
146. Sachsse U, Von der Heyde S, Huether G. Stress regulation and self-mutilation. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 672.
147. Salamon E, Esch T, Stefano GB. Pain and relaxation. Int J Mol Med 2006; 18: 465-470.
148. Salamon E, Esch T, Stefano GB. Role of amygdala in mediating sexual and emotional behavior via coupled nitric oxide release. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26: 389-395.
149. Salavecz G, Chandola T, Pikhart H, Dragano N, Siegrist J, Jöckel KH, Erbel R, Pajak A, Malyutina S, Kubinova R, Marmot M, Bobak M, Kopp M. Work stress and health in Western European and post-communist countries: An East-West comparison study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009; (in press).
150. Salzet M, Cocquerelle C, Verger-Bocquet M et al: Leech immunocytes contain proopiomelanocortin: nitric oxide mediates hemolymph POMC processing. J Immunol 1997a; 159: 5400-11.
151. Salzet M, Stefano GB: Invertebrate proenkephalin: Delta opioid binding sites in leech ganglia and immunocytes. Brain Res 1997b; 768: 224-32.
152. Salzet M, Stefano GB: Prodynorphin in invertebrates. Mol Brain Res 1997c; 52: 46-52.
153. Sapolsky RM. Stress and plasticity in the limbic system. Neurochem Res 2003; 28: 1735-1742.
154. Sapolsky RM. Why zebras don't get ulcers. Owl, USA, 2004.
155. Schulz U, Pischke CR, Weidner G, Daubenmier J, Elliot-Eller M, Scherwitz L, Bullinger M, Ornish D. Social support group attendance is related to blood pressure, health behaviours, and quality of life in the Multicenter Lifestyle Demonstration Project. Psychol Health Med 2008; 13: 423-437.
156. Schwartz GE. Stress management in occupational settings. Public Health Rep 1980; 95: 99-108.
157. Selye H. Implications of stress concept. N Y State J Med 1975; 75: 2139-2145.
158. Selye H. The evolution of the stress concept. Am Sci 1973; 61: 692-699.
159. Sher L. The placebo effect on mood and behavior: Possible role of opioid and dopamine modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2003; 10: 61-68.
160. Siegel RD (ed.). Positive Psychology. Special Health Report. Harvard Health Publications, Harvard University, Boston, 2009.
161. Siegrist J, Wahrendorf M. Quality of work, health, and retirement. Lancet 2009; (in press).
162. Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol 2009; 65: 467-487.
163. Smith KS, Berridge KC. Opioid limbic circuit for reward: Interaction between hedonic hotspots of nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 1594-1605.
164. Stauder A, Konkoly Thege B, Kovacs ME, Balog P, Williams VP, Williams RB. Worldwide stress: Different problems, similar solutions? Cultural adaptation and evaluation of a standardized stress management program in Hungary. Int J Behav Med 2009 (in press).
165. Stefano GB, Benson H, Fricchione GL, Esch T (eds.). The Stress Response: Always Good and When It Is Bad. Medical Science International, New York 2005a.
166. Stefano GB, Bianchi E, Guarna M, Fricchione GL, Zhu W, Cadet P, Mantione KJ, Casares FM, Kream RM, Esch T. Nicotine, alcohol and cocaine coupling to reward processes via endogenous morphine signaling: The dopamine-morphine hypothesis. Med Sci Monit 2007a; 13: RA91-102.
167. Stefano GB, Cadet P, Dokun A, Scharrer B. A neuroimmunoregulatory-like mechanism responding to stress in the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis. Brain Behav Immun 1990; 4: 323-329.
168. Stefano GB, Cadet P, Zhu W et al: The blueprint for stress can be found in invertebrates. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2002; 23: 85-93.
169. Stefano GB, Esch T, Cadet P, Zhu W, Mantione K, Benson H. Endocannabinoids as autoregulatory signaling molecules: Coupling to nitric oxide and a possible association with the relaxation response. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: RA 63-75.
170. Stefano GB, Esch T, Kream RM. Xenobiotic perturbation of endogenous morphine signaling: Paradoxical opiate hyperalgesia. Med Sci Monit 2009a; 15: RA107-110.
171. Stefano GB, Esch T. Integrative medical therapy: Examination of meditation's therapeutic and global medicinal outcomes via nitric oxide. Int J Mol Med 2005b; 16: 621-630.
172. Stefano GB, Esch T. Love and stress. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2005c; 26: 173-174.
173. Stefano GB, Fricchione G, Goumon Y, Esch T. Pain, immunity, opiate and opioid compounds and health. Med Sci Monit 2005d; 11: MS47-53.
174. Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Esch T. Relaxation: Molecular and physiological significance. Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: HY21-31.
175. Stefano GB, Fricchione GL, Slingsby BT, Benson H. The placebo effect and relaxation response: Neural processes and their coupling to constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res: Brain Res Rev 2001a; 35: 1-19.
176. Stefano GB, Fricchione GL. The biology of deception: Emotion and morphine. Med Hypotheses 1995a; 49: 51-54.
177. Stefano GB, Goumon Y, Bilfinger TV et al: Basal nitric oxide limits immune, nervous and cardiovascular excitation: Human endothelia express a mu opiate receptor. Prog Neurobiol 2000a; 60: 531-544.
178. Stefano GB, Goumon Y, Bilfinger TV et al: Basal nitric oxide limits immune, nervous and cardiovascular excitation: Human endothelia express a mu opiate receptor. Progress in Neurobiology 2000b; 60: 513-30.
179. Stefano GB, Goumon Y, Bilfinger TV, Welters I, Cadet P. Basal nitric oxide limits immune, nervous and cardiovascular excitation: Human endothelia express a mu opiate receptor. Prog Neurobiol 2000c; 60: 513-530.
180. Stefano GB, Goumon Y, Casares F et al: Endogenous morphine. Trends in Neurosciences 2000d; 9: 436-42.
181. Stefano GB, Hartman A, Bilfinger TV et al: Presence of the mu3 opiate receptor in endothelial cells: Coupling to nitric oxide production and vasodilation. J Biol Chem 1995b; 270: 30290-30293.
182. Stefano GB, Kream R. Endogenous opiates, opioids, and immune function: Evolutionary brokerage of defensive behaviors. Semin Cancer Biol 2008a; 18: 190-198.
183. Stefano GB, Kream RM, Esch T. Revisiting tolerance from the endogenous morphine perspective. Med Sci Monit 2009b; 15: RA189-198.
184. Stefano GB, Kream RM, Mantione KJ, Sheehan M, Cadet P, Zhu W, Bilfinger TV, Esch T. Endogenous morphine/nitric oxide-coupled regulation of cellular physiology and gene expression: Implications for cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2008b; 18: 199-210.
185. Stefano GB, Kream RM. Dopamine, Morphine, and Nitric Oxide: An Evolutionary Signaling Triad. CNS Neurosci Ther 2009c; in press.
186. Stefano GB, Kream RM. Endogenous morphine synthetic pathway preceded and gave rise to catecholamine synthesis in evolution (Review). Int J Mol Med 2007b; 20: 837-841.
187. Stefano GB, Leung MK, Bilfinger TV, Scharrer B: Effect of prolonged exposure to morphine on responsiveness of human and invertebrate immunocytes to stimulatory molecules. J Neuroimmunol 1995c; 63: 175-81.
188. Stefano GB, Murga J, Benson H, Zhu W, Bilfinger TV, Magazine HI. Nitric oxide inhibits norepinephrine stimulated contraction of human internal thoracic artery and rat aorta. Pharmacol Res 2001b; 43: 199-203.
189. Stefano GB, Prevot V, Cadet P, Dardik I. Vascular pulsations stimulating nitric oxide release during cyclic exercise may benefit health: a molecular approach (review). Int J Mol Med 2001c; 7: 119-129.
190. Stefano GB, Salzet B, Fricchione GL: Enkelytin and opioid peptide association in invertebrates and vertebrates: Immune activation and pain. Immunol Today 1998a; 19: 265-68.
191. Stefano GB, Salzet-Raveillon B, Salzet M: Mytilus edulis hemocytes contains pro-opiomelanocortin: LPS and morphine stimulate differential processing. Mol Brain Res 1998b; 63: 340-50.
192. Stefano GB, Salzet-Raveillon B, Salzet M: Mytilus edulis hemolymph contain prodynorphin. Immunol Lett 1998c; 63: 33-39.
193. Stefano GB, Scharrer B, Bilfinger TV et al: A novel view of opiate tolerance. Adv Neuroimmunol 1996a; 6: 265-77.
194. Stefano GB, Scharrer B, Smith EM et al: Opioid and opiate immunoregulatory processes. Crit Rev in Immunol 1996b; 16: 109-44.
195. Stefano GB, Scharrer B: Endogenous morphine and related opiates, a new class of chemical messengers. Adv Neuroimmunol 1994; 4: 57-68.
196. Stefano GB, Stefano JM, Esch T. Anticipatory Stress Response: A significant commonality in stress, relaxation, pleasure and love responses. Med Sci Monit 2008c; 14: RA17-21.
197. Stefano GB, Zhu W, Cadet P, Mantione K: Morphine enhances nitric
198. oxide release in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract via the mu3 opiate receptor subtype: A hormonal role for endogenous morphine. J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; 55: 279-288.
199. Stefano GB. Endocannabinoid immune and vascular signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2000e; 21: 1071-1081.
200. Stefano GB: Substance abuse and HIV-gp120: Are opiates protective? Arch Immunol Therap Exp 1999; 47: 99-106.
201. Sterling P, Eyer J. Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In: Fisher S, Reason J, editors. Handbook of life stress, cognition and health. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988.
202. Stroth S, Hille K, Spitzer M, Reinhardt R. Aerobic endurance exercise benefits memory and affect in young adults. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2009; 19: 223-243.
203. Stuckler D, Basu S. The International Monetary Fund's effects on global health: Before and after the 2008 financial crisis. Int J Health Serv 2009; 39: 771-781.
204. Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Wang R, Backus W, Geliebter A, Telang F, Jayne MC, Wong C, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. Association of body mass and brain activation during gastric distention: Implications for obesity. PLoS One 2009; 4: e6847.
205. Umathe SN, Bhutada PS, Jain NS, Mundhada YR, Borkar SS, Dhumal B. Role of nitric oxide in obsessive-compulsive behavior and its involvement in the anti-compulsive effect of paroxetine in mice. Nitric Oxide 2009; (in press).
206. van Donkelaar EL, van den Hove DL, Blokland A, Steinbusch HW, Prickaerts J. Stress-mediated decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor as potential confounding factor for acute tryptophan depletion-induced neurochemical effects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; (in press).
207. van Praag H, Shubert T, Zhao C, Gage FH. Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 8680-8685.
208. van Praag H. Neurogenesis and exercise: Past and future directions. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 10: 128-140.
209. van Wijk EP, Luedtke R, van Wijk R. Differential effects of relaxation techniques on ultraweak photon emission. J Altern Complement Med 2008a; 14: 241-250.
210. van Wijk R, van Wijk EP, Wiegant FA, Ives J. Free radicals and low-level photon emission in human pathogenesis: State of the art. Indian J Exp Biol 2008b; 46: 273-309.
211. Voelcker-Rehage C, Godde B, Staudinger UM. Activity, physical and psychological mobility in old age. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2006; 49: 558-566.
212. Wiegant FA, Spieker N, van der Mast CA, van Wijk R. Is heat shock protein re-induction during tolerance related to the stressor-specific induction of heat shock proteins? J Cell Physiol 1996; 169: 364-372.
213. Willner P, Healy S. Decreased hedonic responsiveness during a brief depressive mood swing. J Affect Disord 1994; 32: 13-20.
214. Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP, Taub E, Uswatte G, Morris D, Giuliani C, Light KE, Nichols-Larsen D. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 2095-2104.
215. Yu B, Becnel J, Zerfaoui M, Rohatgi R, Boulares AH, Nichols CD. Serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor activation suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced inflammation with extraordinary potency. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327: 316-323.
216. Zhu W, Cadet P, Baggerman G, Mantione KJ, Stefano GB. Human white blood cells synthesize morphine: CYP2D6 modulation. J Immunol 2005a; 175: 7357-7362.
217. Zhu W, Ma Y, Bell A, Esch T, Guarna M, Bilfinger TV, Bianchi E, Stefano GB. Presence of morphine in rat amygdala: Evidence for the mu3 opiate receptor subtype via nitric oxide release in limbic structures. Med Sci Monit 2004; 10: BR433-439.
218. Zhu W, Mantione KJ, Kream RM, Cadet P, Stefano GB. Cholinergic regulation of morphine release from human white blood cells: evidence for a novel nicotinic receptor via pharmacological and microarray analysis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 20: 229-237.
219. Zhu W, Mantione KJ, Shen L, Cadet P, Esch T, Goumon Y, Bianchi E, Sonetti D, Stefano GB. Tyrosine and tyramine increase endogenous ganglionic morphine and dopamine levels in vitro and in vivo: cyp2d6 and tyrosine hydroxylase modulation demonstrates a dopamine coupling. Med Sci Monit 2005b; 11: BR397-404.