-
1
-
-
0038134019
-
-
Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC
-
Alpert, G.P. and Dunham, R.G. (1997), The Force Factor: Measuring Police Use of Force Relative to Suspect Resistance, Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, DC.
-
(1997)
The Force Factor: Measuring Police Use of Force Relative to Suspect Resistance
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Dunham, R.G.2
-
2
-
-
84993709335
-
Interactive police-citizen encounters that result in force
-
Alpert, G.P., Dunham, R.G. and MacDonald, J.M. (2004), "Interactive police-citizen encounters that result in force" in Police Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 475-88.
-
(2004)
Police Quarterly
, vol.7
, pp. 475-488
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Dunham, R.G.2
MacDonald, J.M.3
-
3
-
-
0346403910
-
Police use of force: An analysis of organizational characteristics
-
Alpert, G.P. and MacDonald, J.M. (2001), "Police use of force: an analysis of organizational characteristics" in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 18, pp. 393-409.
-
(2001)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.18
, pp. 393-409
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
MacDonald, J.M.2
-
4
-
-
84937304811
-
How reasonable is the reasonable man? Police and excessive force
-
Alpert, G.P. and Smith, W.C. (1994), "How reasonable is the reasonable man? Police and excessive force" in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 85, pp. 481-501.
-
(1994)
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
, vol.85
, pp. 481-501
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Smith, W.C.2
-
5
-
-
0013204812
-
Police use of force data: Where we are and where we should be going
-
Alpert, G.P. and Smith, M.R. (1999), "Police use of force data: where we are and where we should be going" in Police Quarterly, Vol. 2, pp. 57-78.
-
(1999)
Police Quarterly
, vol.2
, pp. 57-78
-
-
Alpert, G.P.1
Smith, M.R.2
-
6
-
-
0008610177
-
Pepper spray update: More fatalities, more questions
-
American Civil Liberties Union of South California, American Civil Liberties Union of South California, Los Angeles, CA
-
American Civil Liberties Union of South California (1995), "Pepper spray update: more fatalities, more questions", American Civil Liberties Union of South California, Los Angeles, CA.
-
(1995)
-
-
-
8
-
-
34547151840
-
Excessive force: A comparative study of police in the Caribbean
-
Bennett, R.R. (1997), "Excessive force: a comparative study of police in the Caribbean" in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 14, pp. 651-86.
-
(1997)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.14
, pp. 651-686
-
-
Bennett, R.R.1
-
10
-
-
0035510793
-
Who are the complaint-prone officers? An examination of the relationship between police officers' attributes, arrest activity, assignment, and citizens' complaints about excessive force
-
Brandl, S.G., Stroshine, M.S. and Frank, J. (2001), "Who are the complaint-prone officers? An examination of the relationship between police officers' attributes, arrest activity, assignment, and citizens' complaints about excessive force" in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 29, pp. 521-9.
-
(2001)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.29
, pp. 521-529
-
-
Brandl, S.G.1
Stroshine, M.S.2
Frank, J.3
-
11
-
-
3543064073
-
Walking among giants 50 years later: An exploratory analysis of patrol officer use of violence
-
Cancino, J.M. (2001), "Walking among giants 50 years later: an exploratory analysis of patrol officer use of violence" in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 24, pp. 144-61.
-
(2001)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.24
, pp. 144-161
-
-
Cancino, J.M.1
-
12
-
-
70949103553
-
-
Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Fairfax, VA
-
Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (1999), Standards, Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Fairfax, VA.
-
(1999)
Standards
-
-
-
13
-
-
11844256141
-
Predictors of the police use of force: The application of a continuum perspective in Phoenix
-
Crawford, C. and Burns, R. (1998), "Predictors of the police use of force: the application of a continuum perspective in Phoenix" in Police Quarterly, Vol. 1, pp. 41-63.
-
(1998)
Police Quarterly
, vol.1
, pp. 41-63
-
-
Crawford, C.1
Burns, R.2
-
14
-
-
70949090760
-
Taser sells small version for wider use
-
available at: (accessed November 15, 2007)
-
Davis, R. (2007), "Taser sells small version for wider use", USA Today, available at: www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-08-little-taser_x.htm (accessed November 15, 2007).
-
(2007)
USA Today
-
-
Davis, R.1
-
15
-
-
0007468487
-
-
National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC
-
Edwards, S.M., Granfield, J. and Onnen, J. (1997), Evaluation of Pepper Spray, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC.
-
(1997)
Evaluation of Pepper Spray
-
-
Edwards, S.M.1
Granfield, J.2
Onnen, J.3
-
16
-
-
27844526676
-
Police organizational factors, the racial composition of the police, and the probability of arrest
-
Elite, D., Stolzenberg, L. and D'Alessio, S.J. (2005), "Police organizational factors, the racial composition of the police, and the probability of arrest" in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 22, pp. 30-57.
-
(2005)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.22
, pp. 30-57
-
-
Elite, D.1
Stolzenberg, L.2
D'Alessio, S.J.3
-
17
-
-
3242672134
-
Justifiable use of measures in research on deadly force
-
Fridell, L.A. (1989), "Justifiable use of measures in research on deadly force" in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 17, pp. 157-65.
-
(1989)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.17
, pp. 157-165
-
-
Fridell, L.A.1
-
18
-
-
38249015317
-
Police officer decision making in potentially violent confrontations
-
Fridell, L.A. and Binder, A. (1992), "Police officer decision making in potentially violent confrontations" in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 20, pp. 385-99.
-
(1992)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.20
, pp. 385-399
-
-
Fridell, L.A.1
Binder, A.2
-
19
-
-
84965506927
-
Police use of force: Individuals, situations, and organizations
-
Friederich, R.J. (1980), "Police use of force: Individuals, situations, and organizations" in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Philadelphia, Vol. 452, pp. 82-97.
-
(1980)
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Philadelphia
, vol.452
, pp. 82-97
-
-
Friederich, R.J.1
-
20
-
-
2442476552
-
Too many missing cases: Holes in our knowledge about police use of force
-
Fyfe, J.J. (2002), "Too many missing cases: holes in our knowledge about police use of force" in Justice Research and Policy, Vol. 4, pp. 87-102.
-
(2002)
Justice Research and Policy
, vol.4
, pp. 87-102
-
-
Fyfe, J.J.1
-
22
-
-
0346355454
-
Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police
-
Garner, J.H., Maxwell, C.D. and Heraux, C.G. (2002), "Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police" in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 19, pp. 705-46.
-
(2002)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.19
, pp. 705-746
-
-
Garner, J.H.1
Maxwell, C.D.2
Heraux, C.G.3
-
23
-
-
84970396613
-
Measuring the continuum of force used by and against the police
-
Garner, J.H., Schade, T. and Hepburn, J. (1995), "Measuring the continuum of force used by and against the police" in Criminal Justice Review, Vol. 20, pp. 146-68.
-
(1995)
Criminal Justice Review
, vol.20
, pp. 146-168
-
-
Garner, J.H.1
Schade, T.2
Hepburn, J.3
-
24
-
-
0041107920
-
Oleoresin capsicum spray: A progress report
-
Gauvin, R. (1995), "Oleoresin capsicum spray: a progress report" in The ASLET Journal, Vol. May/June, pp. 29-32.
-
(1995)
The ASLET Journal
, vol.May-June
, pp. 29-32
-
-
Gauvin, R.1
-
25
-
-
0004099416
-
-
International Association of Chiefs of Police Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA
-
Granfield, J., Onnen, J. and Petty, C.S. (1994), Pepper Spray and In-custody Deaths, International Association of Chiefs of Police Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA.
-
(1994)
Pepper Spray and In-Custody Deaths
-
-
Granfield, J.1
Onnen, J.2
Petty, C.S.3
-
26
-
-
46349091685
-
Kinetic impact weapons: The potential for injury
-
Heck, J. (2003), "Kinetic impact weapons: the potential for injury" in Tactical Edge, Vol. Summer, pp. 62-3.
-
(2003)
Tactical Edge
, vol.Summer
, pp. 62-63
-
-
Heck, J.1
-
27
-
-
33646747618
-
Cardiovascular and physiologic effects of conducted electrical weapon discharge in resting adults
-
Ho, J.D., Miner, J.R., Lakireddy, D.R., Bultman, L.L. and Heegaard, W.G. (2006), "Cardiovascular and physiologic effects of conducted electrical weapon discharge in resting adults" in Academic Emergency Medicine, Vol. 13, pp. 589-95.
-
(2006)
Academic Emergency Medicine
, vol.13
, pp. 589-595
-
-
Ho, J.D.1
Miner, J.R.2
Lakireddy, D.R.3
Bultman, L.L.4
Heegaard, W.G.5
-
28
-
-
51849181646
-
Individual and situational determinants of the use of deadly force: A simulation
-
Ho, T. (1994), "Individual and situational determinants of the use of deadly force: a simulation" in American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 18, pp. 41-60.
-
(1994)
American Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.18
, pp. 41-60
-
-
Ho, T.1
-
29
-
-
77649276240
-
Police use of deadly force and experience: Rookie v. veteran
-
Ho, T. (1997), "Police use of deadly force and experience: rookie v. veteran" in Justice Professional, Vol. 10, pp. 127-41.
-
(1997)
Justice Professional
, vol.10
, pp. 127-141
-
-
Ho, T.1
-
30
-
-
14544285434
-
Use of force by female police officers
-
Hoffman, P.B. and Hickey, E.R. (2005), "Use of force by female police officers" in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 33, pp. 145-51.
-
(2005)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.33
, pp. 145-151
-
-
Hoffman, P.B.1
Hickey, E.R.2
-
31
-
-
84937257969
-
Individual and situational determinants of police force: An examination of threat presentation
-
Holmes, S.T., Reynolds, K.M. and Holmes, R.M. (1998), "Individual and situational determinants of police force: an examination of threat presentation" in American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 23, pp. 83-106.
-
(1998)
American Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.23
, pp. 83-106
-
-
Holmes, S.T.1
Reynolds, K.M.2
Holmes, R.M.3
-
34
-
-
0031521484
-
The effect of videotaped arrest on public perceptions of police use of force
-
Jefferis, E.S., Kaminski, R.J. and Holmes, S. (1997), "The effect of videotaped arrest on public perceptions of police use of force" in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 25, pp. 381-95.
-
(1997)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.25
, pp. 381-395
-
-
Jefferis, E.S.1
Kaminski, R.J.2
Holmes, S.3
-
35
-
-
0005718501
-
The effect of a violent televised arrest on public perceptions of the police: A partial test of Easton's theoretical framework
-
Kaminiski, R.J. and Jefferis, E.S. (1998), "The effect of a violent televised arrest on public perceptions of the police: a partial test of Easton's theoretical framework" in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 21, pp. 683-706.
-
(1998)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.21
, pp. 683-706
-
-
Kaminiski, R.J.1
Jefferis, E.S.2
-
36
-
-
84993709356
-
The use of force between the police and persons with impaired judgment
-
Kaminiski, R.J., DiGiovanni, C. and Downs, R. (2004), "The use of force between the police and persons with impaired judgment" in Police Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 311-38.
-
(2004)
Police Quarterly
, vol.7
, pp. 311-338
-
-
Kaminiski, R.J.1
DiGiovanni, C.2
Downs, R.3
-
37
-
-
0040559711
-
Assessing the incapacitative effects of pepper spray during resistive encounters with the police
-
Kaminski, R.J., Edwards, S.M. and Johnson, J.W. (1999), "Assessing the incapacitative effects of pepper spray during resistive encounters with the police" in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 22, pp. 7-29.
-
(1999)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.22
, pp. 7-29
-
-
Kaminski, R.J.1
Edwards, S.M.2
Johnson, J.W.3
-
40
-
-
34247381055
-
Levels of nonlethal force: An examination of individual, situational, and contextual factors
-
Lawton, B.A. (2007), "Levels of nonlethal force: an examination of individual, situational, and contextual factors" in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 44, pp. 163-84.
-
(2007)
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol.44
, pp. 163-184
-
-
Lawton, B.A.1
-
41
-
-
3042655338
-
Violent police citizen encounters: An analysis of major newspaper accounts
-
Lersch, K.M. and Feagin, J.R. (1996), "Violent police citizen encounters: an analysis of major newspaper accounts" in Critical Sociology, Vol. 22, pp. 29-49.
-
(1996)
Critical Sociology
, vol.22
, pp. 29-49
-
-
Lersch, K.M.1
Feagin, J.R.2
-
42
-
-
20444411815
-
Violent police behavior: Past, present, and future research directions
-
Lersch, K.M. and Mieczkowski, T. (2005), "Violent police behavior: past, present, and future research directions" in Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 552-68.
-
(2005)
Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal
, vol.10
, pp. 552-568
-
-
Lersch, K.M.1
Mieczkowski, T.2
-
43
-
-
50549100762
-
Police women and the use of force
-
Lonsway, K. (2001), "Police women and the use of force" in Law and Order, Vol. 49, pp. 109-14.
-
(2001)
Law and Order
, vol.49
, pp. 109-114
-
-
Lonsway, K.1
-
46
-
-
46349087633
-
Efficacy and safety of electrical stun guns
-
Report Number 05-04, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA
-
McBride, D.K. and Tedder, N.B. (2005), "Efficacy and safety of electrical stun guns", Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA, Report Number 05-04.
-
(2005)
-
-
McBride, D.K.1
Tedder, N.B.2
-
47
-
-
12844268204
-
Cardiac safety of neuromuscular incapacitating defense devices
-
McDonald, W.C., Stratbucker, R.A., Nerheim, M. and Brewer, J.E. (2005), "Cardiac safety of neuromuscular incapacitating defense devices" in Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, Vol. 28, pp. 284-7.
-
(2005)
Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology
, vol.28
, pp. 284-287
-
-
McDonald, W.C.1
Stratbucker, R.A.2
Nerheim, M.3
Brewer, J.E.4
-
49
-
-
0002638323
-
Media loops
-
Bailey, F., Hale, D. (Eds.), Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
-
Manning, P. (1997), "Media loops" in Bailey, F. and Hale, D. (Eds.), Popular Culture, Crime and Justice, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, pp. 25-39.
-
(1997)
Popular Culture, Crime and Justice
, pp. 25-39
-
-
Manning, P.1
-
50
-
-
0039525123
-
Police use of less than lethal force: Oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray
-
Morabito, E.V. and Doerner, W.G. (1998), "Police use of less than lethal force: oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray" in Policing, Vol. 20, pp. 680-97.
-
(1998)
Policing
, vol.20
, pp. 680-697
-
-
Morabito, E.V.1
Doerner, W.G.2
-
51
-
-
0040116744
-
Oleoresin capsicum: A non-lethal force alternative
-
Nowicki, E. (1993), "Oleoresin capsicum: a non-lethal force alternative" in Law Enforcement Technology, Vol. 20, pp. 24-7.
-
(1993)
Law Enforcement Technology
, vol.20
, pp. 24-27
-
-
Nowicki, E.1
-
52
-
-
84970520829
-
Toward the uniform reporting of police use of force: Results of a national survey
-
Pate, A. and Fridell, L.A. (1995), "Toward the uniform reporting of police use of force: results of a national survey" in Criminal Justice Review, Vol. 20, pp. 123-45.
-
(1995)
Criminal Justice Review
, vol.20
, pp. 123-145
-
-
Pate, A.1
Fridell, L.A.2
-
53
-
-
34548268886
-
Deaths in police confrontations when oleoresin capsicum is used
-
final report, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC
-
Petty, C.S. (2004), "Deaths in police confrontations when oleoresin capsicum is used", National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, final report.
-
(2004)
-
-
Petty, C.S.1
-
54
-
-
34548209043
-
-
Forum Police Executive Research, Police Executive Research Forum Center on Force and Accountability, Washington, DC
-
Police Executive Research Forum (2005), PERF Conducted Energy Device Police and Training Guidelines for Consideration, Police Executive Research Forum Center on Force and Accountability, Washington, DC.
-
(2005)
PERF Conducted Energy Device Police and Training Guidelines for Consideration
-
-
-
55
-
-
84996263388
-
Frequency of training in less than lethal force tactics and weapons: Results of a two state survey
-
Ross, D.L. and Jones, M. (1996), "Frequency of training in less than lethal force tactics and weapons: results of a two state survey" in Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 12, pp. 250-63.
-
(1996)
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
, vol.12
, pp. 250-263
-
-
Ross, D.L.1
Jones, M.2
-
56
-
-
3242670607
-
Higher education and police use of deadly force
-
Sherman, L. and Blomberg, M. (1981), "Higher education and police use of deadly force" in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 9, pp. 317-31.
-
(1981)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.9
, pp. 317-331
-
-
Sherman, L.1
Blomberg, M.2
-
57
-
-
77649301367
-
-
American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, PA
-
Sherman, L.W. (1980), The Police and Violence, American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, PA.
-
(1980)
The Police and Violence
-
-
Sherman, L.W.1
-
58
-
-
71449086207
-
Riot control agents, tasers, and other less lethal weapons
-
Ross, D.L., Chan, T.C. (Eds.), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
-
Sloane, C. and Vilke, G.M. (2006), "Riot control agents, tasers, and other less lethal weapons" in Ross, D.L. and Chan, T.C. (Eds.), Sudden Deaths in Custody, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 113-39.
-
(2006)
Sudden Deaths in Custody
, pp. 113-139
-
-
Sloane, C.1
Vilke, G.M.2
-
62
-
-
34548239618
-
The impact of conducted energy devices and other types of force and resistance on officer and suspect injuries
-
Smith, M.R., Kaminski, R.J., Rojek, J., Alpert, G.P. and Mathis, J. (2007), "The impact of conducted energy devices and other types of force and resistance on officer and suspect injuries" in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 30, pp. 423-46.
-
(2007)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.30
, pp. 423-446
-
-
Smith, M.R.1
Kaminski, R.J.2
Rojek, J.3
Alpert, G.P.4
Mathis, J.5
-
63
-
-
0040140098
-
Citizens' observations of police use of excessive force and their evaluation of police performance
-
Son, I.S., Tsang, C.W. and Rome, D.M. (1997), "Citizens' observations of police use of excessive force and their evaluation of police performance" in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 20, pp. 149-59.
-
(1997)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.20
, pp. 149-159
-
-
Son, I.S.1
Tsang, C.W.2
Rome, D.M.3
-
65
-
-
84993830036
-
Police use of force and suspect resistance: The micro process of the police-suspect encounter
-
Terrill, W. (2003), "Police use of force and suspect resistance: the micro process of the police-suspect encounter" in Police Quarterly, Vol. 6, pp. 51-83.
-
(2003)
Police Quarterly
, vol.6
, pp. 51-83
-
-
Terrill, W.1
-
66
-
-
27844605514
-
Police use of force: A transactional approach
-
Terrill, W. (2005), "Police use of force: a transactional approach" in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 107-38.
-
(2005)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.22
, Issue.1
, pp. 107-138
-
-
Terrill, W.1
-
67
-
-
85024011851
-
Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion
-
Terrill, W. and Mastrofski, S.D. (2002), "Situational and officer-based determinants of police coercion" in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 19, pp. 215-48.
-
(2002)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.19
, pp. 215-248
-
-
Terrill, W.1
Mastrofski, S.D.2
-
69
-
-
84993734197
-
A management tool for evaluating police use of force: An application of the force factor
-
Terrill, W., Alpert, G.P. and Dunham, R.G. (2003a), "A management tool for evaluating police use of force: an application of the force factor" in Police Quarterly, Vol. 6, pp. 150-71.
-
(2003)
Police Quarterly
, vol.6
, pp. 150-171
-
-
Terrill, W.1
Alpert, G.P.2
Dunham, R.G.3
-
70
-
-
1642602953
-
Police culture and coercion
-
Terrill, W., Paoline, E.A. and Manning, P.K. (2003b), "Police culture and coercion" in Criminology, Vol. 41, pp. 1003-34.
-
(2003)
Criminology
, vol.41
, pp. 1003-1034
-
-
Terrill, W.1
Paoline, E.A.2
Manning, P.K.3
-
72
-
-
70949102482
-
-
US Government Accountability Office, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, US Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC
-
US Government Accountability Office (2005), Taser Weapons: Use of Tasers by Selected Law Enforcement Agencies, US Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives.
-
(2005)
Taser Weapons: Use of Tasers by Selected Law Enforcement Agencies
-
-
-
73
-
-
0030557797
-
Police and correctional use of force: Legal and policy standards and implications
-
Walker, J.T. (1996), "Police and correctional use of force: legal and policy standards and implications" in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 42, pp. 144-56.
-
(1996)
Crime and Delinquency
, vol.42
, pp. 144-156
-
-
Walker, J.T.1
-
74
-
-
26444594426
-
Citizen's perceptions of police misconduct: Race and neighborhood context
-
Weitzer, R. (1999), "Citizen's perceptions of police misconduct: race and neighborhood context" in Justice Quarterly, Vol. 16, pp. 819-46.
-
(1999)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.16
, pp. 819-846
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
-
75
-
-
0036721810
-
Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion
-
Weitzer, R. (2002), "Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion" in Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 30, pp. 397-408.
-
(2002)
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol.30
, pp. 397-408
-
-
Weitzer, R.1
-
76
-
-
0034199496
-
Assessing the impact of administrative policy on use of deadly force by on and off duty police
-
White, M.D. (2000), "Assessing the impact of administrative policy on use of deadly force by on and off duty police" in Evaluation Review, Vol. 24, pp. 295-318.
-
(2000)
Evaluation Review
, vol.24
, pp. 295-318
-
-
White, M.D.1
-
77
-
-
3242736302
-
Controlling police decisions to use deadly force: Reexamining the importance of administrative policy
-
White, M.D. (2001), "Controlling police decisions to use deadly force: reexamining the importance of administrative policy" in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 47, pp. 131-51.
-
(2001)
Crime and Delinquency
, vol.47
, pp. 131-151
-
-
White, M.D.1
-
78
-
-
3242662702
-
Identifying situational predictors of police shootings using multivariate analysis
-
White, M.D. (2002), "Identifying situational predictors of police shootings using multivariate analysis" in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 25, pp. 726-51.
-
(2002)
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol.25
, pp. 726-751
-
-
White, M.D.1
-
79
-
-
40549084587
-
The taser as a less lethal force alternative: Findings on use and effectiveness in a large metropolitan police agency
-
White, M.D. and Ready, J. (2007), "The taser as a less lethal force alternative: findings on use and effectiveness in a large metropolitan police agency" in Police Quarterly, Vol. 10, pp. 170-91.
-
(2007)
Police Quarterly
, vol.10
, pp. 170-191
-
-
White, M.D.1
Ready, J.2
-
80
-
-
40549136434
-
-
Wadsworth, Belmont, MA
-
Wrobeleski, H.M. and Hess, K.M. (2003), Police Operations, Wadsworth, Belmont, MA.
-
(2003)
Police Operations
-
-
Wrobeleski, H.M.1
Hess, K.M.2
-
81
-
-
0032326632
-
The determinants of deadly force: A structural analysis of police violence
-
Jacobs, D. and O'Brien, R.M. (1998), "The determinants of deadly force: a structural analysis of police violence" in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 103, pp. 837-62.
-
(1998)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.103
, pp. 837-862
-
-
Jacobs, D.1
O'Brien, R.M.2
|