Mineral transformations and biogeochemical cycles: A geomycological perspective

Fungi in the Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 77-111

  Gadd, Geoffrey M ^a   Burford, Euan P ^a   Fomina, Marina ^a   Melville, Karrie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77749272963     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511541797.006     Document Type: Chapter

References (184)

1. Adriaensen, K., Van der Lelie, D., Van Laere, A., Vangrosveld, J. & Colpaert, J. V. (2003). A zinc-adapted fungus protects pines from zinc stress. New Phytologist 161, 549-55.
2. Ahonen-Jonnarth, U., Van Hees, P. A. W., Lundstrom, U. S. & Finlay, R. D. (2000). Organic acids produced by mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris exposed to elevated aluminium and heavy metal concentrations. New Phytologist 146, 557-67.
3. Albertano, P. & Urzi, C. (1999). Structural interactions among epilithic cyanobacteria and heterotrophic microorganisms in Roman Hypogea. Microbial Ecology 38, 244-52.
4. Amann, R. I., Wolfgang, L. & Schleifer, K. H. (1995). Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiological Reviews59, 143-69.
5. Anderson, I. C. & Cairney, J. W. G. (2004). Diversity and ecology of soil fungal communities: increased understanding through the application of molecular techniques. Environmental Microbiology 6, 769-79.
6. Anderson, I. C., Campbell, C. D. & Prosser, J. I. (2003). Potential bias of fungal 18S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer polymerase chain reaction primers for estimating fungal biodiversity in soil. Environmental Microbiology 5, 36-47.
7. Arnott, H. J. (1995). Calcium oxalate in fungi. In Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems, ed. S. R. Khan, pp. 73-111. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
8. Arvieu, J. C., Leprince, F. & Plassard, C. (2003). Release of oxalate and protons by ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to P-deficiency and calcium carbonate in nutrient solution. Annals of Forest Science 60, 815-21.
9. Baldrian, P. (2003). Interaction of heavy metals with white-rot fungi. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 32, 78-91.
10. Banfield, J. P., Barker, W. W., Welch, S. A. & Taunton, A. (1999). Biological impact on mineral dissolution: application of the lichen model to understanding mineral weathering in the rhizosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96, 3404-11.
11. Barker, W. W., Welch, S. A. & Banfield, J. F. (1997). Biogeochemical weathering of silicate minerals. In Geomicrobiology: interactions between Microbes and Minerals, Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 35, ed. J. F. Banfield & K. H. Nealson, pp. 391-428. Chelsea, MI:. Mineralogical Society of America.
12. Blazquez, F., Garcia-Vallez, M., Krumbein, W. E., Sterflinger, K. & Vendrell-Saz, M. (1997). Microstromatolithic deposits on granitic monuments: development and decay. European Journal of Mineralogy 9, 899-901.
13. Borneman, J. & Triplett, E. W. (1997). Molecular microbial diversity in soils from eastern Amazonia: evidence for unusual microorganisms and microbial population shifts associated with deforestation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 2647-53.
14. Braissant, O., Cailleau, G., Aragno, M. & Verrecchia, E. P. (2004). Biologically induced mineralization in the tree Milicia excelsa (Moraceae): its causes and consequences to the environment. Geobiology 2, 59-66.
15. Brandl, H. (2001). Heterotrophic leaching. In Fungi in Bioremediation, ed. G. M. Gadd, pp. 383-423. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. van Breemen, N., Lundstrom, U. S. & Jongmans, A. G. (2000). Do plants drive podzolization via rock-eating mycorrhizal fungi? Geoderma 94, 163-71.
17. Bronick, C. J. & Lal, R. (2005). Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124, 3-22.
18. Brown, S., Chaney, R., Hallfrisch, J., Ryan, J. A. & Berti, W. R. (2004). In situ soil treatments to reduce the phyto- and bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium. Journal of Environmental Quality 33, 522-31.
19. Bruand, A. & Duval, O. (1999). Calcified fungal filaments in the petrocalcic horizon of Eutrochrepts in Beauce, France. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63,164-9.
20. Buchan, A., Newell, S. Y., Moreta, J. I. & Moran, M. A. (2002). Molecular characterization of bacterial and fungal decomposer communities in a Southeastern U. S. salt marsh. Microbial Ecology 43, 329-40.
21. Buchan, A., Newell, S. Y., Butler, M., Biers, E. J., Hollibaugh, J. T. & Moran, M. A. (2003). Dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities on decaying salt marsh grass. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 6676-87.
22. Burford, E. P., Fomina, M. & Gadd, G. M. (2003). Fungal involvement in bioweathering and biotransformation of rocks and minerals. Mineralogical Magazine 67, 1127-55.
23. Burgstaller, W. & Schinner, F. (1993). Leaching of metals with fungi. Journal of Biotechnology27,91-116.
24. Burke, D. J., Martin, K. J., Rygiewicz, P. T. & Topa, M. A. (2005). Ectomycorrhizal fungi identification in single and pooled root samples: terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) and morphotyping compared. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37, 1683-94.
25. Buscot, F., Munch, J. C., Charcosset, J. Y., Gardes, M., Nehls, U. & Hampp, R. (2000). Recent advances in exploring physiology and biodiversity of ectomycorrhizas highlight the functioning of these symbioses in ecosystems. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 24, 601-14.
26. Callot, G., Maurette, M., Pottier, L. & Dubois, A. (1987). Biogenic etching of microfractures in amorphous and crystalline silicates. Nature 328, 147-9.
27. Callot, G., Mousain, D. & Plassard, C. (1985). Concentrations de carbonate de calcium sur les parois des hyphes myceliens. Agronomie 5, 143-50.
28. Casarin, V., Plassard, C., Souche, G. & Arvieu, J.-C. (2003). Quantification of oxalate ions and protons released by ectomycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere soil. Agronomie23, 461-9.
29. Castro, I. M., Fietto, J. L. R., Vieira, R. X., Gutierrez-Corona, F. G., Loza-Tavera, H., Carlos, J., Torres-Guzman, J. C. & Moreno-Sanchez, R. (2000). Bioleaching of zinc and nickel from silicates using Aspergillus niger cultures. Hydrometallurgy 57, 39-49.
30. Cervantes, C., Campos-Garcia, J., Devars, S., Gutierrez-Corona, F. G., Loza-Tavera, H., Carlos, J., Torres-Guzman, J. C. & Moreno-Sanchez, R. (2001). Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25, 335-47.
31. Chen, X.-B., Wright, J. V., Conca, J. L. & Peurrung, L. M. (1997). Evaluation of heavy metal remediation using mineral apatite. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 98, 57-78.
32. Christie, P., Li, X. L. & Chen, B. D. (2004). Arbuscular mycorrhiza can depress translocation of zinc to shoots of host plants in soils moderately polluted with zinc. Plant and Soil261, 209-17.
33. Clausen, C. A. & Green, F. (2003). Oxalic acid overproduction by copper-tolerant brown-rot basidiomycetes on southern yellow pine treated with copper-based preservatives. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 51, 139-44.
34. Colpaert, J. V. & Van Assche, J. A. (1992). Zinc toxicity in ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris. Plant and Soil 143, 201-11.
35. Colpaert, J.V., Muller, L. A.H., Lambaerts, M., Adriaensen, K. & Vangronsveld, J. (2004). Evolutionary adaptation to Zn toxicity in populations of Suilloid fungi. New Phytologist 162, 549-59.
36. Conca, J.L. (1997). Phosphate-induced metal stabilization (PIMS). Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 68D60023, Res. Triangle Park, NC.
37. Crosby, L. D. & Criddle, C. S. (2003). Understanding bias in microbial community analysis techniques due to rrn operon copy number heterogeneity. BioTechniques 34, 790-802.
38. Cullings, K., Raleigh, C., New, M. H. & Henson, J. (2005). Effects of artificial defoliation of pines on the structure and physiology of the soil fungal community of a mixed pine- spruce forest. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 1996-2000.
39. Daniell, T. J., Husband, R., Fitter, A. H. & Young, J. P. W. (2001). Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing arable crops. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 36, 203-9.
40. De Los Rios, A., Wierzchos, J., Sancho, L. G. & Ascaso, C. (2004). Exploring the physiological state of continental Antarctic endolithic microorganisms by microscopy. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 50, 143-52.
41. Devevre, O., Garbaye, J. & Botton, B. (1996). Release of complexing organic acids by rhizosphere fungi as a factor in Norway spruce yellowing in acidic soils. Mycological Research 100, 1367-74.
42. Diercks, M., Sand, W. & Bock, E. (1991). Microbial corrosion of concrete. Experientia 47, 514-16.
43. Eckhardt, F. E. W. (1985). Solubilisation, transport, and deposition of mineral cations by microorganisms-efficient rock-weathering agents. In The Chemistry of Weathering, ed. J. Drever, pp. 161-73. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
44. Egert, M. & Friedrich, M. W. (2003). Formation of pseudo-terminal restriction fragments, a PCR-related bias affecting terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of microbial community structure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 2555-62.
45. Ehrlich, H. L. (1998). Geomicrobiology: its significance for geology. Earth-Science Reviews45, 45-60.
46. Ehrlich, H. L. (2002). Geomicrobiology. New York: Marcel Dekker.
47. Etienne, S. & Dupont, J. (2002). Fungal weathering of basaltic rocks in a cold oceanic environment (Iceland): comparison between experimental and field observations. Earth Surface Processes andLandforms 27, 737-48.
48. Ferris, F. G., Wiese, R. G. & Fyfe, W. S. (1994). Precipitation of carbonate minerals by microorganisms: implications for silicate weathering and the global carbon dioxide budget. Geomicrobiology Journal 12, 1-13.
49. Filion, M., Hamelin, R. C., Bernier, L. & St-Arnaud, M. (2004). Molecular profiling of rhizosphere microbial communities associated with healthy and diseased black spruce (Picea mariana) seedlings grown in a nursery. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 3541-51.
50. Fisher, M. M. & Triplett, E. W. (1999). Automated approach for ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis of microbial diversity and its application to freshwater bacterial communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 4630-6.
51. Fomina, M. & Gadd, G. M. (2002). Metal sorption by biomass of melanin-producing fungi grown in clay-containing medium. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 78, 23-34.
52. Fomina, M., Ritz, K. & Gadd, G. M. (2003). Nutritional influence on the ability of fungal mycelia to penetrate toxic metal-containing domains. Mycological Research 107, 861-71.
53. Fomina, M. A., Alexander, I. J., Hillier, S. & Gadd, G. M. (2004). Zinc phosphate and pyromorphite solubilization by soil plant-symbiotic fungi. Geomicrobiology Journal 21, 351-66.
54. Fomina, M., Hillier, S., Charnock, J. M., Melville, K., Alexander, I. J. & Gadd, G. M. (2005a). Role of oxalic acid over-excretion in toxic metal mineral transformations by Beauveria caledonica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 371-81.
55. Fomina, M. A., Alexander, I. J., Colpaert, J. V. & Gadd, G. M. (2005b). Solubilization of toxic metal minerals and metal tolerance of mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37, 851-66.
56. Fomina, M. A., Olishevska, S. V., Kadoshnikov, V. M., Zlobenko, B. P. & Podgorsky, V. S. (2005c). Concrete colonization and destruction by mitosporic fungi in model experiment, Mikrobiologichny Zhurnal 67, 97-106 (in Russian with English summary).
57. Frausto da Silva, J. J. R. & Williams, R. J. P. (1993). The Biological Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Gabor, E. M., de Vries, E. J. & Janssen, D. B. (2003). Efficient recovery of environmental DNA for expression cloning by indirect extraction methods. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 44, 153-63.
59. Gadd, G. M. (1990). Fungi and yeasts for metal accumulation. In Microbial Mineral Recovery, ed. H. L. Ehrlich & C. Brierley, pp. 249-75. New York: McGraw-Hill.
60. Gadd, G. M. (1993). Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytologist 124, 25-60.
61. Gadd, G. M. (1999). Fungal production of citric and oxalic acid: importance in metal speciation, physiology and biogeochemical processes. Advances in Microbial Physiology 41, 47-92.
62. Gadd, G. M. (2000). Bioremedial potential of microbial mechanisms of metal mobilization and immobilization. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 11, 271-9.
63. Gadd, G. M. (ed.) (2001a). Fungi in Bioremediation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Gadd, G. M. (2001b). Accumulation and transformation of metals by microorganisms. In Biotechnology, a Multi-volume Comprehensive Treatise, vol. 10, Special Processes, ed. H.-J. Rehm, G. Reed, A. Puhler & P. Stadler, pp. 225-64. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.
65. Gadd, G. M. (2002). Interactions between microorganisms and metals/radionuclides: the basis of bioremediation. In Interactions of Microorganisms with Radionuclides, ed. M. J. Keith-Roach & F. R. Livens, pp. 179-203. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
66. Gadd, G. M. (2004). Mycotransformation of organic and inorganic substrates. Mycologist18, 60-70.
67. Gadd, G. M. (ed.) (2006). Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Gadd, G. M., Fomina, M. & Burford, E. P. (2006). Fungal roles in rock, mineral and soil transformations. In Micro-organisms and Earth Systems - Advances in Geomicrobiology, ed. G. M. Gadd, K. T. Semple & H. M. Lappin-Scott, pp. 201-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Gaylarde, C. C. & Morton, L. H. G. (1999). Deteriogenic biofilms on buildings and their control: a review. Biofouling 14, 59-74.
70. Gharieb, M. M., Kierans, M. & Gadd, G. M. (1999). Transformation and tolerance of tellurite by filamentous fungi: accumulation, reduction and volatilization. Mycological Research 103, 299-305.
71. Gleeson, D. B., Clipson, N., Melville, K., Gadd, G. M. & McDermott, F. P. (2005). Characterization of fungal community structure on a weathered pegmatitic granite. Microbial Ecology 50, 360-8.
72. Gleeson, D. B., Kennedy, N. M., Clipson, N., Melville, K., Gadd, G. M. & McDermott, F. P. (2006). Characterization of bacterial community structure on a weathered pegmatitic granite. Microbial Ecology 51, 526-34.
73. Glowa, K. R., Arocena, J. M. & Massicotte, H. B. (2003). Extraction of potassium and/or magnesium from selected soil minerals by Piloderma. Geomicrobiology Journal20, 99-111.
74. Gomes, N. C. M., Fagbola, O., Costa, R., Rumjanek, N. G., Buchner, A., Mendona-Hagler, L. & Smalla, K. (2003). Dynamics of fungal communities in bulk and maize rhizosphere soil in the tropics. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 3758-66.
75. Gomez-Alarcon, G., Munoz, M. L. & Flores, M. (1994). Excretion of organic acids by fungal strains isolated from decayed limestone. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 34, 169-80.
76. Gorbushina, A. A. & Krumbein, W. E. (2000). Subaerial microbial mats and their effects on soil and rock. In Microbial Sediments, ed. R. E. Riding & S. M. Awramik, pp. 161-9. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
77. Gorbushina, A. A., Krumbein, W. E., Hamann, R., Panina, L., Soucharjevsky, S. & Wollenzien, U. (1993). On the role of black fungi in colour change and biodeterioration of antique marbles. Geomicrobiology Journal 11, 205-21.
78. Gorbushina, A. A., Boettcher, M., Brumsack, H. J., Krumbein, W. E. & Vendrell-Saz, M. (2001). Biogenic forsterite and opal as a product of biodeterioration and lichen stromatolite formation in table mountain systems (tepuis) of Venezuela. Geomicrobiology Journal 18, 117-32.
79. Gorbushina, A. A., Whitehead, K., Dornieden, T., Niesse, A., Schulte, A. & Hedges, J. I. (2003). Black fungal colonies as units of survival: hyphal mycosporines synthesized by rock-dwelling microcolonial fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany 81, 131-8.
80. Goudie, A. S. (1996). Organic agency in calcrete development. Journal of Arid Environments32, 103-10.
81. Grote, G. & Krumbein, W. E. (1992). Microbial precipitation of manganese by bacteria and fungi from desert rock and rock varnish. Geomicrobiology Journal 10, 49-57.
82. Gu, J. D., Ford, T. E., Berke, N. S. & Mitchell, R. (1998). Biodeterioration of concrete by the fungus Fusarium. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 41, 101-9.
83. Haack, S. K., Fogarty, L. R., West, T. G., Alm, E. W., McGuire, J. T., Long, D. T., Hyndman, D. W. & Forney, L. J. (2004). Spatial and temporal changes in microbial community structure associated with recharge-influenced chemical gradients in a contaminated aquifer. Environmental Microbiology 6, 438-48.
84. Haas, J. R. & Purvis, O. W. (2006). Lichen biogeochemistry. In Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles, ed. G. M. Gadd, pp. 344-76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. Hammes, F. & Verstraete, W. (2002). Key roles of pH, and calcium metabolism in microbial carbonate precipitation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology1, 3-7.
86. Hansgate, A. M., Schloss, P. D., Hay, A. G. & Walker, L. P. (2005). Molecular characterization of fungal community dynamics in the initial stages of composting. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 51, 209-14.
87. Hartley-Whitaker, J, Cairney, J. W. G. & Maharg, A. A. (2000). Sensitivity to Cd and Zn of host and symbiont of ectomicorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) seedlings. Plant and Soil 218, 31-42.
88. Hartmann, M., Frey, R., Kolliker, R. & Widmer, F. (2005). Semi-automated genetic analyses of soil microbial communities: comparison of T-RFLP and RISA based on descriptive and discriminative statistical approaches. Journal of Microbiological Methods 61, 349-60.
89. Hawksworth, D. L. (2001). The magnitude of fungal diversity: the 1.5 million species estimate revisited. Mycological Research 105, 1422-32.
90. Heckman, D. S., Geiser, D. M., Eidell, B. R., Stauffer, R. L., Kardos, N. L. & Hedges, S. B. (2001). Molecular evidence for the early colonisation of land by fungi and plants. Science 293, 1129-33.
91. Hernesmaa, A., Bjorklof, K., Kiikkila, O., Fritze, H., Haahtela, K. & Romantschuk, M. (2005). Structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere of Scots pine after tree-felling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37, 777-85.
92. Hibbet, D. S. (1992). Ribosomal RNA and fungal systematics. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 33, 533-56.
93. Hirsch, P., Eckhardt, F. E. W. & Palmer, R. J. Jr. (1995). Fungi active in weathering rock and stone monuments. Canadian Journal of Botany 73, 1384-90.
94. Hochella, M. F. (2002). Sustaining Earth: thoughts on the present and future roles in mineralogy in environmental science. Mineralogical Magazine 66, 627-52.
95. Hodge, A. (2000). Microbial ecology of the arbuscular mycorrhiza. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 32, 91-6.
96. Hoffland, E., Giesler, R., Jongmans, T. & van Breemen, N. (2002). Increasing feldspar tunneling by fungi across a north Sweden podzol chronosequence. Ecosystems5, 11-22.
97. Horton, T. R. & Bruns, T. D. (2001). The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: peeking into the black-box. Molecular Ecology 10, 1855-71.
98. Howlett, N. G. & Avery, S. V. (1997). Relationship between cadmium sensitivity and degree of plasma membrane fatty acid unsaturation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 48, 539-45.
99. Hugenholtz, P. & Pace, N. R. (1996). Identifying microbial diversity in the natural environment: a molecular phylogenetic approach. Trends in Biotechnology 14, 190-7.
100. Hughes, K. A. & Lawley, B. (2003). A novel Antarctic microbial endolithic community within gypsum crusts. Environmental Microbiology 5, 555-65.
101. Hunt, J., Boddy, L., Randerson, P. F. & Rogers, H. L. (2004). An evaluation of 18S rDNA approaches for the study of fungal diversity in grassland soils. Microbial Ecology47, 385-95.
102. Jentschke, G. & Godbold, D. L. (2000). Metal toxicity and ectomycorrhizas. Physiologia Plantarum 109, 107-16.
103. Kahle, C. F. (1977). Origin of subaerial Holocene calcareous crusts: role of algae, fungi and sparmicristisation. Sedimentology 24, 413-35.
104. Kennedy, N., Conolly, J. & Clipson, N. (2005). Impact of lime, nitrogen and plant species on fungal community structure in grassland microcosms. Environmental Microbiology7, 780-8.
105. Kerr, R. A. (1997). Life goes to extremes in the deep Earth - and elsewhere? Science 276, 703-4.
106. Kikuchi, Y. & Sreekumari, K. R. (2002). Microbially influenced corrosion and biodeterioration of structural metals.Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan88, 620-8.
107. Knorre, Hv. & Krumbein, W. E. (2000). Bacterial calcification. In Microbial Sediments, ed. R. E. Riding & S. M. Awramik, pp. 25-39. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
108. Krumbein, W. E., Urzi, C. & Gehrmann, C. (1991). On the biocorrosion and biodeterioration of antique and medieval glass. Geomicrobiology Journal 9, 139-60.
109. Krupa, P. & Kozdroj, J. (2004). Accumulation of heavy metals by ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing birch trees growing in an industrial desert soil. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 20, 427-30.
110. Kumar, R. & Kumar, A. V. (1999). Biodeterioration of Stone in Tropical Environments: an Overview. Madison, WI: The J. Paul Getty Trust.
111. Lapeyrie, F., Picatto, C., Gerard, J. & Dexheimer, J. (1990). TEM study of intracellular and extracellular calcium oxalate accumulation by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture or in association with Eucalyptus seedlings. Symbiosis 9, 163-6.
112. Lapeyrie, F., Ranger, J. & Vairelles, D. (1991). Phosphate-solubilizing activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro. Canadian Journal of Botany 69, 342-6.
113. Van Leerdam, D. M., Williams, P. A. & Cairney, J. W. G. (2001). Phosphate-solubilizing abilities of ericoid mycorrhizal endophytes of Woollsia pungens (Epacridaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 49, 75-80.
114. Leyval, C. & Joner, E. J. (2001). Bioavailability of heavy metals in the mycorrhizosphere. In Trace Elements in the Rhizosphere, ed. G. R. Gobran, W. W. Wenzel & E. Lombi, pp. 165-85. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
115. Lindahl, B. D. & Olsson, S. (2004). Fungal translocation - creating and responding to environmental heterogeneity. Mycologist 18, 79-88.
116. Liu, W. T., Marsh, T. L., Cheng, H. & Forney, L. J. (1997). Characterization of microbial diversity by determining terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of genes encoding 16SyrRNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 4516-22.
117. Lundstrom, U.S., Van Breemen, N. & Bain, D. (2000). The podzolization process. A review. Geoderma 94, 91-107.
118. Magyarosy, A., Laidlaw, R. D., Kilaas, R., Echer, C., Clark, D. S. & Keasling, J. D. (2002). Nickel accumulation and nickel oxalate precipitation by Aspergillus niger. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 59, 382-8.
119. Manley, E. & Evans, L. (1986). Dissolution of feldspars by low-molecular-weight aliphatic and aromatic acids. Soil Science 141, 106-12.
120. Manoli, F., Koutsopoulos, E. & Dalas, E. (1997). Crystallization of calcite on chitin. Journal of Crystal Growth 182, 116-24.
121. Martino, E., Perotto, S., Parsons, R. & Gadd, G. M. (2003). Solubilization of insoluble inorganic zinc compounds by ericoid mycorrhizal fungi derived from heavy metal polluted sites. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35, 133-41.
122. Maurice, P. A., McKnight, D. M., Leff, L., Fulghum, J. E. & Gooseff, M. (2002). Direct observations of aluminosilicate weathering in the hyporheic zone of an Antarctic Dry Valley stream. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 1335-47.
123. May, E. (2003). Microbes on building stone for good or bad? Culture 24, 4-8.
124. Meharg, A. A. (2003). The mechanistic basis ofinteractions between mycorrhizal associations and toxic metal cations. Mycological Research 107, 1253-65.
125. Meharg, A. A. & Cairney, J. W. G. (2000). Co-evolution of mycorrhizal symbionts and their hosts to metal-contaminated environments. Advances in Ecological Research 30, 69-112.
126. Mehta, A. P., Torma, A. E. & Murr, L. E. (1979). Effect of environmental parameters on the efficiency of biodegradation of basalt rock by fungi. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21, 875-85.
127. Mironenko, N. V., Alekhina, I. A., Zhdanova, N. N. & Bulat, S. A. (2000). Intraspecific variation in gamma-radiation resistance and genomic structure in the filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata: a case study of strains inhabiting Chernobyl Reactor No. 4. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 45, 177-87.
128. Money, N. P. (2004). The fungal dining habit - a biomechanical perspective. Mycologist 18, 71-6.
129. Monger, C. H. & Adams, H. P. (1996). Micromorphology of calcite-silica deposits, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 519-30.
130. Morris, C. E., Bardin, M., Berge, O., Frey-Klett, P., Fromin, N., Girardin, H., Guinebretiere, Leboron P., Thiery, J. M., & Troussellier, M. (2002). Microbial diversity: approaches to experimental design and hypothesis testing in primary scientific literature from 1975 to 1999. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66, 592-616.
131. Muller, B., Burgstaller, W., Strasser, H., Zanella, A. & Schinner F. (1995). Leaching of zinc from an industrial filter dust with Penicillium, Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium: citric acid is the leaching agent rather than amino acids. Journal of Industrial Microbiology 14, 208-12.
132. Muyzer, G., de Waal, E. C. & Uitterlinden, A. G. (1993). Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 695-700.
133. Nannipieri, P., Ascher, M. T., Ceccherini, M. T., Landi, L., Pietramellara, G. & Renella, G. (2003). Microbial diversity and soil functions. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 655-70.
134. Nara, K., Nakaya, H., Wu, B., Zhou, Z. & Hogetsu, T. (2003). Underground primary succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji. New Phytologist 159, 743-56.
135. Nica, D., Davis, J. L., Kirby, L., Zuo, G. & Roberts, D. J. (2000). Isolation and characterization of microorganisms involved in the biodeterioration of concrete in sewers. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 46, 61-8.
136. Nikolcheva, L. G., Cockshutt, A. M. & Barlocher, F. (2003). Determining diversity and freshwater fungi in decaying leaves: comparison of traditional and molecular approaches. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 2548-54.
137. Nikolcheva, L. G., Bourque, T. & Barlocher, F. (2005). Fungal diversity during initial stages of leaf decomposition in a stream. Mycological Research 109, 246-53.
138. Olsson, P. A. & Wallander, H. (1998). Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and the bacterial community in soils amended with various primary minerals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 27, 195-205.
139. Osborn, A. M., Moore, E. R. B. & Timmis, K. N. (2000). An evaluation of terminal- restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for the study of microbial community structure and dynamics. Environmental Microbiology2, 9-50.
140. Perfettini, J. V., Revertegat, E. & Langomazino, N. (1991). Evaluation of cement degradation by the metabolic activities of two fungal strains. Experientia 47, 527-33.
141. Prosser, J. I. (2002). Molecular and functional diversity in soil-microorganisms. Plant and Soil244, 9-17.
142. Purvis, O. W. (1996). Interactions of lichens with metals. Science Progress 79, 283-309.
143. Purvis, O. W. & Halls, C. (1996). A review of lichens in metal-enriched environments. Lichenologist 28, 571-601.
144. Putnis, A. (2002). Mineral replacement reactions: from macroscopic observations to microscopic mechanisms. Mineralogical Magazine 66, 689-708.
145. Ranjard, L., Poly, F., Lata, J.-C., Mougel, C., Thioulouse, J. & Nazaret, S. (2001). Characterization of bacterial and fungal soil communities by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis fingerprints: biological and methodological variability. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 4479-87.
146. Riding, R. (2000). Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47, 179-214.
147. Rivadeneyra, M. A., Delgado, R., Delgado, G., Del Moral, A., Ferrer, M. R. & Ramos-Cormenzana, A. (1993). Precipitation of carbonates by Bacillus sp. isolated from saline soils. Geomicrobiology Journal 11, 175-84.
148. Roberts, D. J., Nica, D., Zuo, G. & Davis, J. L. (2002). Quantifying microbially induced deterioration of concrete: initial studies. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 49, 227-34.
149. Rosling, A., Lindahl, B. D., Taylor, A. F. S. & Finlay, R. D. (2004a). Mycelial growth and substrate acidification of ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to different minerals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 47, 31-7.
150. Rosling, A., Lindahl, B. D. & Finlay, R. D. (2004b). Carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal roots and mycelium colonising different mineral substrates. New Phytologist 162, 795-802.
151. Rossi, G. (1979). Potassium recovery through leucite bioleaching: possibilities and limitations. In Metallurgical Applications of Bacterial Leaching and Related Phenomena, ed. L. E. Murr, A. E. Torma & J. E. Brierley, pp. 279-319. New York: Academic Press.
152. Sand, W. & Bock, E. (1991). Biodeterioration of mineral materials by microorganisms - Biogenic sulphuric and nitric-acid corrosion of concrete and natural stone. Geomicrobiology Journal 9, 129-38.
153. Sanderson, M. J. & Shaffer, H. B. (2002). Troubleshooting molecular phylogenetic analysis. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 33, 49-72.
154. Sayer, J. A., Raggett, S. L. & Gadd, G. M. (1995). Solubilization of insoluble compounds by soil fungi: development of a screening method for solubilizing ability and metal tolerance. Mycological Research 99, 987-93.
155. Sayer, J. A., Cotter-Howells, J. D., Watson, C., Hillier, S. & Gadd, G. M. (1999). Lead mineral transformation by fungi. Current Biology 9, 691-4.
156. Scheublin, T. R., Ridgway, K. P., Young, J. P. W. & van der Heijden, M. G. A. (2004). Nonlegumes, legumes, and root nodules harbor different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 6240-6.
157. Setala, H., Rissanen, J. & Markkola, A. M. (1997). Conditional outcomes in the relationship between pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi in relation to biotic and abiotic environment. Oikos 80, 112-22.
158. Sigler, W. V., Bachofen, R. & Zeyer, J. (2003). Molecular characterization of endolithic cyanobacteria inhabiting exposed dolomite in central Switzerland. Environmental Microbiology 5, 618-27.
159. Smit, E., Leeflang, P., Glandorf, B., van Elsas, J. D. & Wernars, K. (1999). Analysis of fungal diversity in the wheat rhizosphere by sequencing of cloned PCR-amplified genes encoding 18S rRNA and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 2614-21.
160. Smith, S. E. & Read, D. J. (1997). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. London: Academic Press.
161. Smits, M. M., Hoffland, E., Jongmans, A. G. & van Breemen, N. (2005). Contribution of mineral tunneling to total feldspar weathering. Geoderma 125, 59-69.
162. Staley, J. T., Palmer, F. & Adams, J. B. (1982). Microcolonial fungi: common inhabitants on desert rocks. Science 215, 1093-5.
163. Sterflinger, K. (2000). Fungi as geologic agents. Geomicrobiology Journal 17, 97-124.
164. Sterflinger, K., Krumbein, W. E. & Schwiertz, A. (1998). PCR in-situ hybridisation of hyphomycetes. International Microbiology 1, 217-20.
165. Thorn, R. G., Reddy, C. A., Harris, D. & Paul, E. A. (1996). Isolation of saprophytic Basidiomycetes from soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology62, 4288-92.
166. Van Tichelen, K. K., Colpaert, J. V. & Vangronsveld, J. (2001). Ectomycorrhizal protection of Pinus sylvestris against copper toxicity. New Phytologist 150, 203-13.
167. de la Torre, J. R., Goebel, B. M., Friedmann, E. I. & Pace, N. R. (2003). Microbial diversity of cryptoendolithic communities from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 3858-67.
168. Torsvik, V., 0veras, L. & Thingstad, T. F. (2002). Prokaryotic diversity-magnitude, dynamics and controlling factors. Science 296, 1064-6.
169. Urzi, C., Garcia-Valles, M. T., Vendrell, M. & Pernice, A. (1999). Biomineralization processes of the rock surfaces observed in field and in laboratory. Geomicrobiology Journal16, 39-54.
170. Verrecchia, E. P. (2000). Fungi and sediments. In Microbial Sediments, ed. R. E. Riding & S. M. Awramik, pp. 69-75. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
171. Verrecchia, E. P., Dumont, J. L. & Rolko, K. E. (1990). Do fungi building limestones exist in semi-arid regions? Naturwissenschaften 77, 584-6.
172. Volkmann, M., Whitehead, K., Rutters, H., Rullkotter, J. & Gorbushina, A. A. (2003). Mycosporine-glutamicol-glucoside: a natural UV-absorbing secondary metabolite of rock-inhabiting microcolonial fungi. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17, 897-902.
173. Wainwright, M., Tasnee, A. A. & Barakah, F. (1993). A review of the role of oligotrophic microorganisms in biodeterioration. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 31, 1-13.
174. Wallander, H., Wickman, T. & Jacks, G. (1997). Apatite as a source in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings. Plant and Soil 196, 123-31.
175. Wallander, H., Mahmood, S., Hagerberg, D., Johansson, L. & Pallon, J. (2003). Elemental composition of ectomycorrhizal mycelia identified by PCR-RFLP analysis and grown in contact with apatite or wood ash in forest soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 44, 57-65.
176. Warren, L. A., Maurice, P. A., Parmer, N. & Ferris, F. G. (2001). Microbially mediated calcium carbonate precipitation: implications for interpreting calcite precipitation and for solid-phase capture of inorganic contaminants. Geomicrobiology Journal18,93-115.
177. Warscheid, T. & Krumbein, W. E. (1994). Biodeterioration processes on inorganic materials and means of countermeasures. Materials and Corrosion 45, 105-13.
178. Watts, H. J., Very, A. A., Perera, T. H. S., Davies, J. M. & Gow, N. A. R. (1998). Thigmotropism and stretch-activated channels in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Microbiology 144, 689-95.
179. White, I. D., Mottershead, D. N. & Harrison, S. J. (1992). Environmental Systems: An Introductory Text. London: Chapman and Hall.
180. Whitelaw, M. A. (2000). Growth promotion of plants inoculated with phosphate- solubilizing fungi. Advances in Agronomy 69, 99-151.
181. Wierzchos, J., De Los Rios, A., Sancho, L. G. & Ascaso, C. (2004). Viability of endolithic micro-organisms in rocks from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica established by confocal and fluorescence microscopy. Journal ofMicroscopy216, 57-61.
182. Wierzchos, J., Sancho, L. G. & Ascaso, C. (2005). Biomineralization of endolithic microbes in rocks from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica: implications for microbial fossil formation and their detection. Environmental Microbiology 7, 566-75.
183. von Wintzingerode, F., Gobel, U. B. & Stackebrandt, E. (1997). Determination of microbial diversity in environmental samples: pitfalls of PCR-based rRNA analysis. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 21, 213-29.
184. Zhdanova, N. N., Zakharchenko, V. A., Vember, V. V. & Nakonechnaya, L. T. (2000). Fungi from Chernobyl: mycobiota of the inner regions of the containment structures of the damaged nuclear reactor. Mycological Research 104, 1421-6.