Stroop performance in major depression: Selective attention impairment or psychomotor slowness?

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 122, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 167-173

  Kertzman, Semion ^a,b   Reznik, Ilya ^b   Hornik Lurie, Tzipi ^b   Weizman, Abraham ^b,c   Kotler, Moshe ^a,b   Amital, Daniela ^a,b  

^a BEER YAAKOV MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (Israel)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c GEHA MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Finger Tapping Test; Inspection Time; Major depressive disorder; Selective attention; Stroop test

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MEDICAL ERROR; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDER; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ADULT; AGED; ATTENTION; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMETRICS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; REFERENCE VALUES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; STROOP TEST;

EID: 77649181122     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.009     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Airaksinen E., Larsson M., Lundberg I., and Forsell Y. Cognitive functions in depressive disorders: evidence from a population-based study. Psychol. Med. 34 (2004) 83-91
2. Austin M.P., Mitchell P., Wilhelm K., Parker G., Hickie I., Brodaty H., Chan J., Eyers K., Milic M., and Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Cognitive function in depression: a distinct pattern of frontal impairment in melancholia?. Psychol. Med. 29 (1999) 73-85
3. Austin M.P., Mitchell P., and Goodwin G.M. Cognitive deficits in depression: possible implications for functional neuropathology. Br. J. Psychiatry 178 (2001) 200-206
4. Baldwin R., Jeffries S., Jackson A., Sutcliffe C., Thacker N., Scott M., and Burns A. Treatment response in late-onset depression: relationship to neuropsychological, neuroradiological and vascular risk factors. Psychol. Med. 34 (2004) 125-136
5. Biringer E., Mykletun A., Sundet K., Kroken R., Stordal K.I., and Lund A. A longitudinal analysis of neurocognitive function in unipolar depression. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 29 (2007) 879-891
6. Bob P., Šusta M.A., Prochzkova-Vecerova A., Kukleta M., Pavlat J., Jagla F., and Raboch J. Limbic irritability and chaotic neural response during conflicting Stroop task in the patients with unipolar depression. Physiol. Res. 55 Suppl. 1 (2006) S107-S112
7. Bogner H.R., Bruce M.L., Reynolds C.F.I., Mulsant B.H., Cary M.S., Morales K., Alexopoulos G.S., and PROSPECT Group. The effects of memory, attention, and executive dysfunction on outcomes of depression in a primary care intervention trial: the PROSPECT study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 22 (2007) 922-929
8. Caligiuri M.P., and Ellwanger J. Motor and cognitive aspects of motor retardation in depression. J. Affect. Disord. 57 (2000) 83-93
9. Chamberlain S.R., and Sahakian B.J. The neuropsychology of mood disorders. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 8 (2006) 458-463
10. Channon S., and Green P.S. Executive function in depression: the role of performance strategies in aiding depressed and non-depressed participants. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 66 (1999) 162-171
11. Cohen R., Lohr I., Paul R., and Boland R. Impairments of attention and effort among patients with major affective disorders. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 13 (2001) 385-395
12. Daniel D.B., Pelotte M., and Lewis J. Lack of sex differences on the Stroop Color-Word Test across three age groups. Percept. Mot. Skills 90 (2000) 483-484
13. Degl'Innocenti A., Agren H., and Backman L. Executive deficits in major depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 97 (1998) 182-188
14. Den Hartog H.M., Derix M.M., Van Bemmel A.L., Kremer B., and Jolles J. Cognitive functioning in young and middle-aged unmedicated out-patients with major depression: testing the effort and cognitive speed hypotheses. Psychol. Med. 33 (2003) 1443-1451
15. Dunkin J.J., Leuchter A.F., Cook I.A., Kasl-Godley J.E., Abrams M., and Rosenberg-Thompson S. Executive dysfunction predicts nonresponse to fluoxetine in major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 60 (2000) 13-23
16. Glickman M.E., Gray J.R., and Morales C.J. Combining speed and accuracy to assess error-free cognitive process. Psychometrika 70 (2005) 405-425
17. Gualtieri C.T., Johnson L.G., and Benedict K.B. Neurocognition in depression: patients on and off medication versus healthy comparison subjects. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 18 (2006) 217-225
18. Halstead W.C. Brain Intelligence (1947), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
19. Hartlage S., Alloy L.B., Vazquez C., and Dykman B. Automatic and effortful processing in depression. Psychol. Bull. 113 (1993) 247-278
20. Holmes A.J., and Pizzagalli D.A. Spatiotemporal dynamics of error processing dysfunctions in major depressive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65 (2008) 179-188
21. Egeland J., Rund B.R., Sundet K., Landro N.I., Asbjornsen A., Lund A., Roness A., Stordal K.I., and Hugdahl K. Attention profile in schizophrenia compared with depression: differential effects of processing speed, selective attention and vigilance. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 108 (2003) 276-284
22. Keilp J.G., Sackeim H.A., Brodsky B.S., Oquendo M.A., Malone K.M., and Mann J.J. Neuropsychological dysfunction in depressed suicide attempters. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 735-741
23. Kertzman S., Grinspan H., Birger M., Shliapnicov N., Alish Y., Ben-Nahum Z., Mester R., and Kotler M. Simple real-time computerized tasks for detection of malingering among murderers with schizophrenia. Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci. 43 (2006) 112-118
24. Kertzman S., Lowengrub K., Aizer A., Ben Nahum Z., Kotler M., and Dannon P.N. Stroop performance in pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Res. 142 (2006) 1-10
25. Lampe I.K., Sitskoorn M.M., and Heeren T.J. Effects of recurrent major depressive disorder on behavior and cognitive function in female depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 125 (2004) 73-79
26. Landrø N.I., Stiles T.C., and Sletvold H. Neuropsychological function in non-psychotic unipolar major depression. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol. 14 (2001) 233-240
27. Lautenbacher S., Spernal J., and Krieg J.C. Divided and selective attention in panic disorder. A comparative study of patients with panic disorder, major depression and healthy controls. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 252 (2002) 210-213
28. Lemelin S., and Baruch P. Clinical psychomotor retardation and attention in depression. J. Psychiatr. Res. 32 (1998) 81-88
29. Lemelin S., Baruch P., Vincent A., Laplante L., Everett J., and Vincent P. Attention disturbance in clinical depression: deficient distracter inhibition or processing resource deficit?. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 184 (1996) 114-121
30. Lockwood K.A., Alexopoulos G.S., and van Gorp W.G. Executive dysfunction in geriatric depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1119-1126
31. MacLeod C.M. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychol. Bull. 109 (1991) 163-203
32. Markela-Lerenc J., Kaiser S., Fiedler P., Weisbrod M., and Mundt C. Stroop performance in depressive patients: a preliminary report. J. Affect. Disord. 94 (2006) 261-267
33. Maylor E.A., and Lavie N. The influence of perceptual load on age differences in selective attention. Psychol. Aging 13 (1998) 563-573
34. Mialet J.P., Pope H.G., and Yurgelun-Todd D. Impaired attention in depressive states: a non-specific deficit?. Psychol. Med. 26 (1996) 1009-1020
35. Moritz S., Birkner C., Kloss M., Jahn H., Hand I., Haasen C., and Krausz M. Executive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder, unipolar depression, and schizophrenia. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 17 (2002) 477-483
36. Narita H., Odawara T., Iseki E., Kosaka K., and Hirayasu Y. Psychomotor retardation correlates with frontal hypoperfusion and the Modified Stroop Test in patients under 60-years-old with major depression. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 58 (2004) 389-395
37. Ottowitz W.E., Dougherty D.D., and Savage C.R. The neural network basis for abnormalities of attention and executive function in major depressive disorder: implications for application of the medical disease model to psychiatric disorders. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 10 (2002) 86-99
38. Paelecke-Habermann Y., Pohl J., and Leplow B. Attention and executive functions in remitted major depression patients. J. Affect. Disord. 89 (2005) 125-135
39. Paradiso S., Lamberty G.J., Garvey M.J., and Robinson R.G. Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of chronic unipolar depression. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 185 (1997) 748-754
40. Parker G., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Brodaty H., Boyce P., Mitchell P., Wilhelm K., Hickie I., and Eyers K. Psychomotor disturbance in depression: defining the constructs. J. Affect. Disord. 27 (1993) 255-265
41. Philippot P., and Brutoux F. Induced rumination dampens executive processes in dysphoric young adults. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 39 (2008) 219-227
42. Pier M.P., Hulstijn W., and Sabbe B.G. Differential patterns of psychomotor functioning in unmedicated melancholic and nonmelancholic depressed patients. J. Psychiatr. Res. 38 (2004) 425-435
43. Porter R.J., Bourke C., and Gallagher P. Neuropsychological impairment in major depression: its nature, origin and clinical significance. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 41 (2007) 115-128
44. Purcell R., Maruff P., Kyrios M., and Pantelis C. Neuropsychological function in young patients with unipolar depression. Psychol. Med. 27 (1997) 1277-1285
45. Rigbi A., Kanyas K., Yakir A., Greenbaum L., Pollak Y., Ben-Asher E., Lancet D., Kertzman S., and Lerer B. Why do young women smoke? V. Role of direct and interactive effects of nicotinic cholinergic receptor gene variation on neurocognitive function. Genes, Brain and Behavior 7 (2008) 164-172
46. Rogers M.A., Bellgrove M.A., Chiu E., Mileshkin C., and Bradshaw J.L. Response selection deficits in melancholic but not nonmelancholic unipolar major depression. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 26 (2004) 169-179
47. Rund B.R., Egeland J., Sundet K., Asbjornsen A., Hugdahl K., Landro N.I., Lund A., Roness A., and Stordal K.I. Early visual information processing in schizophrenia compared to recurrent depression. Schizophr. Res. 68 (2004) 111-118
48. Sarosi A., Gonda X., Balogh G., Domotor E., Szekely A., Hejjas K., Sasvari-Szekely M., and Faludi G. Association of the STin2 polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene with a neurocognitive endophenotype in major depressive disorder. Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32 (2008) 1667-1672
49. Savitz J., van der Merwe L., Solms M., and Ramesar R. Neurocognitive function in an extended Afrikaner-ancestry family with affective illness. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 32 (2007) 116-120
50. Schatzberg A.F., Posener J.A., DeBattista C., Kalehzan B.M., Rothschild A.J., and Shear P.K. Neuropsychological deficits in psychotic versus nonpsychotic major depression and no mental illness. Am. J. Psychiatry 157 (2000) 1095-1100
51. Siegle G.J., Steinhauer S.R., and Thase M.E. Pupillary assessment and computational modeling of the Stroop task in depression. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 52 (2004) 63-76
52. Sneed J.R., Roose S.P., Keilp J.G., Krishnan K.R., Alexopoulos G.S., and Sackeim H.A. Response inhibition predicts poor antidepressant treatment response in very old depressed patients. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 15 (2007) 553-563
53. Sobin C., and Sackeim H.A. Psychomotor symptoms of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 154 (1997) 4-17
54. Stroop J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 18 (1935) 643-662
55. Stordal K.I., Mykletun A., Asbjornsen A., Egeland J., Landro N.I., Roness A., Rund B.R., Sundet K.S., Lundervold A.J., and Lund A. General psychopathology is more important for executive functioning than diagnosis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 111 (2005) 22-28
56. Stuss D.T., Floden D., Alexander M.P., Levine B., and Katz D. Stroop performance in focal lesion patients: dissociation of processes and frontal lobe lesion location. Neuropsychologia 39 (2001) 771-786
57. Tarbuck A.F., and Paykel E.S. Effects of major depression on the cognitive function of younger and older subjects. Psychol. Med. 25 (1995) 285-295
58. Thomas J., Raoux N., Everett J., Dantchev N., and Widlocher D. Deficit in selective attention and its evolution in depression. Encephale 23 (1997) 108-112
59. Trichard C., Martinot J.L., Alagille M., Masure M.C., Hardy P., Ginestet D., and Feline A. Time course of prefrontal lobe dysfunction in severely depressed in-patients: a longitudinal neuropsychological study. Psychol. Med. 25 (1995) 79-85
60. Tsourtos G., Thompson J.C., and Stough C. Evidence of an early information processing speed deficit in unipolar major depression. Psychol. Med. 32 (2002) 259-265
61. Veiel H.O. A preliminary profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 19 (1997) 587-603
62. Vickers D., Nettelbeck T., and Willson R.J. Perceptual indices of performance: the measurement of 'inspection time' and 'noise' in the visual system. Perception 1 (1972) 263-295
63. Videbech P., Ravnkilde B., Gammelgaard L., Egander A., Clemmensen K., Rasmussen N.A., Gjedde A., and Rosenberg R. The Danish PET depression project: performance on Stroop's test linked to white matter lesions in the brain. Psychiat. Res.: Neuroimaging 130 (2004) 117-130
64. Wagner G., Koch K., Schachtzabel C., Reichenbach J.R., Sauer H., and Schlösser R.G.M. Enhanced rostral anterior cingulate cortex activation during cognitive control is related to orbitofrontal volume reduction in unipolar depression. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 33 (2008) 199-208
65. Weingartner H. Automatic and effort demanding cognitive processes in depression. In: Poon L.W. (Ed). Clinical Memory Assessment of Older Adults (1986), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 218-225
66. Yakir A., Rigbi A., Kanyas K., Pollak Y., Kahana G., Karni O., Eitan R., Kertzman S., and Lerer B. Why do young women smoke? III. Attention and impulsivity as neurocognitive predisposing factors. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17 (2007) 339-351
67. Yoran-Hegesh R., Kertzman S., Vishne T., Weizman A., and Kotler M. Neuropsychological mechanisms of Digit Symbol Substitution Test impairment in Asperger disorder. Psychiatry Res. 166 (2009) 35-45