The Asia-Pacific consensus on ulcerative colitis

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia)

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 453-468

  Ooi, Choon Jin ^a   Fock, Kwong Ming ^b   Makharia, Govind K ^c   Goh, Khean Lee ^d   Ling, Khoon Lin ^a   Hilmi, Ida ^d   Lim, Wee Chian ^e   Kelvin, Thia ^a   Gibson, Peter R ^f   Gearry, Richard B ^g   Ouyang, Qin ^h   Sollano, Jose ⁱ   Manatsathit, Sathaporn ^j   Rerknimitr, Rungsun ^k   Wei, Shu Chen ^l   Leung, Wai Keung ^m   De Silva, H Janaka ⁿ   Leong, Rupert Wl ^o  

^a SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^b CHANGI GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^c ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^e TAN TOCK SENG HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^f MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^g UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^h SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS   (Philippines)

^j MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^k CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^l NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^m CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF KELANIYA   (Sri Lanka)

^o UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

more..

Author keywords

Asia Pacific; Biologic agents; Consensus statements; Delphi; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Inflammatory bowel disease; Leukocytapheresis; Management; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

6 MERCAPTOPURINE DERIVATIVE; ADALIMUMAB; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BCG VACCINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; GANCICLOVIR; HYDROCORTISONE; INFLIXIMAB; ISONIAZID; MERCAPTOPURINE; MESALAZINE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLMERCAPTOPURINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NUCLEOSIDE; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; THALIDOMIDE; THIOPURINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; TIOGUANINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

APLASTIC ANEMIA; ASIA; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLITIS; COLON BIOPSY; COLON RESECTION; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CYTAPHERESIS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GASTROINTESTINAL DYSPLASIA; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; HEPATITIS B; HEREDITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INFECTION; INJECTION SITE REACTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORBIDITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCTITIS; PROCTOCOLECTOMY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SERUM SICKNESS; SEX RATIO; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TREMOR; TUBERCULOSIS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ARTICLE; CONSENSUS; DELPHI STUDY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDEMIC DISEASE; EPIDEMIC; GENDER; JAPAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PACIFIC ISLANDS;

EID: 77649226304     PISSN: 08159319     EISSN: 14401746     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06241.x     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Ouyang Q, Tandon R, Goh KL et al. Management consensus of inflammatory bowel disease for the Asia-Pacific region. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006 21 : 1772 1782.
2. Linstone H, Turoff M. The Delphi method: Techniques and application Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley 1975.
3. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2004 99 : 1371 1385.
4. Carter MJ, Lobo AJ, Travis SP. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2004 53 (Suppl. 5 V1 16.
5. Stange EF, Travis SP, Vermeire S et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: definitions and diagnosis. J. Crohn's Colitis 2008 2 (1 1 23.
6. Irving PM, Gibson PR. Infections and IBD. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008 (Jan 5 (1 18 27.
7. Tedesco FJ, Hardin RD, Harper RN, Edwards BH. Infectious colitis endoscopically simulating inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective evaluation. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1983 29 : 195 197.
8. Caldwell GR, Reiss-Levy EA, de Carle DJ, Hunt DR. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 enterocolitis. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1986 16 : 405 407.
9. Chodos JE. Campylobacter infection mimicking ulcerative colitis. N. Y. State J. Med. 1986 (Jan 86 (1 22 3.
10. Siegal D, Syed F, Hamid N, Cunha BA. Campylobacter jejuni pancolitis mimicking idiopathic ulcerative colitis. Heart Lung 2005 34 : 288 290.
11. Dunzendorfer T, Kasznica J. Amebic and/or ulcerative colitis? Gastrointest. Endosc. 1998 48 : 450 451.
12. Ibrahim TM, Iheonunekwu N, Gill V, Vantapool H. Differentiating amoebic ulcero-haemorrhagic recto-colitis from idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease: still a diagnostic dilemma. West Indian Med. J. 2005 54 : 210 212.
13. Misra SP, Misra V, Dwivedi M, Singh PA. Colonic tuberculosis mimicking ulcerative colitis. J. Assoc. Physicians India 1998 46 : 309 310.
14. Powell SJ, Wilmot AJ. Ulcerative post-dysenteric colitis. Gut 1966 7 : 438 443.
15. Sturgess I, Greenfield SM, Teare J, O'Doherty MJ. Ulcerative colitis developing after amoebic dysentery in a haemophiliac patient with AIDS. Gut 1992 33 : 408 410.
16. Schumacher G, Kollberg B, Sandstedt B et al. A prospective study of first attacks of inflammatory bowel disease and non-relapsing colitis. Microbiologic findings. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1993 28 : 1077 1085.
17. Garcia Rodriguez LA, Ruigomez A, Panes J. Acute gastroenteritis is followed by an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2006 (May 130 (6 1588 1594.
18. Pera A, Bellando P, Caldera D et al. Colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostic accuracy and proposal of an endoscopic score. Gastroenterology 1987 92 : 181 185.
19. Carbonnel F, Lavergne A, Lemann M et al. Colonoscopy of acute colitis. A safe and reliable tool for assessment of severity. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1994 (Jul 39 (7 1550 1557.
20. Odze R, Antonioli D, Peppercorn M, Goldman H. Effect of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) therapy on rectal mucosal biopsy morphology in chronic ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1993 17 : 869 875.
21. Bernstein CN, Shanahan F, Anton PA, Weinstein WM. Patchiness of mucosal inflammation in treated ulcerative colitis: a prospective study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1995 42 : 232 237.
22. Kleer CG, Appelman HD. Ulcerative colitis: patterns of involvement in colorectal biopsies and changes with time. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1998 22 : 983 989.
23. Kim B, Barnett JL, Kleer CG, Appelman HD. Endoscopic and histological patchiness in treated ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999 (Nov 94 (11 3258 3262.
24. Bentley E, Jenkins D, Campbell F, Warren B. How could pathologists improve the initial diagnosis of colitis? Evidence from an international workshop. J. Clin. Pathol. 2002 55 : 955 960.
25. Jenkins D, Balsitis M, Gallivan S et al. Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. The British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative. J. Clin. Pathol. 1997 50 : 93 105.
26. Tanaka M, Riddell RH, Saito H, Soma Y, Hidaka H, Kudo H. Morphologic criteria applicable to biopsy specimens for effective distinction of inflammatory bowel disease from other forms of colitis and of Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1999 34 : 55 67.
27. Theodossi A, Spiegelhalter DJ, Jass J et al. Observer variation and discriminatory value of biopsy features in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1994 35 : 961 968.
28. Seldenrijk CA, Morson BC, Meuwissen SG, Schipper NW, Lindeman J, Meijer CJ. Histopathological evaluation of colonic mucosal biopsy specimens in chronic inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic implications. Gut 1991 32 : 1514 1520.
29. Nostrant TT, Kumar NB, Appelman HD. Histopathology differentiates acute self-limited colitis from ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1987 92 : 318 328.
30. D'Haens G, Geboes K, Peeters M, Baert F, Ectors N, Rutgeerts P. Patchy cecal inflammation associated with distal ulcerative colitis: a prospective endoscopic study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1997 92 : 1275 1279.
31. Mutinga ML, Odze RD, Wang HH, Hornick JL, Farraye FA. The clinical significance of right-sided colonic inflammation in patients with left-sided chronic ulcerative colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2004 10 : 215 219.
32. Ladefoged K, Munck LK, Jorgensen F, Engel P. Skip inflammation of the appendiceal orifice: a prospective endoscopic study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2005 40 : 1192 1196.
33. Okawa K, Aoki T, Sano K, Harihara S, Kitano A, Kuroki T. Ulcerative colitis with skip lesions at the mouth of the appendix: a clinical study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1998 93 : 2405 2410. (Pubitemid 29018546)
34. Yang SK, Jung HY, Kang GH et al. Appendiceal orifice inflammation as a skip lesion in ulcerative colitis: an analysis in relation to medical therapy and disease extent. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1999 49 : 743 747.
35. Matsumoto T, Nakamura S, Shimizu M, Iida M. Significance of appendiceal involvement in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2002 55 : 180 185.
36. Byeon JS, Yang SK, Myung SJ et al. Clinical course of distal ulcerative colitis in relation to appendiceal orifice inflammation status. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2005 11 : 366 371.
37. Markowitz J, Kahn E, Grancher K, Hyams J, Treem W, Daum F. Atypical rectosigmoid histology in children with newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1993 (Dec 88 (12 2034 2037.
38. Glickman JN, Bousvaros A, Farraye FA et al. Pediatric patients with untreated ulcerative colitis may present initially with unusual morphologic findings. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2004 28 : 190 197.
39. Rajwal SR, Puntis JW, McClean P et al. Endoscopic rectal sparing in children with untreated ulcerative colitis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2004 38 : 66 9.
40. Haskell H, Andrews CW Jr., Reddy SI et al. Pathologic features and clinical significance of "backwash" ileitis in ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2005 29 : 1472 1481.
41. Abdelrazeq AS, Wilson TR, Leitch DL, Lund JN, Leveson SH. Ileitis in ulcerative colitis: is it a backwash? Dis. Colon Rectum 2005 48 : 2038 2046.
42. Goldstein N, Dulai M. Contemporary morphologic definition of backwash ileitis in ulcerative colitis and features that distinguish it from Crohn disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2006 126 : 365 376.
43. Spiliadis CA, Lennard-Jones JE. Ulcerative colitis with relative sparing of the rectum. Clinical features, histology, and prognosis. Dis. Colon Rectum 1987 30 : 334 336.
44. Robert ME, Skacel M, Ullman T, Bernstein CN, Easley K, Goldblum JR. Patterns of colonic involvement at initial presentation in ulcerative colitis: a retrospective study of 46 newly diagnosed cases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2004 122 : 94 9.
45. Reese GE, Constantinides VA, Simillis C et al. Diagnostic precision of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2006 (Oct 101 (10 2410 2422.
46. Sung JY, Chan KL, Hsu R, Liew CT, Lawton JW. Ulcerative colitis and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Hong Kong Chinese. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1993 88 : 864 869.
47. Kim WH, Choi PM, Landers CJ, Targan SR. Role of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in an ethnically distinct population: Korean patients with ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1995 90 : 1953 1958.
48. Habeeb MA, Rajalingam R, Dhar A, Kumar A, Sharma MP, Mehra NK. HLA association and occurrence of autoantibodies in Asian-Indian patients with ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1997 92 : 772 776.
49. Osangthamnont C, Manatsathit S, Pongprasopchai S et al. Antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasma in patients with ulcerative colitis and their first-degree relatives in Thailand. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2001 16 : 866 871.
50. Sung JY, Chan FK, Lawton J et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and inflammatory bowel diseases in Chinese. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1994 (Apr 39 (4 886 892.
51. Sugi K, Saitoh O, Matsuse R et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and recognition of putative antigens. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999 (May 94 (5 1304 1312.
52. Ooi CJ, Lim BL, Cheong WK, Ling AE, Ng HS. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease show no correlation with proteinase 3, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathepsin G and lysozyme: a Singapore study. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 2000 29 : 704 707.
53. Kim BG, Kim YS, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS. Diagnostic role of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies combined with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 2002 45 : 1062 1069.
54. Gao X, Hu PJ, He Y, Liao SY, Peng S, Chen MH. [Diagnostic role of anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2005 44 : 428 430.
55. Lawrance IC, Murray K, Hall A, Sung JJ, Leong R. A prospective comparative study of ASCA and pANCA in Chinese and Caucasian IBD patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2004 99 : 2186 2194.
56. Riis L, Vind I, Vermeire S et al. The prevalence of genetic and serologic markers in an unselected European population-based cohort of IBD patients. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2007 (Jan 13 (1 24 32.
57. Park SH, Kim YM, Yang SK et al. Clinical features and natural history of ulcerative colitis in Korea. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2007 (Mar 13 : 278 283.
58. Yang SK, Yun S, Kim JH et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in the Songpa-Kangdong district, Seoul, Korea, 1986-2005: a KASID study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2008 14 : 542 549.
59. Fujimoto T, Kato J, Nasu J et al. Change of clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Japan: analysis of 844 hospital-based patients from 1981 to 2000. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007 19 : 229 235.
60. Rerknimitr R, Chalapipat O, Kongkam P, Mb PK. Clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in Thailand: a 16 years review. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2005 88 (Suppl. 4 S129 33.
61. Pongprasobchai S, Manatsathit S, Leelakusolvong S, Sattawatthamrong Y, Boonyapisit S. Ulcerative colitis in Thailand: a clinical study and long term follow-up. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2001 84 : 1281 1288.
62. Wang Y, Ouyang Q. Ulcerative colitis in China: retrospective analysis of 3100 hospitalized patients. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007 22 : 1450 1455.
63. Lok KH, Hung HG, Ng CH et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Chinese population: experience from a single center in Hong Kong. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008 23 : 406 410.
64. Loftus CG, Loftus EV Jr., Harmsen WS et al. Update on the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2000. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2007 13 : 254 261.
65. Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I et al. Ulcerative colitis and clinical course: results of a 5-year population-based follow-up study (the IBSEN study). Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2006 12 : 543 550.
66. Tarrant KM, Barclay ML, Frampton CM, Gearry RB. Perianal disease predicts changes in Crohn's disease phenotype-results of a population-based study of inflammatory bowel disease phenotype. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2008 103 (12 3082 3093.
67. Lengeling RW, Mitros FA, Brennan JA, Schulze KS. Ulcerative ileitis encountered at ileo-colonoscopy: likely role of nonsteroidal agents. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003 1 : 160 169.
68. Moum B, Ekbom A, Vatn MH, Elgjo K. Change in the extent of colonoscopic and histological involvement in ulcerative colitis over time. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999 (Jun 94 (6 1564 1569.
69. Geboes K, Ectors N, D'Haens G, Rutgeerts P. Is ileoscopy with biopsy worthwhile in patients presenting with symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1998 93 : 201 206.
70. Wolf BS, Marshak RH. "Toxic" segmental dilatation of the colon during the course of fulminating ulcerative colitis: roentgen findings. Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. Nucl. Med. 1959 82 : 985 995.
71. Jones JH, Chapman M. Definition of megacolon in colitis. Gut 1969 10 : 562 564.
72. Rachmilewitz D. Coated mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) versus sulphasalazine in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial. BMJ 1989 (Jan 14 298 (6666 82 6.
73. Ling KL, Ooi CJ, Luman W, Cheong WK, Choen FS, Ng HS. Clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Singapore, a multiracial city-state. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2002 35 : 144 148.
74. Tan YM, Goh KL. Ulcerative colitis in a multiracial Asian country: racial differences and clinical presentation among Malaysian patients. World J. Gastroenterol. 2005 11 : 5859 5862.
75. Yang SK, Hong WS, Min YI et al. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the Songpa-Kangdong District, Seoul, Korea, 1986-1997. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000 15 : 1037 1042.
76. Yoshida Y, Murata Y. Inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: studies of epidemiology and etiopathogenesis. Med. Clin. North Am. 1990 74 : 67 90.
77. Chow DK, Leong RW, Tsoi KK et al. Long-term follow-up of ulcerative colitis in the Chinese population. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009 (Mar 104 (3 647 654.
78. Gearry RB, Richardson A, Frampton CM et al. High incidence of Crohn's disease in Canterbury, New Zealand: results of an epidemiologic study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2006 12 : 936 943.
79. Goh K, Xiao SD. Inflammatory bowel disease: a survey of the epidemiology in Asia. J. Dig. Dis. 2009 (Feb 10 (1 1 6.
80. Thia KT, Loftus EV, Jr., Sandborn WJ, Yang SK. An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2008 (Dec 103 (12 3167 3182.
81. Yang SK, Loftus EV Jr., Sandborn WJ. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2001 7 : 260 270.
82. Morita N, Toki S, Hirohashi T et al. Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: nationwide epidemiological survey during the year 1991. J. Gastroenterol. 1995 30 (Suppl. 8 1 4.
83. Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology 2004 (May 126 (6 1504 1517.
84. Lee YM, Fock K, See SJ, Ng TM, Khor C, Teo EK. Racial differences in the prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Singapore. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000 15 : 622 625.
85. Jiang L, Xia B, Li J et al. Retrospective survey of 452 patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Wuhan city, central China. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2006 12 : 212 217.
86. McDermott FT, Whelan G, St John DJ et al. Relative incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in six Melbourne hospitals. Med. J. Aust. 1987 146 : 525, 528 529.
87. Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Bhatia AS, Avasthi G. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in Punjab, North India. Gut 2003 52 : 1587 1590.
88. Khosla SN, Girdhar NK, Lal S, Mishra DS. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in hospital and select general population of northern India. J. Assoc. Physicians India 1986 34 : 405 407.
89. Leong RW, Lau JY, Sung JJ. The epidemiology and phenotype of Crohn's disease in the Chinese population. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2004 10 : 646 651.
90. Juyal G, Amre D, Midha V, Sood A, Seidman E, Thelma BK. Evidence of allelic heterogeneity for associations between the NOD2/CARD15 gene and ulcerative colitis among North Indians. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007 26 : 1325 1332.
91. Lee YT, Sung JJ, Poon P, Lai KN, Li PK. Association of HLA class-II genes and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1998 33 : 623 627.
92. Matsuzawa J, Sugimura K, Matsuda Y et al. Association between K469E allele of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene and inflammatory bowel disease in a Japanese population. Gut 2003 52 : 75 8.
93. Nam SY, Kim N, Kim JS, Lim SH, Jung HC, Song IS. Heat shock protein gene 70-2 polymorphism is differentially associated with the clinical phenotypes of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007 22 : 1032 1038.
94. Cao Q, Zhu Q, Wu ML, Hu WL, Gao M, Si JM. Genetic susceptibility to ulcerative colitis in the Chinese Han ethnic population: association with TNF polymorphisms. Chin. Med. J. 2006 119 : 1198 1203.
95. Dietary and other risk factors of ulcerative colitis. A case-control study in Japan. Epidemiology Group of the Research Committee of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Japan. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1994 19 : 166 171.
96. International symposium on recent advances in inflammatory bowel disease. Nara, Japan, November 23-24, 1994. J. Gastroenterol. 1995 30 (Suppl. 8 i iv, 1 146.
97. Jiang L, Xia B, Li J et al. Risk factors for ulcerative colitis in a Chinese population: an age-matched and sex-matched case-control study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2007 41 : 280 284.
98. Sakamoto N, Kono S, Wakai K et al. Dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter case-control study in Japan. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2005 11 : 154 163.
99. Kitahora T, Utsunomiya T, Yokota A. Epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis in Japan: incidence and familial occurrence. The Epidemiology Group of the Research Committee of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Japan. J. Gastroenterol. 1995 30 (Suppl. 8 5 8.
100. Park JB, Yang SK, Byeon JS et al. Familial occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease in Korea. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2006 12 : 1146 1151.
101. Ouyang Q, Tandon R, Goh KL, Ooi CJ, Ogata H, Fiocchi C. The emergence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Asian Pacific region. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2005 21 : 408 413.
102. Loftus EV Jr. Management of extraintestinal manifestations and other complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2004 6 : 506 513.
103. Kochhar R, Goenka MK, Kaushik SP, Gupta NM, Nagi B, Mehta SK. Colorectal carcinoma in Indian patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 1992 1 : 293 296.
104. Venkataraman S, Mohan V, Ramakrishna BS et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis in India. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005 20 : 705 709.
105. Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 2001 48 : 526 535.
106. Kim BJ, Yang SK, Kim JS et al. Trends of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in Korea: a KASID study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009 24 : 667 671.
107. Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2005 19 (Suppl. A 5 36.
108. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Morselli C, Tambasco R, Campieri M. Review article: aminosalicylates for distal colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006 24 (Suppl. 3 41 4.
109. Lennard-Jones JE. The clinical outcome of ulcerative colitis depends on how much of the colonic mucosa is involved. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 1983 88 : 48 53.
110. Campieri M, Corbelli C, Gionchetti P et al. Spread and distribution of 5-ASA colonic foam and 5-ASA enema in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1992 37 : 1890 1897.
111. Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal aminosalicylate therapy for distal ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1995 9 : 293 300.
112. Cohen RD, Woseth DM, Thisted RA, Hanauer SB. A meta-analysis and overview of the literature on treatment options for left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000 (May 95 (5 1263 1276.
113. Safdi M, DeMicco M, Sninsky C et al. A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1997 92 : 1867 1871.
114. Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 1997 40 : 775 781.
115. d'Albasio G, Pacini F, Camarri E et al. Combined therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets and enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1997 92 : 1143 1147.
116. Frieri G, Pimpo M, Galletti B et al. Long-term oral plus topical mesalazine in frequently relapsing ulcerative colitis. Dig. Liver Dis. 2005 37 : 92 6.
117. Lichtenstein GR, Abreu MT, Cohen R, Tremaine W. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2006 (Mar 130 (3 940 987. (Pubitemid 43374543)
118. Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007 5 : 103 110.
119. Rosenberg W, Ireland A, Jewell DP. High-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1990 12 : 40 1.
120. Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1974 (Jun 1 1 (7866 1067 1070.
121. Truelove SC, Willoughby CP, Lee EG, Kettlewell MG. Further experience in the treatment of severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1978 (Nov 18 2 (8099 1086 1088.
122. Bossa F, Fiorella S, Caruso N et al. Continuous infusion versus bolus administration of steroids in severe attacks of ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007 (Mar 102 (3 601 608.
123. Jarnerot G, Rolny P, Sandberg-Gertzen H. Intensive intravenous treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1985 (Nov 89 (5 1005 1013.
124. Daperno M, Sostegni R, Rocca R et al. Review article: medical treatment of severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002 16 (Suppl. 4 7 12.
125. Sandborn WJ. A review of immune modifier therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1996 91 : 423 433.
126. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994 330 : 1841 1845.
127. Van Assche G, D'Haens G, Noman M et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003 125 : 1025 1031.
128. Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M, Soares-Weiser K. Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005 (1 CD004277.
129. Campbell S, Travis S, Jewell D. Ciclosporin use in acute ulcerative colitis: a long-term experience. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005 17 : 79 84.
130. Moskovitz DN, Van Assche G, Maenhout B et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006 4 : 760 765.
131. Okamura S, Aoki H, Ohashi S et al. Efficacy of cyclosporin with corticotropin for refractory ulcerative colitis. Hepatogastroenterology 2003 (Jan-Feb 50 (49 91 4.
132. Sood A, Midha V, Sood N et al. Cyclosporine in the treatment of severe steroid refractory ulcerative colitis: a retrospective analysis of 24 cases. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2008 (Nov-Dec 27 : 232 235.
133. Minami M, Ohta M, Ohkura T et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in severe ulcerative colitis patients undergoing continuous intravenous cyclosporine treatment in Japan. World J. Gastroenterol. 2007 13 : 754 760.
134. Jarnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology 2005 (Jun 128 (7 1805 1811.
135. Russo EA, Harris AW, Campbell S et al. Experience of maintenance infliximab therapy for refractory ulcerative colitis from six centers in England. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009 29 : 308 314.
136. Maser EA, Deconda D, Lichtiger S, Ullman T, Present DH, Kornbluth A. Cyclosporine and infliximab as rescue therapy for each other in patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008 6 : 1112 1116.
137. Saniabadi AR, Hanai H, Suzuki Y et al. Adacolumn for selective leukocytapheresis as a non-pharmacological treatment for patients with disorders of the immune system: an adjunct or an alternative to drug therapy? J. Clin. Apher. 2005 20 : 171 184.
138. Sawada K, Muto T, Shimoyama T et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial for the treatment of ulcerative colitis with a leukocytapheresis column. Curr. Pharm Des. 2003 9 : 307 321.
139. Sigurbjornsson FT, Bjarnason I. Leukocytapheresis for the treatment of IBD. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008 5 : 509 516.
140. Naganuma M, Funakoshi S, Sakuraba A et al. Granulocytapheresis is useful as an alternative therapy in patients with steroid-refractory or -dependent ulcerative colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2004 10 : 251 257.
141. Sands BE, Sandborn WJ, Feagan B et al. A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study of granulocyte/monocyte apheresis for active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2008 135 : 400 409.
142. Ghosh S, Kaplan G, Panaccione R. Granulocyte-monocyte apheresis for the treatment of ulcerative colitis - is this the end of the road? Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009 (Jan 6 (1 6 7.
143. Perencevich M, Burakoff R. Use of antibiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2006 12 : 651 664.
144. Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Russo A, Imbesi V, Colombo E, Bianchi Porro G. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylic acid for treatment of steroid dependent ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006 55 : 47 53.
145. Timmer A, McDonald JW, Macdonald JK. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007 (1 CD000478.
146. Holtmann MH, Krummenauer F, Claas C et al. Long-term effectiveness of azathioprine in IBD beyond 4 years: a European multicenter study in 1176 patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2006 51 : 1516 1524.
147. Etchevers MJ, Aceituno M, Sans M. Are we giving azathioprine too late? The case for early immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008 14 : 5512 5518.
148. Adler DJ, Korelitz BI. The therapeutic efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine in refractory ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1990 85 : 717 722.
149. Paoluzi OA, Pica R, Marcheggiano A et al. Azathioprine or methotrexate in the treatment of patients with steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis: results of an open-label study on efficacy and tolerability in inducing and maintaining remission. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002 16 : 1751 1759.
150. Khan ZH, Mayberry JF, Spiers N, Wicks AC. Retrospective case series analysis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease on azathioprine. A district general hospital experience. Digestion 2000 62 : 249 254.
151. Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Kaushal V. Role of azathioprine in severe ulcerative colitis: one-year, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2000 (Jan-Mar 19 (1 14 16.
152. Hawthorne AB, Logan RF, Hawkey CJ et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 1992 (Jul 4 305 (6844 20 2.
153. Leung Y, Panaccione R, Hemmelgarn B, Jones J. Exposing the weaknesses: a systematic review of azathioprine efficacy in ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2008 (Jun 53 (6 1455 1461.
154. Sood A, Kaushal V, Midha V, Bhatia KL, Sood N, Malhotra V. The beneficial effect of azathioprine on maintenance of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. J. Gastroenterol. 2002 37 : 270 274.
155. Tajiri H, Tomomasa T, Yoden A et al. Efficacy and safety of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Japanese pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis: a survey of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Digestion 2008 77 : 150 154.
156. Hibi T, Naganuma M, Kitahora T, Kinjyo F, Shimoyama T. Low-dose azathioprine is effective and safe for maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. J. Gastroenterol. 2003 38 : 740 746.
157. Leong RW, Gearry RB, Sparrow MP. Thiopurine hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: the role for adding allopurinol. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 2008 7 : 607 616.
158. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005 353 : 2462 2476. (Pubitemid 41770166)
159. Theis VS, Rhodes JM. Review article: minimizing tuberculosis during anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008 (Jan 1 27 (1 19 30.
160. Oussalah A, Laclotte C, Chevaux JB et al. Long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy for ulcerative colitis with intolerance or lost response to infliximab: a single-centre experience. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008 (Oct 15 28 : 966 972.
161. Oren R, Arber N, Odes S et al. Methotrexate in chronic active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 1996 (May 110 (5 1416 1421.
162. Nathan DM, Iser JH, Gibson PR. A single center experience of methotrexate in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a case for subcutaneous administration. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008 23 : 954 958.
163. Fraser AG, Morton D, McGovern D, Travis S, Jewell DP. The efficacy of methotrexate for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002 16 : 693 697.
164. Chow DK, Leong RW. The use of tacrolimus in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 2007 6 : 479 485.
165. Ogata H, Matsui T, Nakamura M et al. A randomized dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006 55 : 1255 1262.
166. Fellermann K, Tanko Z, Herrlinger KR et al. Response of refractory colitis to intravenous or oral tacrolimus (FK506). Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2002 8 : 317 324.
167. Baumgart DC, Pintoffl JP, Sturm A, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU. Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease - a long-term follow-up. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2006 (May 101 (5 1048 1056.
168. Pal S, Sahni P, Pande GK, Acharya SK, Chattopadhyay TK. Outcome following emergency surgery for refractory severe ulcerative colitis in a tertiary care centre in India. BMC Gastroenterol. 2005 5 : 39.
169. Sutherland L, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006 (2 CD000544.
170. Leong RW, Koo JH. Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009 24 : 503 505.
171. Lakatos L, Mester G, Erdelyi Z et al. Risk factors for ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in a Hungarian cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis: results of a population-based study. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2006 12 : 205 211.
172. Velayos FS, Terdiman JP, Walsh JM. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2005 (Jun 100 (6 1345 1353.
173. Jess T, Loftus EV Jr., Velayos FS et al. Risk factors for colorectal neoplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case-control study from Copenhagen county, Denmark and Olmsted county, Minnesota. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007 (Apr 102 (4 829 836.
174. Soetikno RM, Lin OS, Heidenreich PA, Young HS, Blackstone MO. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2002 56 : 48 54.
175. Pardi DS, Loftus EV Jr., Kremers WK, Keach J, Lindor KD. Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2003 (Apr 124 (4 889 893.
176. Hudson M, Flett G, Sinclair TS, Brunt PW, Templeton A, Mowat NA. Fertility and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 1997 58 : 229 237.
177. Johnson E, Carlsen E, Nazir M, Nygaard K. Morbidity and functional outcome after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Eur. J. Surg. 2001 167 : 40 5.
178. Levi AJ, Fisher AM, Hughes L, Hendry WF. Male infertility due to sulphasalazine. Lancet 1979 (Aug 11 2 (8137 276 278.
179. Caprilli R, Gassull MA, Escher JC et al. European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: special situations. Gut 2006 55 (Suppl. 1 i36 58.
180. Gardiner SJ, Gearry RB, Roberts RL, Zhang M, Barclay ML, Begg EJ. Exposure to thiopurine drugs through breast milk is low based on metabolite concentrations in mother-infant pairs. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006 62 : 453 456.
181. Gassull MA, Abad A, Cabre E, Gonzalez-Huix F, Gine JJ, Dolz C. Enteral nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1986 27 (Suppl. 1 76 80.
182. Khadgawat R, Makharia GK, Puri K. Evaluation of bone mineral density among patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a tertiary care setting in India. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2008 27 : 103 106.
183. Berndtsson I, Oresland T. Quality of life before and after proctocolectomy and IPAA in patients with ulcerative proctocolitis - a prospective study. Colorectal. Dis. 2003 5 : 173 179.
184. Hyman NH, Cataldo P, Osler T. Urgent subtotal colectomy for severe inflammatory bowel disease. Dis. Colon Rectum 2005 48 : 70 3.
185. Colbert C, Chavarria A, Berkelhammer C. Fulminant hepatic failure in chronic hepatitis B on withdrawal of corticosteroids, azathioprine and infliximab for Crohn's disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2007 13 : 1453 1454.
186. Ojiro K, Naganuma M, Ebinuma H et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B in a patient with Crohn's disease treated using infliximab. J. Gastroenterol. 2008 43 : 397 401.
187. Lok AS, Liang RH, Chiu EK, Wong KL, Chan TK, Todd D. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1991 100 : 182 188.
188. Toruner M, Loftus EV Jr., Harmsen WS et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2008 134 : 929 936.
189. Eaden JA, Mayberry JF. Guidelines for screening and surveillance of asymptomatic colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2002 51 (Suppl. 5 V10 12.
190. Vleggaar FP, Lutgens MW, Claessen MM. Review article: the relevance of surveillance endoscopy in long-lasting inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007 26 (Suppl. 2 47 52.