Fungal involvement in bioweathering and biotransformation of rocks and minerals

Mineralogical Magazine

Volumn 67, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1127-1155

  Burford, E P ^a   Fomina, M ^a   Gadd, G M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bioremediation; Biosphere; Bioweathering; Carbonates; Clay; Fungi; Heavy metals; Limestone; Lithosphere; Metals; Microorganisms; Minerals; Oxalates; Radionuclides; Rocks; Sandstone; Silicates; Soil

Indexed keywords

DECOMPOSITION; EARTH (PLANET); FUNGI; PLANTS (BOTANY); RADIOISOTOPES; ROCKS; SOILS; WEATHERING;

BIOWEATHERING; LITHOSPHERE; PATHOGENS;

MINERALOGY;

FUNGUS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; WEATHERING;

EID: 1542277071     PISSN: 0026461X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1180/0026461036760154     Document Type: Article

References (235)

1. Adams, J.B., Palmer, F. and Staley, J.T. (1992) Rock weathering in deserts - mobilization and concentration of ferric iron by microorganisms. Geomicrobiology Journal, 10, 99-114.
2. Aristovskaya, T.V. (1980) Microbiology of the Processes of Soil Formation. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR (in Russian), 187 pp.
3. Arnott, H.J. (1995) Calcium oxalate in fungi. Pp. 73-111 in: Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems (S.R. Khan, editor). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
4. Arocena, J.M., Glowa, K.R., Massicotte, H.B. and Lavkulich, L. (1999) Chemical and mineral composition of ectomycorrhizosphere soils of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) in the Ae horizon of a Luvisol. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 79, 25-35.
5. Atlas, R.M. and Bartha, R. (1998) Microbial Ecology. Benjamin Cummings. Redwood City, California, USA.
6. Babich, H. and Stotzky, G. (1977) Reduction in the toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms by clay minerals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 33, 696-705.
7. Banfield, J.F. and Nealson, K.H., editors (1998) Geomicrobiology: Interactions between Microbes and Minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy, 35. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
8. Banfield, J.P., Barker, W.W., Welch, S.A. and Taunton, A. (1999) Biological impact on mineral dissolution: application of the lichen model to understanding mineral weathering in the rhizosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, 3404-3411.
9. Barker, W.W. and Banfield, J.F. (1996) Biologically versus inorganically mediated weathering reactions: relationships between minerals and extracellular microbial polymers in lithobiotic communities. Chemical Geology, 132, 55-69.
10. Barker, W.W. and Banfield, J.F. (1998) Zones of chemical and physical interaction at interfaces between microbial communities and minerals: a model. Geomicrobiology Journal, 15, 223-244.
11. Bassi, M., Barbieri, N. and Bonecchi, R. (1984) St. Christophers church in Milan: biological investigations. Arte Lombarda, 68/69, 117-121.
12. Bengston, S., editor (1994) Early Life on Earth. Columbia University Press, New York.
13. Bennett, P.C., Hiebert, F.K. and Choi, W.J. (1996) Microbial colonization and weathering of silicates in petroleum-contaminated groundwater. Chemical Geology, 132, 45-53.
14. Bennett, P.C., Hiebert, F.K. and Rogers, J.R. (2000). Microbial control of mineral-groundwater equilibria: macroscale to microscale. Hydrogeology Journal, 8, 47-62.
15. Bergna, H.E. (1994) Colloid chemistry of silica - an overview. Colloid Chemistry of Silica, 234, 1-47.
16. Berner, R.A. (1990) Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over phanerozoic time. Science, 249, 1382-1386.
17. Blazquez, F., Garcia-Vallez, M., Krumbein, W.E., Sterflinger, K. and Vendrell-Saz, M. (1997) Microstromatolithic deposits on granitic monuments: development and decay. European Journal of Mineralogy, 9, 889-901.
18. Bogomolova, E.V., Vlasov, D. Yu, and Panina, L.K. (1998) On the nature of the microcolonial morphology of epilithic black yeasts Phaeococcomyces de Hoog. Doklady of Russian Academy of Sciences, 363, 707-709.
19. Bosetto, M., Arfaioli, P., Pantani, O.L. and Ristori, G.G. (1997) Study of the humic-like compounds formed from L-tyrosine on homoionic clays. Clay Minerals, 32, 341-349.
20. Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (1999) The Nature and Properties of Soils. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
21. Brandl, H. (2001) Heterotrophic leaching. Pp. 383-423 in: Fungi in Bioremediation (G.M. Gadd, editor). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
22. Bruand, A. and Duval, O. (1999) Calcified fungal filaments in the petrocalcic horizon of Eutrochrepts in Beauce, France. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 164-169.
23. Buick, R. (1990) Microfossil recognition in Archean rocks and appraisal of spheroids and filaments from a 3500 m.y. old chert barite unit at North Pole, Western Australia. Palois, 5, 441-459.
24. Burford, E.P., Kierans, M. and Gadd, G.M. (2003) Geomycology: fungal growth in mineral substrata. Mycologist (in press).
25. 2O in carboniferous limestone microcosms. Geomicrobiology Journal (in revision).
26. Burgstaller, W. and Schinner, F. (1993) Leaching of metals with fungi. Journal of Biotechnology, 27, 91-116.
27. Callot, G., Guyon, A. and Mousain, D. (1985a) Inter-relation entre aiguilles de calcite et hyphes mycéliens. Agronomie, 5, 209-216.
28. Callot, G., Mousain, D. and Plassard, C. (1985b) Concentrations de carbonate de calcium sur les parois des hyphes mycéliens. Agronomie, 5, 143-150.
29. Callot, G., Maurette, M., Pottier, L. and Dubois, A. (1987) Biogenic etching of microfractures in amorphous and crystalline silicates. Nature, 328, 147-149.
30. Calvet, F. (1982). Constructive micrite envelope developed in vadose continental environment in pleistocene eoliantes of Mallorca (Spain). Acta Geologica Hispanica, 17, 169-178.
31. Chantigny, M.H., Angers, D.A., Prevost, D., Vezina, L.P. and Chalifour, F.P. (1997) Soil aggregation and fungal and bacterial biomass under annual and perennial cropping systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61, 262-267.
32. Clause, H. and Filip, Z. (1990) Effects of clay and other solids on the activity of phenolozidases produced by some fungi and actinomyces. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22, 483-488.
33. Cromack, K. Jr., Solkins, P., Grausten, W.C., Speidel, K., Todd, A.W., Spycher, G., Li, C.Y. and Todd, R.L. (1979) Calcium oxalate accumulation and soil weathering in mats of the hypogeous fungus Hysterangium crassum. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 11, 463-468.
34. Dahanayake, K. and Krumbein, W.E. (1985) Ultrastructure of a microbial mat-generated phosphorite. Mineralium Deposita, 20, 260-265.
35. Dahanayake, K., Gerdes, K. and Krumbein, W.E. (1985) Stromatolites, oncolites, and oolites biogenically formed in situ. Naturwissenschaften, 72, 513-518.
36. Decho, A.W. (2000) Exopolymer microdomains as a structuring agent for heterogeneity within microbial biofilms. Pp. 9-15 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
37. de la Torre, M.A. and Gomez-Alarcon, G. (1994) Manganese and iron oxidation by fungi isolated from building stone. Microbial Ecology, 27, 177-188.
38. de la Torre M.A., Gomez-Alarcon, G., Vizcaino, C. and Garcia, M.T. (1993) Biochemical mechanisms of stone alteration carried out by filamentous fungi living on monuments. Biogeochemistry, 19, 129-147.
39. De Los Rios, A., Wierzchos, J. and Ascaso, C. (2002) Microhabitats and chemical microenvironments under saxicolous lichens growing on granite. Microbial Ecology, 43, 181-188.
40. Demaneche, S., Jocteur-Monrozier, L., Quiquampoix, H. and Simonet, P. (2001) Evaluation of biological and physical protection against nuclease degradation of clay-bound plasmid DNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 293-299.
41. de Rome, L. and Gadd, G.M. (1987) Copper adsorption by Rhizopus arrhizus, Cladosporium resinae, and Penicillium italicum. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 26, 84-90.
42. Devevre, O., Garbaye, J. and Botton, B. (1996) Release of complexing organic acids by rhizosphere fungi as a factor in Norway Spruce yellowing in acidic soils. Mycological Research, 100, 1367-1374.
43. Diercks, M., Sand, W. and Bock, E. (1991) Microbial corrosion of concrete. Experientia, 47, 514-516.
44. Dinelli, E. and Tateo, F. (2001) Sheet silicates as effective carriers of heavy metals in the ophiolitic mine area of Vigonzano (northern Italy). Mineralogical Magazine, 65, 121-132.
45. Dong, W.M., Wang, X.K., Bian, X.Y., Wang, A.X., Du, J.Z. and Tao, Z.Y. (2001) Comparative study on the sorption/desorption of radioeuropium on alumina, bentonite and red earth: effect of pH, ionic strength, fulvic acid, and iron oxide in red earth. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54, 603-610.
46. Dorioz, J.M., Robert, M. and Chenu, C. (1993) The role of roots, fungi and bacteria on clay particles organization. An experimental approach. Geoderma, 56, 179-194.
47. Dube, A., Zbytniewski, R., Kowalkowski, T., Cukrowska, E. and Buszewski, B. (2001) Adsorption and migration of heavy metals in soil. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 10, 1-10.
48. Dumat, C., Quiquampoix, H. and Staunton, S. (2000) Adsorption of cesium by synthetic clay-organic matter complexes: effect of the nature of organic polymers. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 2985-2989.
49. Easton, R.M. (1997) Lichen-rock-mineral interactions: an overview. Pp. 209-239 in: Biological-Mineralogical Interactions (J.M. McIntosh and L.A. Groat, editors). Short Course Series, 21. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
50. Eckhardt, F.E.W. (1985) Solubilisation, transport, and deposition of mineral cations by microorganisms-efficient rock-weathering agents. Pp. 161-173 in: The Chemistry of Weathering (J. Drever, editor). NATO ASI Series C, 149, 161-173.
51. Ehrlich, H.L. (1996) Geomicrobiology. Marcel Dekker, New York.
52. Ehrlich, H.L. (1998) Geomicrobiology: its significance for geology. Earth-Science Reviews. 45, 45-60.
53. Etienne, S. (2002) The role of biological weathering in periglacial areas, a study of weathering in south Iceland. Geomorphology, 47, 75-86.
54. Farrah, H. and Pickering, W.F. (1976a) The sorption of copper species by clays. 2. Illite and montmorillonite. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 29, 1177-1184.
55. Farrah, H. and Pickering, W.F. (1976b) The sorption of zinc species by clay minerals. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 29, 1649-1656.
56. Ferris, F.G., Wiese, R.G. and Fyfe, W.S. (1994) Precipitation of carbonate minerals by microorganisms: implications for silicate weathering and the global carbon dioxide budget. Geomicrobiology Journal, 12, 1-13.
57. Ferris, J.P. (2002) Montmorillonite catalysis of 30-50 mer oligonucleotides: laboratory demonstration of potential steps in the origin of the RNA world. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 32, 311-332.
58. Flemming, C.A., Ferris, F.G., Beveridge, T.J. and Bailey, G.W. (1990) Remobilization of toxic heavy metals adsorbed to bacterial wall-clay composites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 3, 191-203.
59. Fletcher, M. (1987) How do bacteria attach to solid surfaces? Microbiological Sciences, 4, 133-136.
60. Fogarty, R.V. and Tobin, J.M. (1996) Fungal melanins and their interactions with metals. Enzyme and Microbial Technolology, 19, 311-317.
61. Folk, R.L. and Chafetz, H.S. (2000) Bacterially induced microscale and nanoscale carbonate precipitates. Pp. 41-49 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
62. Fomina, M. and Gadd, G.M. (2002a) Metal sorption by biomass of melanin-producing fungi grown in clay-containing medium. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 78, 23-34.
63. Fomina, M. and Gadd, G.M. (2002b) Influence of clay minerals on the morphology of fungal pellets. Mycological Research, 106, 107-117.
64. st century', Elsevier, Madrid, Spain.
65. Fomina, M.A., Kadoshnikov, V.M., Gromosova E.N. and Podgorsky V.S. (2000) The role of clay minerals during fungal growth under extreme conditions. Pp. 146-148 in: Proceedings of the International III International Seminar 'Mineralogy and Life: Biomineral Homologies'. Geoprint, Syktyvkar, Russia.
66. Fujiyoshi, R., Eugene, A.S. and Katayama, M. (1992) Behaviour of radionuclides in the environment. 1. Sorption of Zn(II) on clay minerals. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 43, 223-1226.
67. Fredrickson, J.K. and Onstott, T.C. (1996) Microbes deep inside the earth. Scientific American, 8, 42-47.
68. Fredrickson, J.K., McKinley, J.P., Nierzwicki-Bauer, S.A., White, D.C., Ringelberg, D.B., Rawson, S.A., Shu-Mei, L., Brockman, F.J. and Bjornstad, B.N. (1995) Microbial community structure and biogeochemistry of Miocene subsurface sediments: implications for long-term microbial survival. Molecular Ecology, 4, 619-626.
69. Friedman, E.I. and Ocampo, R. (1976) Endolithic blue-green algae in the dry valleys: primary producers in the Antarctic desert ecosystem. Science, 193, 1247-1249.
70. Fujita, Y., Ferris, F.G., Lawson, D.R., Colswell, F.S. and Smith, R.W. (2000) Calcium carbonate precipitation by ureolytic subsurface bacteria. Geomicrobiology Journal, 17, 305-318.
71. Gadd, G.M. (1984) Effect of copper on Aureobasidium pullulans in solid medium: adaptation not necessary for tolerant behaviour. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 82, 546-549.
72. Gadd, G.M. (1986) The uptake of heavy metals by fungi and yeasts: the chemistry and physiology of the process and applications for biotechnology. Pp. 135-147 in: Immobilization of Ions by Biosorption (H. Eccles and S. Hunt, editors). Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, UK.
73. Gadd, G.M. (1990) Fungi and yeasts for metal accumulation. Pp. 249-275 in: Microbial Mineral Recovery (H.L. Ehrlich and C. Brierley, editors). McGraw-Hill, New York.
74. Gadd, G.M. (1992) Microbial control of heavy metal pollution. Pp. 59-88 in: Microbial Control of Environmental Pollution (J.C. Fry, G.M. Gadd, R.A. Herbert, C.W. Jones and I. Watson-Craik, editors). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
75. Gadd, G.M. (1993) Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytologist, 124, 25-60.
76. Gadd, G.M. (1999) Fungal production of citric and oxalic acid: importance in metal speciation, physiology and biogeochemical processes. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 41, 47-92.
77. Gadd, G.M. (2000a) Heavy metal pollutants: environmental and biotechnological aspects. Pp. 607-617 in: Encyclopedia of Microbiology (J. Lederberg, editor). Academic Press, New York.
78. Gadd, G.M. (2000b) Bioremedial potential of microbial mechanisms of metal mobilization and immobilization. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 11, 271-279.
79. Gadd, G.M. (2001a) Metal transformations. Pp. 359-382, in: Fungi in Bioremediation. (G.M. Gadd, editor). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
80. Gadd, G.M. (2001b) Accumulation and transformation of metals by microorganisms. Pp. 225-264, in: Biotechnology, a Multi-volume Comprehensive Treatise. Volume 10: Special Processes. (H.-J. Rehm, G. Reed, A. Puhler and P. Stadler, editors). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany.
81. Gadd, G.M. (2002) Interactions between microorganisms and metals/radionuclides: the basis of bioremediation. Pp. 179-203 in: Interactions of Microorganisms with Radionuclides (M.J. Keith-Roach and F.R. Livens, editors). Elsevier, Amsterdam.
82. Gadd, G.M. and de Rome, L. (1988) Biosorption of copper by fungal melanin. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, 610-617.
83. Gadd, G.M. and Griffiths, A.J. (1980) Effect of copper on morphology of Aureobasidium pullulans. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 74, 387-392.
84. Gadd, G.M. and Mowll, J.L. (1995) Copper uptake by yeast-like cells, hyphae and chłamydospores of Aureobasidium pullulans. Experimental Mycology, 9, 230-240.
85. Gadd, G.M. aud Sayer, J.A. (2000) Fungal transformations of metals and metalloids. Pp. 237-256 in: Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions (D.R. Lovley, editor). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
86. Garnham, G.W., Codd, G.A and Gadd, G.M. (1991) Uptake of cobalt and cesium by microalgal- and cyanobacterial-clay mixtures. Microbial Ecology, 25, 71-82.
87. Gaylarde, C.C. and Morton, L.H.G. (1999) Deteriogenic biofilms on buildings and their control: a review. Biofouling, 14, 59-74.
88. Gerdes, G., Krumbein, W.E. and Noffke, N. (2000) Evaporite microbial sediments. Pp. 197-207 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding, and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
89. Gomez-Alarcon, G., Munoz, M.L. and Flores, M. (1994) Excretion of organic acids by fungal strains isolated from decayed limestone. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 34, 169-180.
90. Gorbushina, A.A. and Krumbein, W.E. (2000) Subaerial microbial mats and their effects on soil and rock. Pp. 161-169 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
91. Gorbushina, A.A., Krumbein, W.E., Hamann, R., Panina, L., Soucharjevsky, S. and Wollenzien, U. (1993) On the role of black fungi in colour change and biodeterioration of antique marbles. Geomicrobiology Journal, 11, 205-221.
92. Goudie, A.S. (1996) Organic agency in calcrete development. Journal of Arid Environments, 32, 103-110.
93. Grace, J. (2001) Carbon cycle. Pp. 609-629 in: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press, New York.
94. Griffen, P.S., Indictor, N. and Koestler, R.J. (1991) The biodeterioration of stone, a review of deterioration mechanisms: conservation case histories and treatment. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 28, 187-207.
95. Grote, G. and Krumbein, W.E. (1992) Microbial precipitation of manganese by bacteria and fungi from desert rock and rock varnish. Geomicrobiology Journal, 10, 49-57.
96. Gu, J.D., Ford, T.E., Berke, N.S. and Mitchell, R., (1998) Biodeterioration of concrete by the fungus Fusarium. International Bioterioration and Biodegradation, 41, 101-109.
97. Haider, K., Filip, Z. and Martin, J. P. (1970) Einfluss von montmorillonit auf die buildung von biomass und stoffwechselzwischenproducten durch einige mikroorganismen. Archives of Microbiology, 73, 201-215.
98. Haigler, S.A. (1969) Boring mechanism of Polydora westeri inhabiting Crassostrea virginica. American Zoologist, 9, 821-828.
99. Hammes, F. and Verstraete, W. (2002) Key roles of pH, and calcium metabolism in microbial carbonate precipitation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 1, 3-7.
100. Hartman, H. (1998) Photosynthesis and the origin of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 28, 515-521.
101. Heckman, D.S., Geiser, D.M., Fidell, B.R., Stauffer, R.L., Kardos, N.L. and Hedges, S.B. (2001) Molecular evidence for the early colonisation of land by fungi and plants. Science, 293, 1129-1133.
102. Henderson, M.E.K. and Duff, R.B. (1963) The release of metallic and silicate ions from minerals, rocks and soils by fungal activity. Journal of Soil Science, 14, 236-246.
103. Hersman, L., Lloyd, T. and Sposito, G. (1995) Siderophore-promoted dissolution of hematite, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 3327-3330.
104. Hirsch, P., Eckhardt, F.E.W. and Palmer, R.J. (1995) Fungi active in weathering rock and stone monuments. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73, 1384-1390.
105. Hochella, M.F. (2002) Sustaining Earth: thoughts on the present and future roles in mineralogy in environmental science. Mineralogical Magazine, 66, 627-652.
106. Hoffland, E., Giesler, R., Jongmans, T. and van Breemen, N. (2002) Increasing feldspar tunneling by fungi across a north Sweden podzol chronosequence. Ecosystems, 5, 11-22.
107. Horre, R. and de Hoog, G.S. (1999) Primary cerebral infections by melanized fungi: a review. Studies in Mycology, 43, 176-193.
108. Howoritz, N.H., Cameron, R.E. and Hubbard, J.S. (1972) Microbiology of the dry valleys of Antarctica: studies in the world's coldest and driest desert have implications for the Mars biological program. Science, 176, 242-245.
109. Huang, W.H. and Keller, W.D. (1972) Organic acids as agents of chemical weathering of silicate minerals. Science, 239, 149-151.
110. Inskeep, W.P. and Baham, J. (1983) Adsorption of Cd(II) and Cu(II) by Na-montmorillonite at low surface coverage. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, 660-665.
111. Jacobs, H., Boswell, G.P., Ritz, K., Davidson, F.A. and Gadd, G.M. (2002a) Solubilization of calcium phosphate as a consequence of carbon translocation by Rhizoctonia solani. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 40, 65-71.
112. Jacobs, H., Boswell, G.P., Ritz, K., Davidson, F.A. and Gadd, G.M. (2002b) Solubilization of metal phosphates by Rhizoctonia solani. Mycological Research, 106, 1468-1479.
113. Jarosz-Wilkolazka, A. and Gadd, G.M. (2003) Oxalate production by wood-rotting fungi growing in toxic metal-amended medium. Chemosphere, 52, 541-547.
114. Javor, B., editor (1989) Yeasts and Fungi. Pp. 163-175 in: Hypersaline Environments: Microbiology and Biogeochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
115. Johnstone, C.G. and Vestal, J.R. (1993) Biogeochemistry of oxalate in the antarctic cryptoendolithic lichen-dominated community. Microbial Ecology, 25, 305-319.
116. Jones, D., Wilson, M.J. and McHardy, W.J. (1981) Lichen weathering of rock forming minerals: application of scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis. Journal of Microscopy, 124, 95-104.
117. Jongmans, A.G., Van Breemen, N., Lungstrom, U., Van Hees, P.A.W., Finlay, R.D., Srinivasan, M., Unestam, T., Giesler, R., Melkerud, P.A. and Olsson, M. (1997) Rock-eating fungi. Nature, 389, 682-683.
118. Kadoshnikov, V.M., Zlobenko, B.P., Zhdanova, N.N. and Redchitz, T.I. (1995) Studies of application of micromycetes and clay composition for decontamination of building materials. Pp. 61-63 in: Mixed Wastes and Environmental Restoration - Working Towards A Cleaner Environmental, WM'95, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
119. Kahle, C.F. (1977) Origin of subaerial Holocene calcareous crusts: role of algae, fungi and sparmicristisation. Sedimentology, 24, 413-435.
120. Kantarcioglu, A.S., Yucel, A. and de Hoog, G.S. (2002) Case report. Isolation of Cladosporium cladosporioides from cerebrospinal fluid. Mycoses, 45, 500-503.
121. Kerr, S. and Zavada, M.S. (1989) The effect of the lichen Acarospora sinopica on the elemental composition of three sedimentary rock substrates in South Africa. The Bryologist, 92, 407-410.
122. Khan, M. and Scullion, J. (2000) Effect of soil on microbial responses to metal contamination. Effect of soil on microbial responses to metal contamination. Environmental Pollution, 110, 115-125.
123. Kikuchi, Y. and Sreekumari, K.R., (2002) Microbially influenced corrosion and biodeterioration of structural metals. Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 88, 620-628.
124. Kirschvink, J.L., Gaidos, E.J., Bertani, L.E., Beukes, N.J., Gutzmer, J., Maepa, L.N. and Steinberger, R.E. (2000) Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97, 1400-1405.
125. Klappa, C.F. (1979a) Lichen stromatolites: criterion for subaeial exposure and mechanism for the formation of laminae calcretes (caliches). Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 387-400.
126. Klappa, C.F. (1979b) Calcified filaments in Quaternary calcretes: organo-mineral interactions in the subaerial vadose environment. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 955-968.
127. Knorre, Hv. and Krumbein, W.E. (2000) Bacterial calcification. Pp. 25-39 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
128. Kraemer, S.M., Cheah, S.F., Zapf, R., Xu, J.D., Raymond, K.N. and Sposito, G. (1999) Effect of hydroxamate siderophores on Fe release and Pb(II) adsorption by goethite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3003-3008.
129. Krumbein, W.E. and Giele, C. (1979) Calcification in a coccoid cyanobacterium associated with the formation of desert stromatolites. Sedimentology, 26, 593-604.
130. Krumbein, W.E., Urzi, C. and Gehrmann, C. (1991) On the biocorrosion and biodeterioration of antique and medieval glass. Geomicrobiology Journal, 9, 139-160.
131. Krumhansl, J.L., Brady, P.V. and Anderson, H.L. (2001) Reactive barriers for Cs-137 retention. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 47, 233-240.
132. Kukovsky, Ye.G. (1966) Peculiarities of Structure and Physico-Chemical Properties of Clay Minerals. Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
133. Kumar, R. and Kumar, A.V. (1999) Biodeterioration of Stone in Tropical Evironments: an Overview. The J. Paul Getty Trust, USA.
134. Kurdish, I.K. and Kigel, N.F. (1992) Effect of palygorskyte, a clay mineral, on physiologycal activity and adhesion of methanotrophic bacteria. Mikrobiologichesky Zhurnal, 54, 73-78 (in Russian).
135. Kurdish, I.K. and Titova, L.V. (2000) Granular preparations of Azotobacter containing clay minerals. Applied Biochemical Microbiology, 36, 418-420.
136. Kutuzova, R.S. (1969) The release of silica from minerals as a result of microbial activity. Microbiologiya, 38, 714-721 (in Russian).
137. Leboda, R., Chodorowsky, S., Skubiszewska-Zieba, J. and Tarasevich, Y. I. (2001) Effect of the carbonaceous matter deposition on the textural and surface properties of complex carbon-mineral adsorbents prepared on the basis of palygorskite. Colloids and Surfaces. A - Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 178, 113-128.
138. Lee, G.H. and Stotzky, G. (1999) Transformation and survival of donor, recipient, and transformants of Bacillus subtilis in vitro and in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 31, 1499-1508.
139. Liermann, L.J., Kalinowski, B.E., Brantley, S.L. and Ferry, J.G. (2000) Role of bacterial siderophores in dissolution of hornblende. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 587-602.
140. 2+) from contaminated soils. Canadian Geotechnology Journal, 37, 296-307.
141. Lotareva, O.V. and Prozorov, A.A. (2000) Effect of the clay minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite on the generic transformation of competent Bacillus subtilis cells. Microbiology, 69, 571-574.
142. Lovley, D.R. (1991) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn (IV) reduction. Microbiological Reviews, 55, 259-287.
143. Lower, S., Hochella, M.F., Jr. and Beveridge, T.J. (2001a) Bacterial recognition of mineral surfaces: nanoscale interactions between Shewanella and α-FeOOH. Science, 292, 1360-1363.
144. Lundstrom, U.S., Van Breemen, N. and Bain, D. (2000) The podzolization process. A review. Geoderma, 94, 91-107.
145. Lunsdorf, H., Erb, R.W., Abraham, W.R., Timmis, K.N. (2000) 'Clay hutches': a novel interaction between bacteria and clay minerals. Environmental Microbiology, 2, 161-168.
146. Machel, H.G. and Foght, J. (2000) Products and depth limits of microbial activity in petroliferous subsurface settings. Pp. 104-119 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
147. Mandal, S.K., Roy, A. and Banerjee, P.C. (2002) Iron leaching from china clay by fungal strains. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 55, 1-7.
148. Manley, E. and Evans, L. (1986) Dissolution of feldspars by low-molecular-weight aliphatic and aromatic acids. Soil Science, 141, 106-112.
149. Manoli, F., Koutsopoulos, E. and Dalas, E. (1997) Crystallization of calcite on chitin. Journal of Crystal Growth, 182, 116-124.
150. Marshall, K.C. (1988) Adhesion and growth of bacteria at surfaces in oligotrophic habitats. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 34, 593-606.
151. Martens, D.A. and Frankenberger, J.W.T. (1992) Decomposition of bacterial polymers in soil and their influence on soil structure. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 13, 65-73.
152. Martin, J.P., Filip, Z. and Haider, K. (1976) Effect of montmorillonite and humate on growth and metabolic activity of some actinomycetes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 8, 409-413.
153. Martino, E., Perotto, S., Parsons, R. and Gadd, G.M. (2003) Solubilization of insoluble inorganic zinc compounds by cricoid mycorrhizal fungi derived from heavy metal polluted sites. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 133-141.
154. Matthes, U., Ryan, B.D. and Larson, D.W. (2000) Community structure of epilithic lichens on the cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, Ontario, Canada. Plant Ecology, 148, 233-244.
155. Maurice, P.A., Hochella, M.F., Parks, G.A., Sposito, G. and Schwertmann, U. (1995) Evolution of hematite surface microtopography upon dissolution by simple organic acids. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 29-38.
156. McEldowney, S. and Fletcher, M. (1986) Effect of growth conditions and surface characteristics of aquatic bacteria on their attachment to solid surfaces. Journal of General Microbiology, 132, 513-523.
157. McMenamin, M. and McMenamin, D. (1994) Hypersea-life on Land. Columbia University Press, New York, 343 pp.
158. Mehta, A.P., Torma, A.E. and Murr, L.E. (1979) Effect of environmental parameters on the efficiency of biodegradation of basalt rock by fungi. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 21, 875-885.
159. Money, N.P. (1999) Biophysics: fungus punches its way in. Nature, 401, 332-333.
160. Money, N.P. (2001) Biomechanics of invasive hyphal growth. Pp. 3-17 in: The Mycota VIII (K. Esser, editor). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
161. Money, N.P. and Howard, R.J. (1996) Confirmation of a link between fungal pigmentation, turgor pressure, and pathogenicity using a new method of turgor measurement. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 20, 217-227.
162. Monger, C.H. and Adams, H.P. (1996) Micromorphology of calcite-silica deposits, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60, 519-530.
163. Morley, G.F. and Gadd, G.M. (1995) Sorption of toxic metals by fungi and clay minerals. Mycological Research, 99, 1429-1438.
164. Morley, G., Sayer, J., Wilkinson, S., Gharieb, M. and Gadd, G.M. (1996) Fungal sequestration, solubilization and transformation of toxic metals. Pp. 235-256 in: Fungi and Environmental Change (J.C. Frankland, N. Magan and G.M. Gadd, editors). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
165. Muller, B., Burgstaller, W., Strasser, H., Zanella, A. and Schinner, F. (1995) Leaching of zinc from an industrial filter dust with Penicillium, Pseudomonas and Corynebacterium: citric acid is the leaching agent rather than amino acids. Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 14, 208-212.
166. Nealson, K.H. and Saffarini, D. (1994) Iron and manganese in anaerobic respiration: environmental significance, physiology, and regulation. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 48, 311-343.
167. Neubauer, U., Nowack, B., Furrer, G. and Schulin, R. (2000) Heavy metal sorption on clay minerals affected by siderophore desferrioxamine B. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 2749-2755.
168. Nica, D., Davis, J.L., Kirby, L., Zuo, G. and Roberts, D.J. (2000) Isolation and characterization of microorganisms involved in the biodeterioration of concrete in sewers. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 46, 61-68.
169. Nordstrom, D.K. and Southam, G. (1997) Geomicrobiology of sulfide mineral oxidation. Pp. 361-390 in: Geomicrobiology: Interactions between Microbes and Minerals (J.F. Banfield and K.H. Nealson, editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 35. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
170. Paris, F., Bonnaud, P., Ranger, J. and Lapeyrie, F. (1995) In vitro weathering of phlogopite by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant and Soil, 177, 191-201.
171. Pearson, V.K., Sephton, M.A., Kearsley, A.T., Bland, P.A., Franchi, I.A. and Gilmour, I. (2002) Clay mineral-organic matter relationships in the early solar system. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 37, 1829-1833.
172. Pedersen, K. (1999) Subterranean microorganisms and radioactive waste disposal in Sweden. Engineering Geology, 52, 163-176
173. Pereira, M.O., Vieira, M.J. and Melo, L.F. (2000) The effect of clay particles on the efficacy of a biocide. Water Science and Technology, 41, 61-64.
174. Perfettini, J.V., Revertegat, E. and Langomazino, N. (1991) Evaluation of cement degradation by the metabolic activities of two fungal strains. Experientia, 47, 527-533.
175. Pitonzo, B.J., Amy, P.S. and Rudin, M. (1999) Effect of gamma radiation on native endolithic microorganisms from a radioactive waste deposit site. Radiation Research, 152, 64-70
176. Prieto Lamas, B., Rivas Brea, M.T. and Silva Hermo, B.M. (1995) Colonization by lichens of granite churches in Galicia (northwest Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 167, 343-351.
177. Porter, T.L., Eastman, M.P., Whitehorse, R., Bain, E. and Manygoats, K. (2000) The interaction of biological molecules with clay minerals: a scanning force microscopy study. Scanning, 22, 1-5.
178. Puget, P., Angers, D.A. and Chenu, C. (1999) Nature of carbohydrates associated with water-stable aggregates of two cultivated soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, 55-63.
179. Putnis, A. (2002) Mineral replacement reactions from macroscopic observations to microscopic mechanisms. Mineralogical Magazine, 66, 689-708.
180. Rawlings, D.E., Dew, D. and du Plessis, C. (2003) Biomineralization of metal-containing ores and concentrates. Trends in Biotechnology, 21, 38-44.
181. Redman, R.S., Litvintseva, A., Sheehan, K.B., Henson, J.M. and Rodriguez, R. (1999) Fungi from geothermal soils in Yellowstone National Park. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 5193-5197.
182. Renaut, R.W. and Jones, B. (2000) Microbial precipitates around continental hot springs. Pp. 187-195 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
183. Riding, R. (2000) Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology, 47, 179-214.
184. Rikkinen, J. and Poinar, G.O. (2000) A new species of resinicolous Chaenothecopis (Mycoaliciaceae, Ascomycota) from 20 million year old Bitterfield amber, with remarks on the biology of resinicolous fungi. Mycological Research, 104, 7-15.
185. Rikkinen, J. and Poinar, G.O. (2001) Fossilised fungal mycelium from Tertiary Dominican amber. Mycological Research, 105, 890-896.
186. Rivadeneyra, M.A., Delgado, R., Delgado, G., Del Moral, A., Ferrer, M.R. and Ramos-Cormenzana, A. (1993) Precipitation of carbonates by Bacillus sp. isolated from saline soils. Geomicrobiology Journal, 11, 175-184.
187. Roberts, D.J., Nica, D., Zuo, G. and Davis, J.L. (2002) Quantifying microbially induced deterioration of concrete: initial studies. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 49, 227-234.
188. Rodriguez Navarro, C., Sebastian, E. and Rodriguez Gallego, M. (1997) An urban model for dolomite precipitation: authigenic dolomite on weathered building stones. Sedimentary Geology, 109, 1-11.
189. Rogers, J.R., Bennet, P.C. and Choi, W.J. (1998) Feldspars as a source of nutrients for microorganisms. American Mineralogist, 83, 1532-1540.
190. Rossi, G. (1979) Potassium recovery through leucite bioleaching: possibilities and limitations. Pp. 279-319 in: Metallurgical Applications of Bacterial Leaching and Related Phenomena (L.E. Murr. A.E. Torma and J.E. Brierley, editors). Academic Press, New York.
191. Rossi, G. and Ehrlich, H.L. (1990) Other bioleaching processes. Pp. 149-170 in: Microbial Mineral Recovery (H.L. Ehrlich and C.L. Brierley, editors). McGraw-Hill, New York.
192. Sayer, J.A., Kierans, M. and Gadd, G.M. (1997) Solubilization of some naturally occurring metal-bearing minerals, limescale and lead phosphate by Aspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 154, 29-35.
193. Schlecht-Pietsch, S., Wagner, U. and Anderson, T.H. (1994) Changes in composition of soil polysaccharides and aggregate stability after carbon amendments to different textured soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 1, 145-154.
194. Schopf, J.W. (1993) Microfossils of the early Archean Apex Chert; new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science, 260, 640-644.
195. Schwartzman, D.J. and Volk, T. (1989) Biotic enhancement of weathering and the habitability of Earth. Nature, 340, 457-460.
196. Silverman, M.P. and Munoz, E.F. (1970) Fungal attack on rock: solubilisation and altered infra-red spectra. Science, 169, 985-987.
197. Skujins, J.J. (1967) Enzymes in soil. Pp. 371-414 in: Soil Biochemistry (A.D. McLaren and G.H. Peterson, editors). Marcel Dekker, New York.
198. Sollas, W.J. (1880) On the action of a lichen on a limestone. Report, British Association for the Advancement of Science, 586 pp.
199. Staley, J.T., Palmer, F. and Adams, J.B. (1982) Microcolonial fungi: common inhabitants on desert rocks. Science, 215, 1093-1095.
200. Sterflinger, K. (2000) Fungi as geologic agents. Geomicrobiology Journal, 17, 97-124.
201. Stevenson, F.J. (1994) Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition and Reactions. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
202. Stone, A.T. (1997) Reactions of extracellular organic ligands with dissolved metal ions and mineral surface. Pp. 309-341 in: Geomicrobiology: Interactions between Microbes and Minerals (J.F. Banfield and K.H. Nealson, editors). Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
203. Stotzky, G. (1966) Influence of clay minerals on microorganisms - II. Effect of various clay species, homoionic clays, and other particles on bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 12, 831-848.
204. Stotzky, G. (2000) Persistence and biological activity in soil of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis and of bacterial DNA bound on clays and humic acids. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29, 691-705.
205. Styriakova, I. and Styriak, I. (2000) Iron removal from kaolins by bacterial leaching. Ceramics-Silikaty, 44, 135-141.
206. Summer, D.Y. (2000) Microbial vs environmental influences on the morphology of late Archean Fenestrate microbialites. Pp. 307-313 in: Microbial Sediments (A.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
207. Taylor, T.N. and White, J.F., Jr. (1989) Fossil fungi (Endogonaceae) from the triassic of Antarctica. American Journal of Botany, 76, 389-396.
208. Taylor, T.N., Hass, H. and Kerp, H. (1999) The oldest fossil ascomycetes. Nature, 399, 684.
209. Thompson, J.B. and Ferris, F.G. (1990) Cyanobacterial precipitation of gypsum, calcite and magnesite from natural alkaline lake water. Geology, 18, 995-998.
210. Timonin, M.I., Illman, W.I. and Hartgerink, T. (1972) Oxidation of manganous salts of manganese by soil fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany, 18, 793-799.
211. Tisdall, J.M., Smith, S.E. and Rengasamy, P. (1997) Aggregation of soil by fungal hyphae. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 35, 55-60.
212. Trevors, J.T. (1996) DNA in soil: Adsorption, genetic transformation, molecular evolution and genetic microchip. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 70 1-10.
213. van Bladel, R., Halen, H. and Cloose, P. (1993) Calcium-zinc and calcium-cadmium exchange in suspensions of various types of clays. Clay Minerals, 28, 33-38.
214. Vaughan, D.J., Pattrick, R.A.D. and Wogelius, R.A. (2002) Minerals, metals and molecules: ore and environmental mineralogy in the new millennium. Mineralogical Magazine, 66, 653-676.
215. Verrecchia, E.P., Dumont, J.L. and Rolko, K.E. (1990) Do fungi building limestones exist in semi-arid regions? Naturwissenschaften, 77, 584-586.
216. Verrecchia, E.P. (2000) Fungi and sediments. Pp. 69-75 in: Microbial Sediments (R.E. Riding and S.M. Awramik, editors). Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
217. Vettori, C., Gallori, E. and Stotzky, G. (2000) Clay minerals protect bacteriophage PBSI of Bacillus subtilis against inactivation and loss of trunsducing ability by UV radiation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 46, 770-773.
218. Volesky, B. and Holan, Z. R. (1995) Biosorption of heavy metals. Biotechnology Progress, 11, 235-250.
219. Voudrias, E.A. (2002) The concept of a sorption chemical barrier for improving effectiveness of landfill liners. Waste Management and Research, 20, 251-258.
220. Warren, L.A., Maurice, P.A., Parmer, N. and Ferris, F.G. (2001) Microbially mediated calcium carbonate precipitation: implications for interpreting calcite precipitation and for solid-phase capture of inorganic contaminants. Geomicrobiology Journal, 18, 93-115.
221. Watts, H.J., Very, A.A., Perera, T.H.S., Davies, J.M. and Gow, N.A.R. (1998) Thigmotropism and stretch-activated channels in the pathogenic fungus. Candida albicans. Microbiology, 144, 689-695.
222. Webley, D.M., Henderson, M.E.F. and Taylor, I.F. (1963) The microbiology of rocks and weathered stones. Journal of Soil Science, 14, 102-112.
223. Welch, S.A. and Vandevivere, P. (1994) Effect of microbial and other naturally occurring polymers on mineral dissolution. Geomicrobiology Journal, 12, 227-238.
224. Welch, S.A., Barker, W.W. and Banfield, J.F. (1999) Microbial extracellular polysaccharides and plagioclase dissolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1405-1419.
225. Wheeler, M.H. and Bell, A.A. (1987) Melanins and their importance in pathogenic fungi. Pp. 338-385 in: Current Topics in Medical Mycology 2 (M.R. McGuiness, editor). Springer-Verlag, New York.
226. White, I.D., Mottershead, D.N. and Harrison, S.J. (1992) Environmental Systems: An Introductory Text. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
227. Wild, A. (1993) Soils and the Environment: an Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
228. Wilson, M.J. (1975) Chemical weathering of some primary rock-forming minerals. Soil Science, 119, 349-355.
229. Winter, D. and Zubay, G (1995) Binding of adenine-related compounds to the clay montmorillonite and the mineral hydroxyapatite. Origin of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 25, 61-81.
230. Wolfaardt, G.M., Lawrence, J.R., Robarts, R.D., Caldwell, S.J. and Caldwell, D.E. (1994) Multicellular organization in a degradative biofilm community. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 434-446.
231. Wollenzien, U., de Hoog, G.S., Krumbein, W.E. and Urzi, C. (1995) On the isolation of microcolonial fungi occurring on and in marble and other calcareous rocks. Science of the Total Environment, 167, 287-294.
232. Zhdanova, N.N., Vasilevskaya, A.I., Gavrilyuk, V.I., Sholokh, E.L. and Koval, L.A. (1990) Radioactive strontium accumulation by some soil mycromycetes in model experiments. Mycologiya I Fytopatologiya, 24, 106-111 (in Russian).
233. Zhdanova, N.N., Zakharchenko, V.A., Vember, V.V. and Nakonechnaya, L.T. (2000) Fungi from Chernobyl: mycobiota of the inner regions of the containment structures of the damaged nuclear reactor. Mycological Research, 104, 1421-1426.
234. Zhdanova N., Fomina, M., Redchitz, T. and Olsson, S. (2001) Chernobyl effects: growth characteristics of soil fungi Cladosprorium cladosporioides (Fresen) de Vries with and without positive radiotropism. Polish Journal of Ecology, 49, 309-318.
235. Zvyaginteev, D.G. (1987) Soil and Microorganisms. Moscow University, Moscow, Russia (in Russian).