An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 103, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 3167-3182

  Thia, Kelvin T ^a,b   Loftus Jr , Edward V ^a   Sandborn, William J ^a   Yang, Suk Kyun ^c  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^c University of Ulsan College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 15;

APPENDECTOMY; ASIA; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COLON; COLON RESECTION; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROHN DISEASE; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ACTIVITY; ENTERITIS; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FAMILY ASSESSMENT; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; ILEITIS; ILEUM; INCIDENCE; INDUSTRIALIZATION; LIFESTYLE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCTOCOLECTOMY; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SANITATION; SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; SEX RATIO; SOUTHEAST ASIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; ADULT; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; MALE;

ADULT; ASIA; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; MALE; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 58149390157     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02158.x     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. Morita N, Toki S, Hirohashi T, et al. Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: Nationwide epidemiological survey during the year 1991. J Gastroenterol 1995 30 (Suppl 8 1 4.
2. Ouyang Q, Tandon R, Goh KL, et al. The emergence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Asian Pacific region. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2005 21 : 408 13.
3. Yao T, Matsui T, Hiwatashi N. Crohn's disease in Japan: Diagnostic criteria and epidemiology. Dis Colon Rectum 2000 43 : S85 93.
4. Lakatos PL. Recent trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: Up or down? World J Gastroenterol 2006 12 : 6102 8.
5. Makharia GK. Rising incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease in Asia: Is it apparent or real? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 21 : 929 31.
6. Leong RW, Lau JY, Sung JJ. The epidemiology and phenotype of Crohn's disease in the Chinese population. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004 10 : 646 51.
7. Yang SK, Loftus EV Jr., Sandborn WJ. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001 7 : 260 70.
8. de Boer AG, Sprangers MA, Bartelsman JF, et al. Predictors of health care utilization in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A longitudinal study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 10 : 783 89.
9. Longobardi T, Jacobs P, Wu L, et al. Work losses related to inflammatory bowel disease in Canada: Results from a National Population Health Survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2003 98 : 844 49.
10. Feagan BG, Vreeland MG, Larson LR, et al. Annual cost of care for Crohn's disease: A payor perspective. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 95 : 1955 60.
11. United Nations Statistics Division. Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected econonic and other groupings Available at : http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm. 2008. Accessed June 13, 2008.
12. Loftus EV Jr., Sandborn WJ. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002 31 : 1 20.
13. Probert CS, Jayanthi V, Rampton DS, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in different ethnic and religious groups: Limitations and aetiological clues. Int J Colorectal Dis 1996 11 : 25 8.
14. Carr I, Mayberry JF. The effects of migration on ulcerative colitis: A three-year prospective study among Europeans and first- and second-generation South Asians in Leicester (1991-1994). Am J Gastroenterol 1999 94 : 2918 22.
15. Jayanthi V, Probert CS, Pinder D, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in Indian migrants and the indigenous population in Leicestershire. Q J Med 1992 82 : 125 38.
16. Probert CS, Jayanthi V, Pinder D, et al. Epidemiological study of ulcerative proctocolitis in Indian migrants and the indigenous population of Leicestershire. Gut 1992 33 : 687 93.
17. Jayanthi V, Probert CS, Pollock DJ, et al. Low incidence of ulcerative colitis and proctitis in Bangladeshi migrants in Britain. Digestion 1992 52 : 34 42.
18. Probert CS, Jayanthi V, Pollock DJ, et al. Crohn's disease in Bangladeshis and Europeans in Britain: An epidemiological comparison in Tower Hamlets. Postgrad Med J 1992 68 : 914 20.
19. Tsironi E, Feakins RM, Probert CS, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is rising and abdominal tuberculosis is falling in Bangladeshis in East London, United Kingdom. Am J Gastroenterol 2004 99 : 1749 55.
20. Probert CS, Jayanthi V, Bhakta P, et al. How necessary is colectomy? An epidemiological study of the surgical management of ulcerative colitis amongst different ethnic groups in Leicestershire. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993 5 : 17 20.
21. Nguyen GC, Bayless TM, Powe NR, et al. Race and health insurance are predictors of hospitalized Crohn's disease patients undergoing bowel resection. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 : 1408 16.
22. Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, et al. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in Punjab, North India. Gut 2003 52 : 1587 90.
23. Yang SK, Yun S, Kim JH, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in the Songpa-Kangdong district, Seoul, Korea, 1986-2005: A KASID study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008 14 : 542 49.
24. Abdul-Baki H, ElHajj I, El-Zahabi LM, et al. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Lebanon. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 : 475 80.
25. Niv Y, Abuksis G, Fraser GM. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in Israel: A survey of Israeli kibbutz settlements. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 95 : 693 98.
26. Niv Y, Abuksis G, Fraser GM. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in Israel: A survey of Israeli kibbutz settlements. Am J Gastroenterol 1999 94 : 2961 65.
27. Lok KH, Hung HG, Ng CH, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Chinese population: Experience from a single center in Hong Kong. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007.
28. Wang Y, Ouyang Q. Ulcerative colitis in China: Retrospective analysis of 3100 hospitalized patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007 22 : 1450 55.
29. Tan YM, Goh KL. Ulcerative colitis in a multiracial Asian country: Racial differences and clinical presentation among Malaysian patients. World J Gastroenterol 2005 11 : 5859 62.
30. Rerknimitr R, Chalapipat O, Kongkam P, et al. Clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in Thailand: A 16 years review. J Med Assoc Thai 2005 88 (Suppl 4 S129 33.
31. Al-Ghamdi AS, Al-Mofleh IA, Al-Rashed RS, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of Crohn's disease in a teaching hospital in Riyadh. World J Gastroenterol 2004 10 : 1341 44.
32. Jiang L, Xia B, Li J, et al. Retrospective survey of 452 patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Wuhan city, central China. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006 12 : 212 17.
33. Group ACIW. Retrospective analysis of 515 cases of Crohn's disease hospitalization in China: Nationwide study from 1990 to 2003. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 21 : 1009 15.
34. Yoshida Y, Murata Y. Inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: Studies of epidemiology and etiopathogenesis. Med Clin North Am 1990 74 : 67 90.
35. Molinie F, Gower-Rousseau C, Yzet T, et al. Opposite evolution in incidence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Northern France (1988-1999). Gut 2004 53 : 843 48.
36. Vind I, Riis L, Jess T, et al. Increasing incidences of inflammatory bowel disease and decreasing surgery rates in Copenhagen City and County, 2003-2005: A population-based study from the Danish Crohn colitis database. Am J Gastroenterol 2006 101 : 1274 82.
37. Odes HS, Fraser D, Krawiec J. Incidence of idiopathic ulcerative colitis in Jewish population subgroups in the Beer Sheva region of Israel. Am J Gastroenterol 1987 82 : 854 58.
38. Odes HS, Fraser D, Krawiec J. Ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of southern Israel 1961-1985: Epidemiological and clinical study. Gut 1987 28 : 1630 36.
39. Niv Y, Torten D, Tamir A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the upper Galilee, Northern Israel, 1967-1986. Am J Gastroenterol 1990 85 : 1580 83.
40. Niv Y, Abukasis G. Prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the Israeli kibbutz population. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991 13 : 98 101.
41. Ekbom A. The epidemiology of IBD: A lot of data but little knowledge. How shall we proceed Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004 10 (Suppl 1 S32 34.
42. Fireman Z, Grossman A, Lilos P, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of central Israel, 1970-1980. Am J Gastroenterol 1989 84 : 255 58.
43. Grossman A, Fireman Z, Lilos P, et al. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of central Israel 1970-1980. Hepato-gastroenterology 1989 36 : 193 97.
44. Lee YM, Fock K, See SJ, et al. Racial differences in the prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Singapore. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 15 : 622 25.
45. Sung JJ, Hsu RK, Chan FK, et al. Crohn's disease in the Chinese population. An experience from Hong Kong. Dis Colon Rectum 1994 37 : 1307 09.
46. Thia KT, Luman W, Jin OC. Crohn's disease runs a more aggressive course in young Asian patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006 12 : 57 61.
47. Duphare H, Misra SC, Patnaik PK, et al. Spectrum of ulcerative colitis in north India. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994 18 : 23 6.
48. Isbister WH, Hubler M. Inflammatory bowel disease in Saudi Arabia: Presentation and initial management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 13 : 1119 24.
49. Yang SK, Hong WS, Min YI, et al. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the Songpa-Kangdong District, Seoul, Korea, 1986-1997. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 15 : 1037 42.
50. Bernstein CN, Wajda A, Svenson LW, et al. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada: A population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006 101 : 1559 68.
51. Monsen U, Brostrom O, Nordenvall B, et al. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among relatives of patients with ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987 22 : 214 18.
52. Yang H, McElree C, Roth MP, et al. Familial empirical risks for inflammatory bowel disease: Differences between Jews and non-Jews. Gut 1993 34 : 517 24.
53. Jiang XL, Cui HF. An analysis of 10218 ulcerative colitis cases in China. World J Gastroenterol 2002 8 : 158 61.
54. Wang YF, Zhang H, Ouyang Q. Clinical manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: East and West differences. J Dig Dis 2007 8 : 121 27.
55. Park JB, Yang SK, Byeon JS, et al. Familial occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease in Korea. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006 12 : 1146 51.
56. Monsen U, Bernell O, Johansson C, et al. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among relatives of patients with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991 26 : 302 6.
57. Aghazadeh R, Zali MR, Bahari A, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in Iran: A review of 457 cases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005 20 : 1691 95.
58. Fidder HH, Avidan B, Lahav M, et al. Clinical and demographic characterization of Jewish Crohn's disease patients in Israel. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003 36 : 8 12.
59. Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, et al. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001 411 : 599 603.
60. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, et al. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001 411 : 603 6.
61. Guo QS, Xia B, Jiang Y, et al. NOD2 3020insC frameshift mutation is not associated with inflammatory bowel disease in Chinese patients of Han nationality. World J Gastroenterol 2004 10 : 1069 71.
62. Leong RW, Armuzzi A, Ahmad T, et al. NOD2/CARD15 gene polymorphisms and Crohn's disease in the Chinese population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003 17 : 1465 70.
63. Inoue N, Tamura K, Kinouchi Y, et al. Lack of common NOD2 variants in Japanese patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2002 123 : 86 91.
64. Croucher PJ, Mascheretti S, Hampe J, et al. Haplotype structure and association to Crohn's disease of CARD15 mutations in two ethnically divergent populations. Eur J Hum Genet 2003 11 : 6 16.
65. Lee GH, Kim CG, Kim JS, et al. [Frequency analysis of NOD2 gene mutations in Korean patients with Crohn's disease]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2005 45 : 162 68.
66. Karban A, Atia O, Leitersdorf E, et al. The relation between NOD2/CARD15 mutations and the prevalence and phenotypic heterogeneity of Crohn's disease: Lessons from the Israeli Arab Crohn's disease cohort. Dig Dis Sci 2005 50 : 1692 97.
67. Ozen SC, Dagli U, Kilic MY, et al. NOD2/CARD15, NOD1/CARD4, and ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2006 41 : 304 10.
68. Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, et al. IL23R Arg381Gln is associated with childhood onset inflammatory bowel disease in Scotland. Gut 2007 56 : 1173 74.
69. Mathew CG. New links to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease provided by genome-wide association scans. Nat Rev 2008 9 : 9 14.
70. Yamazaki K, Takazoe M, Tanaka T, et al. Association analysis of SLC22A4, SLC22A5 and DLG5 in Japanese patients with Crohn disease. J Hum Genet 2004 49 : 664 68.
71. Yamazaki K, Onouchi Y, Takazoe M, et al. Association analysis of genetic variants in IL23R, ATG16L1 and 5p13.1 loci with Crohn's disease in Japanese patients. J Hum Genet 2007 52 : 575 83.
72. Tosa M, Negoro K, Kinouchi Y, et al. Lack of association between IBD5 and Crohn's disease in Japanese patients demonstrates population-specific differences in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006 41 : 48 53.
73. Yamazaki K, McGovern D, Ragoussis J, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TNFSF15 confer susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2005 14 : 3499 3506.
74. Yang SK, Lim J, Chang HS, et al. Association of TNFSF15 with Crohn's Disease in Koreans. Am J Gastroenterol 2008 103 : 1437 42 (epub April 16, 2008).
75. Myung SJ, Yang SK, Jung HY, et al. HLA-DRB1*1502 confers susceptibility to ulcerative colitis, but is negatively associated with its intractability: A Korean study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2002 17 : 233 37.
76. Yoshitake S, Kimura A, Okada M, et al. HLA class II alleles in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Tissue Antigens 1999 53 : 350 58.
77. Ahmad T, Marshall SE, Jewell D. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: The role of the HLA complex. World J Gastroenterol 2006 12 : 3628 35.
78. Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, et al. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: A meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2006 81 : 1462 71.
79. Lakatos PL, Szamosi T, Lakatos L. Smoking in inflammatory bowel diseases: Good, bad or ugly? World J Gastroenterol 2007 13 : 6134 39.
80. Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology 2004 126 : 1504 17.
81. Reif S, Klein I, Arber N, et al. Lack of association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease in Jewish patients in Israel. Gastroenterology 1995 108 : 1683 87.
82. Fich A, Eliakim R, Sperber AD, et al. The Association Between Smoking and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Israeli Jewish Patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1997 3 : 6 9.
83. Reif S, Lavy A, Keter D, et al. Lack of association between smoking and Crohn's disease but the usual association with ulcerative colitis in Jewish patients in Israel: A multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 95 : 474 78.
84. Fidder HH, Avidan B, Lahav M, et al. Clinical and demographic characterization of Jewish Crohn's disease patients in Israel. Clin Gastroenterol 2003 36 : 8 12.
85. Jang JY, Kim HJ, Jung JH, et al. The role of smoking as a risk factor in inflammatory bowel diseases: Single center study in Korea. Korean J Gastroenterol 2006 47 : 198 204.
86. Jiang L, Xia B, Li J, et al. Risk factors for ulcerative colitis in a Chinese population: An age-matched and sex-matched case-control study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007 41 : 280 84.
87. Firouzi F, Bahari A, Aghazadeh R, et al. Appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A case control study in Iran. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006 21 : 155 59.
88. Koutroubakis IE, Vlachonikolis IG, Kouroumalis EA. Role of appendicitis and appendectomy in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis: A critical review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002 8 : 277 86.
89. Nam SW, Yang SK, Jung HY, et al. [Appendectomy and the risk of developing Ulcerative Colitis: Results after control of smoking factor]. Korean J Gastroenterol 1998 32 : 55 60.
90. Naganuma M, Iizuka B, Torii A, et al. Appendectomy protects against the development of ulcerative colitis and reduces its recurrence: Results of a multicenter case-controlled study in Japan. Am J Gastroenterol 2001 96 : 1123 26.
91. Andersson RE, Olaison G, Tysk C, et al. Appendectomy is followed by increased risk of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2003 124 : 40 6.
92. Kaplan GG, Pedersen BV, Andersson RE, et al. The risk of developing Crohn's disease after an appendectomy: A population-based cohort study in Sweden and Denmark. Gut 2007 56 : 1387 92.
93. Riordan AM, Ruxton CH, Hunter JO. A review of associations between Crohn's disease and consumption of sugars. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998 52 : 229 38.
94. Probert CS, Bhakta P, Bhamra B, et al. Diet of South Asians with inflammatory bowel disease. Arq Gastroenterol 1996 33 : 132 5.
95. Sakamoto N, Kono S, Wakai K, et al. Dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter case-control study in Japan. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005 11 : 154 3.
96. Radhakrishnan S, Zubaidi G, Daniel M, et al. Ulcerative colitis in Oman. A prospective study of the incidence and disease pattern from 1987 to 1994. Digestion 1997 58 : 266 70.
97. Law NM, Lim CC, Chong R, et al. Crohn's disease in the Singapore Chinese population. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998 26 : 27 9.
98. Al-Nakib B, Radhakrishnan S, Jacob GS, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in Kuwait. Am J Gastroenterol 1984 79 : 191 4.
99. Al-Shamali MA, Kalaoui M, Patty I, et al. Ulcerative colitis in Kuwait: A review of 90 cases. Digestion 2003 67 : 218 24.
100. Butt MT, Bener A, Al-Kaabi S, et al. Clinical characteristics of Crohn s disease in Qatar. Saudi Med J 2005 26 : 1796 99.
101. Ikeuchi H, Nakano H, Uchino M, et al. Incidence and therapeutic outcome of pouchitis for ulcerative colitis in Japanese patients. Dig Surg 2004 21 : 197 201.
102. Zheng JJ, Cu XQ, Shi XH, et al. Colonoscopic and histologic features of colonic Crohn's disease in Chinese patients. J Dig Dis 2007 8 : 35 41.
103. Park SH, Kim YM, Yang SK, et al. Clinical features and natural history of ulcerative colitis in Korea. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 : 278 83.
104. Ghazzawi I, Al-Mrayat Z. Review of chronic ulcerative colitis cases at King Hussein Medical Centre, Jordan. East Mediterr Health J 2007 13 : 294 300.
105. Fujimoto T, Kato J, Nasu J, et al. Change of clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Japan: Analysis of 844 hospital-based patients from 1981 to 2000. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007 19 : 229 35.
106. Zheng JJ. Clinical aspects of ulcerative colitis in mainland China. Chin J Dig Dis 2006 7 : 71 5.
107. Hilmi I, Tan YM, Goh KL. Crohn's disease in adults: Observations in a multiracial Asian population. World J Gastroenterol 2006 12 : 1435 38.
108. Pokharna RK, Kabra PK, Sharma R, et al. Extraintestinal manifestations of idiopathic ulcerative colitis in northwestern India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2004 23 : 89 90.
109. Oriuchi T, Hiwatashi N, Kinouchi Y, et al. Clinical course and longterm prognosis of Japanese patients with Crohn's disease: Predictive factors, rates of operation, and mortality. J Gastroenterol 2003 38 : 942 53.
110. Ling KL, Ooi CJ, Luman W, et al. Clinical characteristics of ulcerative colitis in Singapore, a multiracial city-state. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002 35 : 144 48.
111. Candor M, Bernstein CN. Clinical course and natural history of ulcerative colitis. In : Kirsner's inflammatory bowel diseases, 6th Ed. Edinburgh: Saunders Company, 2004 : 280 8.
112. Jacobsen BA, Fallingborg J, Rasmussen HH, et al. Increase in incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in northern Denmark: A population-based study, 1978-2002. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 18 : 601 6.
113. Moum B, Vatn MH, Ekbom A, et al. Incidence of ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis in four counties of southeastern Norway, 1990-93. A prospective population-based study. The Inflammatory Bowel South-Eastern Norway (IBSEN) Study Group of Gastroenterologists. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996 31 : 362 66.
114. Moum B, Vatn MH, Ekbom A, et al. Incidence of Crohn's disease in four counties in southeastern Norway, 1990-93. A prospective population-based study. The Inflammatory Bowel South-Eastern Norway (IBSEN) Study Group of Gastroenterologists. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996 31 : 355 61.
115. Tragnone A, Corrao G, Miglio F, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Italy: A nationwide population-based study. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio del Colon e del Retto (GISC). Int J Epidemiol 1996 25 : 1044 52.
116. Nguyen GC, Torres EA, Regueiro M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease characteristics among African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites: Characterization of a large North American cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2006 101 : 1012 23.
117. Farmer RG, Easley KA, Rankin GB. Clinical patterns, natural history, and progression of ulcerative colitis. A long-term follow-up of 1116 patients. Dig Dis Sci 1993 38 : 1137 46.
118. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, et al. Course of ulcerative colitis: Analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology 1994 107 : 3 11.
119. Stewenius J, Adnerhill I, Ekelund GR, et al. Risk of relapse in new cases of ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1996 39 : 1019 25.
120. Hiwatashi N, Yamazaki H, Kimura M, et al. Clinical course and long-term prognosis of Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol Jpn 1991 26 : 312 18.
121. Grimm IS, Friedman LS. Inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1990 19 : 361 89.
122. Dobbins WO, 3rd. Dysplasia and malignancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Annu Rev Med 1984 35 : 33 48.
123. Chang DK, Kim YH, Byeon JS, et al. The current status of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in Korea: A KASID study. Korean J Gastroenterol 2005 46 : 276 82.
124. Venkataraman S, Mohan V, Ramakrishna BS, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis in India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005 20 : 705 9.
125. Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: A meta-analysis. Gut 2001 48 : 526 35.
126. Ishibashi N, Hirota Y, Ikeda M, et al. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer: A follow-up study in Fukuoka, Japan. Int J Epidemiol 1999 28 : 609 13.
127. Masala G, Bagnoli S, Ceroti M, et al. Divergent patterns of total and cancer mortality in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients: The Florence IBD study 1978-2001. Gut 2004 53 : 1309 13.
128. Winther KV, Jess T, Langholz E, et al. Survival and cause-specific mortality in ulcerative colitis: Follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County. Gastroenterology 2003 125 : 1576 82.
129. Ouyang Q, Tandon R, Goh KL, et al. Management consensus of inflammatory bowel disease for the Asia-Pacific region. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 21 : 1772 82.
130. Sinclair TS, Brunt PW, Mowat NA. Nonspecific proctocolitis in northeastern Scotland: A community study. Gastroenterology 1983 85 : 1 11.
131. Leijonmarck CE, Persson PG, Hellers G. Factors affecting colectomy rate in ulcerative colitis: An epidemiologic study. Gut 1990 31 : 329 33.
132. Jess T, Riis L, Vind I, et al. Changes in clinical characteristics, course, and prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease during the last 5 decades: A population-based study from Copenhagen, Denmark. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 : 481 89.
133. Pardi DS, Sandborn WJ. Systematic review: The management of pouchitis. Aliment PharmacolTher 2006 23 : 1087 96.
134. Penna C, Dozois R, Tremaine W, et al. Pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis occurs with increased frequency in patients with associated primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1996 38 : 234 39.
135. Hiwatashi N, Yao T, Watanabe H, et al. Long-term follow-up study of ulcerative colitis in Japan. J Gastroenterol 1995 30 (Suppl 8 13 16.
136. Jess T, Loftus EV Jr., Harmsen WS, et al. Survival and cause specific mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A long term outcome study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2004. Gut 2006 55 : 1248 54.
137. Katoh H, Iwane S, Munakata A, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with ulcerative colitis in Japan. J Epidemiol 2000 10 : 48 54.
138. Pai CG, Khandige GK. Is Crohn's disease rare in India? Indian J Gastroenterol 2000 19 : 17 20.
139. Chow DK, Leong RW, Lai LH, et al. Changes in Crohn's disease phenotype over time in the Chinese population: Validation of the Montreal classification system. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008 14 : 536 41.
140. Bjornsson S, Johannsson JH. Inflammatory bowel disease in Iceland, 1990-1994: A prospective, nationwide, epidemiological study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 12 : 31 8.
141. Lapidus A. Crohn's disease in Stockholm County during 1990-2001: An epidemiological update. World J Gastroenterol 2006 12 : 75 81.
142. Cosnes J, Cattan S, Blain A, et al. Long-term evolution of disease behavior of Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002 8 : 244 50.
143. Freeman HJ. Natural history and clinical behavior of Crohn's disease extending beyond two decades. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003 37 : 216 19.
144. Schwartz DA, Loftus EV Jr., Tremaine WJ, et al. The natural history of fistulizing Crohn's disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 2002 122 : 875 80.
145. Louis E, Collard A, Oger AF, et al. Behaviour of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: Changing pattern over the course of the disease. Gut 2001 49 : 777 82.
146. Heresbach D, Alexandre JL, Bretagne JF, et al. Crohn's disease in the over-60 age group: A population based study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004 16 : 657 64.
147. Polito JM 2nd., Childs B, Mellits ED, et al. Crohn's disease: Influence of age at diagnosis on site and clinical type of disease. Gastroenterology 1996 111 : 580 86.
148. Harper PH, Fazio VW, Lavery IC, et al. The long-term outcome in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1987 30 : 174 79.
149. Farmer RG, Whelan G, Fazio VW. Long-term follow-up of patients with Crohn's disease. Relationship between the clinical pattern and prognosis. Gastroenterology 1985 88 : 1818 25.
150. Iida M, Yao T, Okada M. Long-term follow-up study of Crohn's disease in Japan. The Research Committee of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Japan. J Gastroenterol 1995 30 (Suppl 8 17 19.
151. Okada M, Sakurai T, Yao T, et al. Clinical course and long-term prognosis of Crohn's disease in Japan. J Gastroenterol 1994 29 : 406 14.
152. Park JB, Yang SK, Myung SJ, et al. Clinical characteristics at diagnosis and course of Korean patients with Crohn's disease. Korean J Gastroenterol 2004 43 : 8 17.
153. Solberg IC, Vatn MH, Hoie O, et al. Clinical course in Crohn's disease: Results of a Norwegian population-based ten-year follow-up study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007 5 : 1430 38.
154. Jess T, Winther KV, Munkholm P, et al. Mortality and causes of death in Crohn's disease: Follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County, Denmark. Gastroenterology 2002 122 : 1808 14.
155. Weterman IT, Biemond I, Pena AS. Mortality and causes of death in Crohn's disease. Review of 50 years' experience in Leiden University Hospital. Gut 1990 31 : 1387 90.
156. Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: A study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976 55 : 401 12.
157. Monsen U, Sorstad J, Hellers G, et al. Extracolonic diagnoses in ulcerative colitis: An epidemiological study. Am J Gastroenterol 1990 85 : 711 16.
158. Rankin GB, Watts HD, Melnyk CS, et al. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: Extraintestinal manifestations and perianal complications. Gastroenterology 1979 77 : 914 20.
159. Kochhar R, Mehta SK, Nagi B, et al. Extraintestinal manifestations of idiopathic ulcerative colitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 1991 10 : 88 89.
160. Oshitani N, Iimuro M, Kawashima D, et al. Three cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with ulcerative colitis; diagnostic usefulness of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Hepatogastroenterology 2002 49 : 317 21.
161. Loftus EV Jr. Management of extraintestinal manifestations and other complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2004 6 : 506 13.
162. Buller H, Chin S, Kirschner B, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: Working Group Report of the First World Congress of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002 35 (Suppl 2 S151 58.
163. de Mesquita MB, Civitelli F, Levine A. Epidemiology, genes and inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood. Dig Liver Dis 2008 40 : 3 11.
164. Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK, Logan RF, et al. Prospective survey of childhood inflammatory bowel disease in the British Isles. Lancet 2001 357 : 1093 94.
165. Auvin S, Molinie F, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Incidence, clinical presentation and location at diagnosis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective population-based study in northern France (1988-1999). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005 41 : 49 55.
166. Pinsk V, Lemberg DA, Grewal K, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in the South Asian pediatric population of British Columbia. Am J Gastroenterol 2007 102 : 1077 83.
167. Castro M, Papadatou B, Baldassare M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents in Italy: Data from the pediatric national IBD register (1996-2003). Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008.
168. Lindberg E, Lindquist B, Holmquist L, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents in Sweden, 1984-1995. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000 30 : 259 64.
169. Kugathasan S, Judd RH, Hoffmann RG, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease in Wisconsin: A statewide population-based study. J Pediatrics 2003 143 : 525 31.
170. Sathiyasekaran M, Raju BB, Shivbalan S, et al. Pediatric Crohn's disease in South India. Indian Pediatr 2005 42 : 459 63.
171. Seo JK, Yeon KM, Chi JG. Inflammatory bowel disease in children-clinical, endoscopic, radiologic and histopathologic investigation. J Korean Med Sci 1992 7 : 221 35.
172. Kaneko K, Suzuki Y, Shimuzu T, et al. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Japanese children with ulcerative colitis. J Paediatr Child Health 1995 31 : 336 38.
173. Kawamori J, Miyake T, Yoshida T, et al. Six cases of ulcerative colitis in childhood and their complications. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1987.
174. Tsai CH, Chen HL, Ni YH, et al. Characteristics and trends in incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Taiwanese children. J Formos Med Assoc 2004 103 : 685 91.
175. Treepongkaruna S, Pienvichit P, Sornmayura P, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in Thai children: Presentations and outcomes of treatment. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2006 24 : 73 9.
176. Tan A, Wee A, Quak SH. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in Singapore children. J Singapore Paediatr Soc 1992 34 : 209 13.
177. El Mouzan MI, Abdullah AM, Al Habbal MT. Epidemiology of juvenile-onset inflammatory bowel disease in central Saudi Arabia. J Trop Pediatr 2006 52 : 69 71.
178. Farrokhyar F, Swarbrick ET, Irvine EJ. A critical review of epidemiological studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001 36 : 2 15.
179. Odes HS, Locker C, Neumann L, et al. Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in southern Israel. Am J Gastroenterol 1994 89 : 1859 62.
180. Jiang Y, Xia B, Jiang L, et al. Association of CTLA-4 gene microsatellite polymorphism with ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006 12 : 369 73.
181. Machida H, Tsukamoto K, Wen CY, et al. Association of polymorphic alleles of CTLA4 with inflammatory bowel disease in the Japanese. World J Gastroenterol 2005 11 : 4188 93.
182. Takagawa T, Tamura K, Takeda N, et al. Association between IL-18 gene promoter polymorphisms and inflammatory bowel disease in a Japanese population. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005 11 : 1038 43.
183. Juyal G, Amre D, Midha V, et al. Evidence of allelic heterogeneity for associations between the NOD2/CARD15 gene and ulcerative colitis among North Indians. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007 26 : 1325 32.
184. Mittal RD, Bid HK, Ghoshal UC. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in India. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005 40 : 827 31.