CD24: From A to Z

Cellular and Molecular Immunology

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 100-103

  Fang, Xianfeng ^a   Zheng, Pan ^b   Tang, Jie ^a   Liu, Yang ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF BIOPHYSICS   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Autoimmune disease; Cancer; CD24; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

CD24 ANTIGEN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; CANCER CELL; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; DENDRITIC CELL; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHOID ORGAN; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SHORT SURVEY; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TARGET ORGAN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD24; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77749283652     PISSN: 16727681     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2009.119     Document Type: Short Survey

References (104)

1. Springer T, Galfre G, Secher DS, Milstein C. Monoclonal xenogeneic antibodies to murine cell surface antigens: Identification of novel leukocyte differentiation antigens. Eur J Immunol 1978; 8: 539-551.
2. Kay R, Takei F, Humphries RK. Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding M1/69-J11d heat-stable antigens. J Immunol 1990; 145: 1952-1959.
3. Kay R, Rosten PM, Humphries RK. CD24, a signal transducer modulating B cell activation responses, is a very short peptiDe with a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor. J Immunol 1991; 147: 1412-1416.
4. Hough MR, Rosten PM, Sexton TL, Kay R, Humphries RK. Mapping of CD24 and homologous sequences to multiple chromosomal loci. Genomics 1994; 22: 154-161.
5. Wenger RH, Rochelle JM, Seldin MF, Kohler G, Nielsen PJ. The heat stable antigen (mouse CD24) gene is differentially regulated but has a housekeeping promoter. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 23345-23352.
6. Zhou Q, Guo Y, Liu Y. Regulation of the stability of heat-stable antigen mRNA by interplay between two novel cis elements in the 3' untranslated region. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18: 815-826.
7. Wang L, Lin S, Rammohan KW, Liu Z, Liu JQ, Liu RH et al. A dinucleotiDe Deletion in CD24 confers protection against autoimmune diseases. PLoS Genet 2007; 3: e49.
8. Wenger RH, Ayane M, Bose R, Kohler G, Nielsen PJ. The genes for a mouse hematopoietic differentiation marker called the heat-stable antigen. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 1039-1046.
9. Alterman LA, Crispe IN, Kinnon C. Characterization of the murine heat-stable antigen: an hematolymphoid differentiation antigen Defined by the J11d, M1/69 and B2A2 antibodies. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20: 1597-1602.
10. Rougon G, Alterman LA, Dennis K, Guo XJ, Kinnon C. The murine heat-stable antigen: a differentiation antigen expressed in both the hematolymphoid and neural cell lineages. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 1397-1402.
11. Bleckmann C, Geyer H, Lieberoth A, Splittstoesser F, Liu Y, Feizi T et al. Oglycosylation pattern of CD24 from mouse brain. Biol Chem 2009; 390: 627-645.
12. Bleckmann C, Geyer H, Reinhold V, Lieberoth A, Schachner M, Kleene R et al. Glycomic analysis of N-linked carbohydrate epitopes from CD24 of mouse brain. J Proteome Res 2009; 8: 567-582.
13. Aigner S, Ramos CL, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Lawrence MB, FrieDerichs J, Altevogt P et al. CD24 mediates rolling of breast carcinoma cells on P-selectin. Faseb J 1998; 12: 1241-1251.
14. FrieDerichs J, Zeller Y, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Grone HJ, Ley K, Altevogt P. The CD24/Pselectin binding pathway initiates lung arrest of human A125 aDenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6714-6722.
15. Aigner S, Sthoeger ZM, Fogel M, Weber E, Zarn J, Ruppert M et al. CD24, a muci-ntype glycoprotein, is a ligand for P-selectin on human tumor cells. Blood 1997; 89: 3385-3395. (Pubitemid 27229826)
16. Sammar M, Aigner S, Hubbe M, Schirrmacher V, Schachner M, Vestweber D et al. Heat-stable antigen (CD24) as ligand for mouse P-selectin. Int Immunol 1994; 6: 1027-1036.
17. Sammar M, Aigner S, Altevogt P. Heat-stable antigen (mouse CD24) in the brain: dual but distinct interaction with P-selectin and L1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1337: 287-294.
18. Kleene R, Yang H, Kutsche M, Schachner M. The neural recognition molecule L1 is a sialic acid-binding lectin for CD24, which induces promotion and inhibition of neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 21656-21663.
19. Lieberoth A, Splittstoesser F, Katagihallimath N, Jakovcevski I, Loers G, Ranscht B et al. Lewisx and a2,3-sialyl glycans and their receptors TAG-1, Contactin, and L1 mediate CD24-DepenDent neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 6677-6690.
20. Chen G--;Y, Tang J, Zheng P, Liu Y. CD24 and Siglec-10 selectively repress tissue damage-induced immune responses. Science 2009; 323: 1722-1725.
21. Sammar M, Gulbins E, Hilbert K, Lang F, Altevogt P. Mouse CD24 as a signaling molecule for integrin-mediated cell binding: functional and physical association with src-kinases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 234: 330-334.
22. Zarn JA, Zimmermann SM, Pass MK, Waibel R, Stahel RA. Association of CD24 with the kinase c-fgr in a small cell lung cancer cell line and with the kinase lyn in an erythroleukemia cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 225: 384-391.
23. Krauss K, Altevogt P. Integrin leukocyte function-associated antigen-1-mediated cell binding can be activated by clustering of membrane rafts. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 36921-36927.
24. Suzuki T, Kiyokawa N, Taguchi T, Sekino T, Katagiri YU, Fujimoto J. CD24 induces apoptosis in human B cells via the glycolipid-enriched membrane domains/raftsmediated signaling system. J Immunol 2001; 166: 5567-5577.
25. Fischer GF, Majdic O, Gadd S, Knapp W. Signal transduction in lymphocytic and myeloid cells via CD24, a new member of phosphoinositol-anchored membrane molecules. J Immunol 1990; 144: 638-641.
26. Salamone MC, Rosselot C, Salamone GV, Barboza M, Kado M, Fainboim L. Antibodies recognizing CD24 LAP epitope on human T cells enhance CD28 and IL-2 T cell proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 69: 215-223.
27. Gekara NO, Weiss S. Lipid rafts clustering and signalling by listeriolysin O. Biochem Soc Trans2004; 32: 712-714.
28. Schabath H, Runz S, Joumaa S, Altevogt P. CD24 affects CXCR4 function in pre-B lymphocytes and breast carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119: 314-325.
29. Allman DM, Ferguson SE, Lentz VM, Cancro MP. Peripheral B cell maturation. II. Heat-stable antigenhi splenic B cells are an immature Developmental intermediate in the production of long-lived marrow-Derived B cells. J Immunol 1993; 151: 4431-4444.
30. Pirruccello SJ, LeBien TW. The human B cell-associated antigen CD24 is a single chain sialoglycoprotein. J Immunol 1986; 136: 3779-3784.
31. Israel E, Kapelushnik J, Yermiahu T, Levi I, Yaniv I, Shpilberg O et al. Expression of CD24 on CD192 CD79a1 early B-cell progenitors in human bone marrow. Cell Immunol 2005; 236: 171-178.
32. Su TT, Rawlings DJ. Transitional B lymphocyte subsets operate as distinct checkpoints in murine splenic B cell Development. J Immunol 2002; 168: 2101-2110.
33. Pirruccello SJ, Lang MS. Differential expression of CD24-related epitopes in mycosis fungoiDes/Sezary syndrome: a potential marker for circulating Sezary cells. Blood 1990; 76: 2343-2347.
34. Crispe IN, Bevan MJ. Expression and functional significance of the J11d marker on mouse thymocytes. J Immunol 1987; 138: 2013-2018.
35. Hubbe M, Altevogt P. Heat-stable antigen/CD24 on mouse T lymphocytes: eviDence for a costimulatory function. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 731-737.
36. Li O, Zheng P, Liu Y. CD24 expression on T cells is required for optimal T cell proliferation in lymphopenic host. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 1083-1089.
37. Williams LA, Hock BD, Hart DN. Human T lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines express CD24-associated carbohydrate epitopes in the absence of CD24 mRNA or protein. Blood 1996; 88: 3048-3055.
38. Elghetany MT, Patel J. Assessment of CD24 expression on bone marrow neutrophilic granulocytes: CD24 is a marker for the myelocytic stage of Development. Am J Hematol 2002; 71: 348-349.
39. Bates ME, Liu LY, Esnault S, Stout BA, Fonkem E, Kung V et al. Expression of interleukin-5- and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor-responsive genes in blood and airway eosinophils.AmJ Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30: 736-743.
40. De Heusch M, Garze V, Maliszewski C, Urbain J, Liu Y, Moser M. The heat stable antigen (CD24) is not required for the generation of CD41 effector and memory T cells by Dendritic cells in vivo. Immunol Lett 2004; 94: 229-237.
41. Williams LA, McLellan AD, Summers KL, Sorg RV, Fearnley DB, Hart DN. IDentification of a novel Dendritic cell surface antigen Defined by carbohydrate specific CD24 antibody cross-reactivity. Immunology 1996; 89: 120-125.
42. De Bruijn ML, Peterson PA, Jackson MR. Induction of heat-stable antigen expression by phagocytosis is involved in in vitro activation of unprimed CTL by macrophages. J Immunol 1996; 156: 2686-2692.
43. Shewan D, Calaora V, Nielsen P, Cohen J, Rougon G, Moreau H. mCD24, a glycoprotein transiently expressed by neurons, is an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2624-2634.
44. Calaora V, Chazal G, Nielsen PJ, Rougon G, Moreau H. mCD24 expression in the Developing mouse brain and in zones of secondary neurogenesis in the adult. Neuroscience 1996; 73: 581-594.
45. NeDelec J, Pierres M, Moreau H, Barbet J, Naquet P, Faivre-Sarrailh C et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol- anchored glycoconjugate expressed by Developing neurons. Eur J Biochem 1992; 203: 433-442.
46. Kadmon G, Eckert M, Sammar M, Schachner M, Altevogt P. Nectadrin, the heat-stable antigen, is a cell adhesion molecule. J Cell Biol 1992; 118: 1245-1258.
47. Conneally E, Bardy P, Eaves CJ, Thomas T, Chappel S, Shpall EJ et al. Rapid and efficient selection of human hematopoietic cells expressing murine heat-stable antigen as an indicator of retroviral-mediated gene transfer. Blood 1996; 87: 456-464.
48. Akashi T, Shirasawa T, Hirokawa K. Gene expression of CD24 core polypeptiDe molecule in normal rat tissues and human tumor cell lines. Virchows Arch 1994; 425: 399-406.
49. Shirasawa T, Akashi T, Sakamoto K, Takahashi H, Maruyama N, Hirokawa K. Gene expression of CD24 core peptiDe molecule in Developing brain and Developing nonneural tissues. Dev Dyn 1993; 198: 1-13.
50. Deugnier MA, Faraldo MM, Teuliè re J, Thiery JP, Medina D, Glukhova MA. Isolation of mouse mammary epithelial progenitor cells with basal characteristics from the Comma-Dbeta cell line. Dev Biol 2006; 293: 414-425.
51. Sleeman KE, Kendrick H, Ashworth A, Isacke CM, Smalley MJ. CD24 staining of mouse mammary gland cells Defines luminal epithelial, myoepithelial/basal and non-epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R7.
52. Ye P, Simonian M, Nadkarni MA, Decarlo AA, Chapple CC, Hunter N. IDentification of epithelial auto-antigens associated with periodontal disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139: 328-337.
53. Magnaldo T, Barrandon Y. CD24 (heat stable antigen, nectadrin), a novel keratinocyte differentiation marker, is preferentially expressed in areas of the hair follicle containing the colony-forming cells. J Cell Sci 1996; 109: 3035-3045.
54. Higuchi I, Kawai H, Kawajiri M, Fukunaga H, Horikiri T, Niiyama T et al. Statistically significant differences in the number ofCD24 positive muscle fibers and satellite cells between sarcoglycanopathy and age-matched Becker muscular dystrophy patients. Intern Med 1999; 38: 412-415.
55. Figarella-Branger D, Moreau H, Pellissier JF, Bianco N, Rougon G. CD24, a signaltransducing molecule expressed on human B lymphocytes, is a marker for human regenerating muscle. Acta Neuropathol 1993; 86: 275-284.
56. Wang X, Hu J, Zhao D, Wang G, Tan L, Du L et al. NestinnegCD24low/2 population from fetal Nestin-EGFP transgenic mice enriches the pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells. Pancreas 2005; 31: 385-391.
57. Cram DS, McIntosh A, Oxbrow L, Johnston AM, DeAizpurua HJ. Differential mRNA display analysis of two related but functionally distinct rat insulinoma (RIN) cell lines: iDentification of CD24 and its expression in the Developing pancreas. Differentiation 1999; 64: 237-246.
58. Lawson DA, Xin L, Lukacs RU, Cheng D, Witte ON. Isolation and functional characterization of murine prostate stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 181-186. (Pubitemid 46068005)
59. Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Simpson KJ, Stingl J, Smyth GK, Asselin-Labat ML et al. Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 2006; 439: 84-88.
60. Kristiansen G, Sammar M, Altevogt P. Tumour biological aspects of CD24, a mucinlike adhesion molecule. J Mol Histol 2004; 35: 255-262.
61. Hunte BE, Capone M, Zlotnik A, Rennick D, Moore TA. Acquisition of CD24 expression by Lin2CD431B220lowckithi cells coinciDes with commitment to the B cell lineage. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28: 3850-3856.
62. Nielsen PJ, Lorenz B, Muller AM, Wenger RH, Brombacher F, Simon M et al. Altered erythrocytes and a leaky block in B-cell Development in CD24/HSA-Deficient mice. Blood 1997; 89: 1058-1067.
63. Roland HW, Manfred K, Lars N, Marinus CL, Georges K, Peter JN. B-cell maturation in chimaeric mice Deficient for the heat stable antigen (HSA/mouse CD24). Transgenic Research 1995; V4: 173-183.
64. Lu L, Chappel MS, Humphries RK, Osmond DG. Regulation of cell survival during B lymphopoiesis: increased pre-B cell apoptosis in CD24-transgenic mouse bone marrow. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30: 2686-2691.
65. Liu Y, Jones B, Aruffo A, Sullivan KM, Linsley PS, Janeway CA Jr.Heat-stable antigen is a costimulatory molecule for CD4 T cell growth. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 437-445.
66. Li O, Chang X, Zhang H, Kocak E, Ding C, Zheng P et al. Massive and Destructive T cell response to homeostatic cue in CD24-Deficient lymphopenic hosts. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 1713-1720.
67. Liu Y, Wenger RH, Zhao M, Nielsen PJ. Distinct costimulatory molecules are required for the induction of effector and memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 251-262.
68. Wu Y, Zhou Q, Zheng P, Liu Y. CD28-inDepenDent induction of T helper cells and immunoglobulin class switches requires costimulation by the heat-stable antigen. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 1151-1156.
69. Carl JW Jr, Liu JQ, Joshi PS, El-Omrani HY, Yin L, Zheng X et al. Autoreactive T cells escape clonal Deletion in the thymus by a CD24-DepenDent pathway. J Immunol 2008; 181: 320-328.
70. Bai XF, Liu JQ, Liu X, Guo Y, Cox K, Wen J et al. The heat-stable antigen Determines pathogenicity of self-reactive T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 1227-1232.
71. Bai XF, Li O, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Joshi PS, Zheng X et al. CD24 controls expansion and persistence of autoreactive T cells in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 447-458.
72. Liu JQ, Carl JW, Jr, Joshi PS, RayChaudhury A, Pu XA, Shi FD et al. CD24 on the resiDent cells of the central nervous system enhances experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2007; 178: 6227-6235.
73. Chen CY, Kimura H, LanDek-Salgado MA, Hagedorn J, Kimura M, Suzuki K et al. Regenerative potentials of the murine thyroid in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis: role of CD24. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 492-499.
74. Zhou Q, Rammohan K, Lin S, Robinson N, Li O, Liu X et al. CD24 is a genetic modifier for risk and progression of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 15041-15046.
75. Otaegui D, Saenz A, Camano P, Blazquez L, Goicoechea M, Ruiz-Martinez J et al. CD24 V/V is an allele associated with the risk of Developing multiple sclerosis in the Spanish population. Mult Scler 2006; 12: 511-514.
76. Goris A, Maranian M, Walton A, Yeo TW, Ban M, Gray J et al. CD24 Ala/Val polymorphism and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 175: 200-202.
77. Sanchez E, Abelson AK, Sabio JM, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Ortego-Centeno N, Jimenez- Alonso J et al. Association of a CD24 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 3080-3086.
78. Sanchez E, FernanDez-Gutierrez B, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Balsa A, Garcia A, Rodriguez L et al. Investigating the role of CD24 gene polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 1197-1198.
79. Rueda B, Miranda-Filloy JA, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Association of CD24 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2008; 35: 850-854.
80. Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 2008; 454: 428-435.
81. Janeway CA, Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20: 197-216.
82. Harris HE, Raucci A. Alarmin(g) news about danger: workshop on innate danger signals and HMGB1. EMBO Rep 2006; 7: 774-778.
83. Liu Y, Chen GY, Zheng P. CD24-Siglec G/10 discriminates danger from pathogenassociated molecular patterns. Trends Immunol 2009; 30: 557-561.
84. Lim SC. CD24 and human carcinoma: tumor biological aspects. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59: S351-354.
85. Raife TJ, Lager DJ, Kemp JD, Dick FR. Expression of CD24 (BA-1) predicts monocytic lineage in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 101: 296-299.
86. Senner V, Sturm A, Baur I, Schrell UH, Distel L, Paulus W. CD24 promotes invasion of glioma cells in vivo. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999; 58: 795-802.
87. Pass MK, Quintini G, Zarn JA, Zimmermann SM, Sigrist JA, Stahel RA. The 5'-flanking region of human CD24 gene has cell-type-specific promoter activity in small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 1998; 78: 496-502.
88. Sano A, Kato H, Sakurai S, Sakai M, Tanaka N, Inose T et al. CD24 expression is a novel prognostic factor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 506-514.
89. Huang LR, Hsu HC. Cloning and expression of CD24 gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma: a potential early tumor marker gene correlates with p53 mutation and tumor differentiation. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4717-4721.
90. Su MC, Hsu C, Kao HL, Jeng YM. CD24 expression is a prognostic factor in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2006; 235: 34-39.
91. Agrawal S, Kuvshinoff BW, Khoury T, Yu J, JavleMM, Levea C et al. CD24 expression is an inDepenDent prognostic marker in cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: 445-451.
92. Sagiv E, Kazanov D, Arber N. CD24 plays an important role in the carcinogenesis process of the pancreas. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60: 280-284.
93. Winkler A, Zigeuner R, Rehak P, Hutterer G, Chromecki T, Langner C. CD24 expression in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract correlates with tumour progression. Virchows Arch 2007; 450: 59-64.
94. Choi YL, Lee SH, Kwon GY, Park CK, Han JJ, Choi JS et al. Overexpression of CD24: association with invasiveness in urothelial carcinoma of the bladDer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131: 275-281.
95. Kristiansen G, Denkert C, Schluns K, Dahl E, Pilarsky C, Hauptmann S. CD24 is expressed in ovarian cancer and is a new inDepenDent prognostic marker of patient survival. Am J Pathol 2002; 161: 1215-1221.
96. Athanassiadou P, Grapsa D, Gonidi M, Athanassiadou AM, Tsipis A, Patsouris E. CD24 expression has a prognostic impact in breast carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2009; 205: 524-533.
97. Kristiansen G, Winzer KJ, Mayordomo E, Bellach J, Schluns K, Denkert C et al. CD24 expression is a new prognostic marker in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 4906-4913.
98. Deichmann M, Kurzen H, Egner U, Altevogt P, Hartschuh W. Adhesion molecules CD171 (L1CAM) and CD24 are expressed by primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (Merkel cell carcinomas). J Cutan Pathol 2003; 30: 363-368.
99. Kristiansen G, Pilarsky C, Pervan J, Sturzebecher B, Stephan C, Jung K et al. CD24 expression is a significant predictor of PSA relapse and poor prognosis in low graDe or organ confined prostate cancer. Prostate 2004; 58: 183-192.
100. Ponti D, Zaffaroni N, Capelli C, Daidone MG. Breast cancer stem cells: an overview. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 1219-1224.
101. Choi D, Lee HW, Hur KY, Kim JJ, Park GS, Jang SH et al. Cancer stem cell markers CD133 and CD24 correlate with invasiveness and differentiation in colorectal aDenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 2258-2264.
102. Kristiansen G, Schluns K, Yongwei Y, Denkert C, Dietel M, Petersen I. CD24 is an inDepenDent prognostic marker of survival in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 231-236.
103. Smith SC, Oxford G, Wu Z, Nitz MD, Conaway M, Frierson HF et al. The metastasisassociated gene CD24is regulated by Ral GTPase and is a mediator of cell proliferation and survival in human cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 1917-1922.
104. Li D, Zheng L, Jin L, Zhou Y, Li H, Fu J et al. CD24 polymorphisms affect risk and progression of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2009; 50: 735-742.