메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 92-125

Reintroduction of Wolves to Yellowstone National Park: History, Values and Ecosystem Restoration

Author keywords

Acclimation crucial part of YNP's soft release strategy for keeping packs intact and minimizing post release movements outside YNP; Effects on scavengers scavengers consuming large proportion of wolf kill; Indirect effects of wolves on vegetation as recorded in other ecosystems; Mule deer, summer prey of wolves migration outside of YNP in winter and avoiding predation pressure; Reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park history, values and ecosystem restoration; Wolf reintroduction remaining controversial livestock depredation and wolves, affecting wild ungulate populations and hunter harvest adjacent to YNP; Wolf cougar interactions rarely observed; Wolf elk relationships controversial aspect of wolf recovery to GYA; Wolves and Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 calling for restoration and US National Park Service policy restoring natural conditions; Wolves, Canis lupus in Yellowstone National Park (YNP)

Indexed keywords


EID: 77249137850     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444312034.ch5     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (61)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 0003426888 scopus 로고
    • Wolves of Minong: Their Vital Role in a Wild Community.
    • Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts.
    • Allen, D.L. (1979) Wolves of Minong: Their Vital Role in a Wild Community. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts.
    • (1979)
    • Allen, D.L.1
  • 2
    • 11144246282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beaver
    • (eds G.A. Feldhamer, B.C. Thompson. & J.A. Chapman),, JHU Press, Baltimore.
    • Baker, B. & Hill, E.P. (2003) Beaver. Wild Mammals of North America, (eds G.A. Feldhamer, B.C. Thompson. & J.A. Chapman), pp 288-310. JHU Press, Baltimore.
    • (2003) Wild Mammals of North America , pp. 288-310
    • Baker, B.1    Hill, E.P.2
  • 3
    • 0942278249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf interactions with non-prey
    • (eds L.D. Mech & L. Boitani),, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • Ballard, W.B., Carbyn, L.N. & Smith, D.W. (2003) Wolf interactions with non-prey. Wolves: Ecology Behaviour and Conservation, (eds L.D. Mech & L. Boitani), pp. 259-271. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (2003) Wolves: Ecology Behaviour and Conservation , pp. 259-271
    • Ballard, W.B.1    Carbyn, L.N.2    Smith, D.W.3
  • 4
    • 0029659422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park
    • Bangs, E.E. & Fritts, S.H. (1996) Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24, 402-413.
    • (1996) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.24 , pp. 402-413
    • Bangs, E.E.1    Fritts, S.H.2
  • 5
    • 84889412818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reintroduction of the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho, USA
    • (in press) IUCN Reintroduction Specialist Group.
    • Bangs, E.E. & Smith, D.W. (in press) Reintroduction of the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho, USA. IUCN Reintroduction Specialist Group.
    • Bangs, E.E.1    Smith, D.W.2
  • 7
    • 0032926484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming
    • Bangs, E.E., Fritts, S.H., Fontaine, J.A. et al. (1998) Status of gray wolf restoration in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming. Wildlife Society Bidletin 26, 785-798.
    • (1998) Wildlife Society Bidletin , vol.26 , pp. 785-798
    • Bangs, E.E.1    Fritts, S.H.2    Fontaine, J.A.3
  • 8
    • 33644906975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livestock guarding dogs and wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States
    • a
    • Bangs, E.E., Jimenez, M., Niemeyer, C. et al. (2006a) Livestock guarding dogs and wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Carnivore Damage Prevention News 8, 32-39.
    • (2006) Carnivore Damage Prevention News , vol.8 , pp. 32-39
    • Bangs, E.E.1    Jimenez, M.2    Niemeyer, C.3
  • 9
    • 84863758216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlethal and lethal tools to manage wolf/livestock conflict in the northwestern United States
    • b
    • Bangs, E.E., Jimenez, M., Niemeyer, C. et al. (2006b) Nonlethal and lethal tools to manage wolf/livestock conflict in the northwestern United States. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 22, 7-16.
    • (2006) Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference , vol.22 , pp. 7-16
    • Bangs, E.E.1    Jimenez, M.2    Niemeyer, C.3
  • 10
    • 56049088006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk Calf Mortality Following Wolf Restoration to Yellowstone National Park.
    • PhD thesis, University of Minnesota.
    • Barber-Meyer, S.M. (2006) Elk Calf Mortality Following Wolf Restoration to Yellowstone National Park. PhD thesis, University of Minnesota.
    • (2006)
    • Barber-Meyer, S.M.1
  • 11
    • 84889425366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian Response to Willow Height Growth (Salix spp.) in Yellowstone's Northern Range.
    • Report to Yellowstone National Park.
    • Baril, L. & Hansen, A. (2007) Avian Response to Willow Height Growth (Salix spp.) in Yellowstone's Northern Range. Report to Yellowstone National Park.
    • (2007)
    • Baril, L.1    Hansen, A.2
  • 12
    • 34447573711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoring functionality in Yellowstone with recovering carnivores: Gains and uncertainties
    • (eds J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck & J. Berger), Island Press, Washington, DC.
    • Berger, J. & Smith, D.W. (2005) Restoring functionality in Yellowstone with recovering carnivores: Gains and uncertainties. Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity, (eds J.C. Ray, K.H. Redford, R.S. Steneck & J. Berger), pp. 100-108. Island Press, Washington, DC.
    • (2005) Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity , pp. 100-108
    • Berger, J.1    Smith, D.W.2
  • 14
    • 0346899550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar valley of Yellowstone National Park
    • Beschta, R.L. (2003) Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar valley of Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 13(5), 1295-309.
    • (2003) Ecological Applications , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 1295-1309
    • Beschta, R.L.1
  • 15
    • 38449109064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Willow on Yellowstone's northern range: Evidence for a trophic cascade?
    • Beyer, H.L., Merrill, E.H., Varley, N. & Boyce, M.S. (2007)Willow on Yellowstone's northern range: Evidence for a trophic cascade? Ecological Applications 17, 1563-1571.
    • (2007) Ecological Applications , vol.17 , pp. 1563-1571
    • Beyer, H.L.1    Merrill, E.H.2    Varley, N.3    Boyce, M.S.4
  • 16
    • 0002432632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coyotes and canid coexistence in Yellowstone
    • Eds T.W. Clark, A.P. Curlee, S.C. Minta & P.M. Kareiva),, Yale University Press, New Haven.
    • Crabtree, R.L. & Sheldon, J.W. (1999) Coyotes and canid coexistence in Yellowstone. Carnivores in Ecosystems. Eds T.W. Clark, A.P. Curlee, S.C. Minta & P.M. Kareiva), pp. 127-163. Yale University Press, New Haven.
    • (1999) Carnivores in Ecosystems , pp. 127-163
    • Crabtree, R.L.1    Sheldon, J.W.2
  • 17
    • 0003741461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The African Wild Dog: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation.
    • Princeton University Press, Princeton.
    • Creel, S. & Creel, N.M. (2002) The African Wild Dog: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
    • (2002)
    • Creel, S.1    Creel, N.M.2
  • 18
    • 84858342894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves and People in Yellowstone: Impacts on the Regional Economy.
    • University of Montana, Missoula. Final Report to NPS.
    • Duffield, J., Neher, C. & Patterson, D. (2006) Wolves and People in Yellowstone: Impacts on the Regional Economy. University of Montana, Missoula. Final Report to NPS.
    • (2006)
    • Duffield, J.1    Neher, C.2    Patterson, D.3
  • 19
    • 0034048194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reply: Predator-prey ratio dependence and regulation of moose populations
    • Eberhardt, L.L. (2000) Reply: Predator-prey ratio dependence and regulation of moose populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, 511.
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.78 , pp. 511
    • Eberhardt, L.L.1
  • 20
    • 0027101214 scopus 로고
    • The ecology of plants, large mammalian herbivores, and drought in Yellowstone National Park
    • Frank, D.A. & McNaughton, S.J. 1992. The ecology of plants, large mammalian herbivores, and drought in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 73, 2229-2241.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2229-2241
    • Frank, D.A.1    McNaughton, S.J.2
  • 21
    • 28344448807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of hard and soft releases of wolves in central Idaho and the Greater Yellowstone Area
    • (eds D.S. Maehr, RF. Noss & J.L. Larkin), Island Press, Washington, DC.
    • Fritts, S.H., Mack, C.M., Smith, D.W., et al. (2001) Outcomes of hard and soft releases of wolves in central Idaho and the Greater Yellowstone Area. Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges for the 21st Century. (eds D.S. Maehr, RF. Noss & J.L. Larkin), pp 125-147. Island Press, Washington, DC.
    • (2001) Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Challenges for the 21st Century , pp. 125-147
    • Fritts, S.H.1    Mack, C.M.2    Smith, D.W.3
  • 22
    • 21344451912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf population dynamics
    • (eds L.D. Mech & L. Boitani), University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • Fuller, T.K., Mech, L.D. & Cochrane, J.F. (2003) Wolf population dynamics. Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation, (eds L.D. Mech & L. Boitani), pp. 161-191. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (2003) Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology, and Conservation , pp. 161-191
    • Fuller, T.K.1    Mech, L.D.2    Cochrane, J.F.3
  • 25
    • 80955179655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf community ecology: Ecosystem effects of recovering wolves in Banff and Yellowstone National Parks
    • (in press) (eds M. Musiani, L. Boitani & P.C. Paquet).
    • Hebblewhite, M. & Smith, D.W. (in press) Wolf community ecology: Ecosystem effects of recovering wolves in Banff and Yellowstone National Parks. The World of Wolves: New perspectives on Ecology, Behaviour and Policy, (eds M. Musiani, L. Boitani & P.C. Paquet).
    • The World of Wolves: New perspectives on Ecology, Behaviour and Policy
    • Hebblewhite, M.1    Smith, D.W.2
  • 26
    • 23644431742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves
    • Hebblewhite, M., White, C.A., Neitvelt, C.G., McKenzie, J.A. et al. (2005) Human activity mediates a trophic cascade caused by wolves. Ecology 86, 2135-2144.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 2135-2144
    • Hebblewhite, M.1    White, C.A.2    Neitvelt, C.G.3    McKenzie, J.A.4
  • 27
    • 0003551678 scopus 로고
    • The Northern Yellowstone Elk: Ecology and Management.
    • McMillan Publishing Co., New York.
    • Houston, D. (1982) The Northern Yellowstone Elk: Ecology and Management. McMillan Publishing Co., New York.
    • (1982)
    • Houston, D.1
  • 28
    • 0026314538 scopus 로고
    • The status and conservation of the wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India
    • Jhala, Y.V. & Giles. R.H. 1991. The status and conservation of the wolf in Gujarat and Rajasthan, India. Conservation Biology 5, 476-483.
    • (1991) Conservation Biology , vol.5 , pp. 476-483
    • Jhala, Y.V.1    Giles, R.H.2
  • 29
    • 21244440670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of raven Corvas corax scavenging on the kill rates of wolf Canis lupus packs
    • Kaczensky, P., Hayes, R.D. & Promberger. C. (2005) Effect of raven Corvas corax scavenging on the kill rates of wolf Canis lupus packs. Wildlife Biology 11(2), 101-108.
    • (2005) Wildlife Biology , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 101-108
    • Kaczensky, P.1    Hayes, R.D.2    Promberger, C.3
  • 31
    • 0038721210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: USA
    • Larsen, E.J. & Ripple, W.J. (2003) Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem: USA. Forest Ecology and Management 179, 469-482.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.179 , pp. 469-482
    • Larsen, E.J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 32
    • 0005489543 scopus 로고
    • Wildlife Management in the National Parks. The Leopold Report
    • Secretary of the Interior. Udall.
    • Leopold, A.S., Cain, S.A., Cottam, C.M., Gabrielson, I.N. & Kimball, T.L. (1963) Wildlife Management in the National Parks. The Leopold Report, Secretary of the Interior. Udall.
    • (1963)
    • Leopold, A.S.1    Cain, S.A.2    Cottam, C.M.3    Gabrielson, I.N.4    Kimball, T.L.5
  • 33
    • 84889339599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development, Senescence, and Cooperation in the Predatory Behaviour of a Social Carnivore, Canis lupus
    • PhD thesis. University of Minnesota.
    • MacNulty, D.R. (2007) Development, Senescence, and Cooperation in the Predatory Behaviour of a Social Carnivore, Canis lupus. PhD thesis. University of Minnesota.
    • (2007)
    • MacNulty, D.R.1
  • 34
    • 0028668989 scopus 로고
    • Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale
    • McLaren, B.E. & Peterson, R.O. (1994) Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266, 1555-1558.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1555-1558
    • McLaren, B.E.1    Peterson, R.O.2
  • 35
    • 0003826051 scopus 로고
    • The Wolf: Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species.
    • Dou-bleday Natural History Press, Garden City.
    • Mech, L.D. (1970) The Wolf: Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species. Dou-bleday Natural History Press, Garden City.
    • (1970)
    • Mech, L.D.1
  • 37
    • 0029167510 scopus 로고
    • Is there evidence for a cumulative effect of snow on moose and deer populations?
    • Messier, E (1995) Is there evidence for a cumulative effect of snow on moose and deer populations? Journal of Animal Ecology 64, 136.
    • (1995) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 136
    • Messier, E.1
  • 38
    • 84889431280 scopus 로고
    • Wolves for Yellowstone?
    • National Park Service,, Volumes I, II, III & IV: A report to the United States Congress, National Park Service:
    • National Park Service, (1990) Wolves for Yellowstone? Volumes I, II, III & IV: A report to the United States Congress, National Park Service: 1-15.
    • (1990) , pp. 1-15
  • 39
    • 0037695077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of wolves on livestock calf survival and movements in central Idaho
    • Oakleaf, J.K., Mack, C.M. & Murray, D.L. (2003) Effects of wolves on livestock calf survival and movements in central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 67, 299-306
    • (2003) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.67 , pp. 299-306
    • Oakleaf, J.K.1    Mack, C.M.2    Murray, D.L.3
  • 40
    • 0004240299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Wolves of Yellowstone.
    • Voyageur Press, Stillwater.
    • Phillips, M.K. & Smith, D.W. (1996) The Wolves of Yellowstone. Voyageur Press, Stillwater.
    • (1996)
    • Phillips, M.K.1    Smith, D.W.2
  • 41
    • 0003564441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preserving Yellowstone's Natural Conditions: Science and the Perception of Nature.
    • University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
    • Pritchard, J.A. (1999) Preserving Yellowstone's Natural Conditions: Science and the Perception of Nature. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
    • (1999)
    • Pritchard, J.A.1
  • 42
    • 0034771761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range
    • Ripple, W.J., Larsen, E.J., Renkin, R.A. & Smith, D.W. (2001) Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's northern range. Biological Conservation 102, 227-234.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.102 , pp. 227-234
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2    Renkin, R.A.3    Smith, D.W.4
  • 43
    • 0000987159 scopus 로고
    • Historical perspective on the fires of 1988
    • Romme, W.H. & Despain, D.G. (1989) Historical perspective on the fires of 1988. Bioscience 39, 695-699.
    • (1989) Bioscience , vol.39 , pp. 695-699
    • Romme, W.H.1    Despain, D.G.2
  • 44
    • 33846204976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghost of the Rockies: The Yellowstone cougar project
    • Ruth, T.K. (2004) Ghost of the Rockies: The Yellowstone cougar project. Yellowstone Science 12, 13-24.
    • (2004) Yellowstone Science , vol.12 , pp. 13-24
    • Ruth, T.K.1
  • 45
    • 9144229425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-carnivore response to recreational big-game hunting along the Yellowstone National Park and Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness boundary
    • Ruth, T.K., Smith, D.W., Haroldson, M.A. et al. (2003) Large-carnivore response to recreational big-game hunting along the Yellowstone National Park and Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness boundary. Wildlife Society Bidletin 31, 1150-1161.
    • (2003) Wildlife Society Bidletin , vol.31 , pp. 1150-1161
    • Ruth, T.K.1    Smith, D.W.2    Haroldson, M.A.3
  • 46
    • 0004272439 scopus 로고
    • The World of the Wolf
    • J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
    • Rutter, R.J. & Pimlott, D.H. (1968) The World of the Wolf J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
    • (1968)
    • Rutter, R.J.1    Pimlott, D.H.2
  • 48
    • 0141901075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of ungulates and large predators on plants, community structure, and ecosystem processes in national parks
    • (eds C.J. Zabel & RG. Anthony),, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • Singer, F.J., Wang, G. & Hobbs, N. (2003) The role of ungulates and large predators on plants, community structure, and ecosystem processes in national parks. Mammal Community Dynamics, (eds C.J. Zabel & RG. Anthony), pp 444-486. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (2003) Mammal Community Dynamics , pp. 444-486
    • Singer, F.J.1    Wang, G.2    Hobbs, N.3
  • 50
    • 84878864113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2003 Beaver Survey.
    • Internal Memorandum, Yellowstone National Park.
    • Smith, D.W. (2004) 2003 Beaver Survey. Internal Memorandum, Yellowstone National Park.
    • (2004)
    • Smith, D.W.1
  • 51
    • 32644465892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten years of Yellowstone wolves
    • Smith, D.W. (2005) Ten years of Yellowstone wolves. Yellowstone Science 13, 7-42.
    • (2005) Yellowstone Science , vol.13 , pp. 7-42
    • Smith, D.W.1
  • 52
    • 55849152596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf diseases in Yellowstone National Park
    • Smith, D.W. & Almberg, E. (2007) Wolf diseases in Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Science 15, 20-24.
    • (2007) Yellowstone Science , vol.15 , pp. 20-24
    • Smith, D.W.1    Almberg, E.2
  • 54
    • 0033672089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf-bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park
    • Smith, D.W., Mech, L.D., Meagher, M. et al. 2000. Wolf-bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Mammalogy 81(4), 1128-1135.
    • (2000) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.81 , Issue.4 , pp. 1128-1135
    • Smith, D.W.1    Mech, L.D.2    Meagher, M.3
  • 55
    • 0003449321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report 1998
    • National Park Service, YCR-NR-99-1. Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
    • Smith, D.W., Murphy, KM. & Guernsey, D.S. (1999) Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report 1998. National Park Service, YCR-NR-99-1. Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
    • (1999)
    • Smith, D.W.1    Murphy, K.M.2    Guernsey, D.S.3
  • 58
    • 0036395309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common ravens, Corvus corax, preferentially associate with gray wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter
    • Stahler, D.R., Heinrich, B. & Smith, D.W. (2002) Common ravens, Corvus corax, preferentially associate with gray wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter. Animal Behaviour 64, 283-290.
    • (2002) Animal Behaviour , vol.64 , pp. 283-290
    • Stahler, D.R.1    Heinrich, B.2    Smith, D.W.3
  • 59
    • 0036180987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The northern Yellowstone elk: Density dependence and climatic conditions
    • Taper, M.L. & Gogan, P.J.P. (2002) The northern Yellowstone elk: Density dependence and climatic conditions. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(1), 106-122.
    • (2002) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.66 , Issue.1 , pp. 106-122
    • Taper, M.L.1    Gogan, P.J.P.2
  • 60
    • 0000718191 scopus 로고
    • Bird species richness in relation to isolation of aspen habitats
    • Turchi, G.M., Kennedy, P.L., Urban, D. & Hein, D. (1995) Bird species richness in relation to isolation of aspen habitats. Wilson Bulletin 107, 463-474.
    • (1995) Wilson Bulletin , vol.107 , pp. 463-474
    • Turchi, G.M.1    Kennedy, P.L.2    Urban, D.3    Hein, D.4
  • 61
    • 0003407224 scopus 로고
    • The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho.
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Denver.
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service (1994) The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho. Final Environmental Impact Statement. Denver.
    • (1994)
  • 62
    • 84889358462 scopus 로고
    • Gray Wolf Recovery Weekly Progress Reports 1995-2006. Helena, Montana or at USFWS website at US Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2006 and 2007
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service, (eds C. A. Sime & E.E. Bangs), USFWS, 585 Shepard Way, Helena.
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995-2006) Gray Wolf Recovery Weekly Progress Reports 1995-2006. Helena, Montana or at USFWS website at US Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services. 2006 and 2007. Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 and 2006 Interagency Annual Report, (eds C. A. Sime & E.E. Bangs), USFWS, 585 Shepard Way, Helena.
    • (1995) Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2005 and 2006 Interagency Annual Report
  • 63
    • 84889471300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2006 Interagency Annual Report
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDAWildlife Services, (eds C. A. Sime & E.E. Bangs), USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena.
    • US Fish and Wildlife Service, Nez Perce Tribe, National Park Service, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, Idaho Fish and Game, and USDA Wildlife Services (2007) Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2006 Interagency Annual Report, (eds C. A. Sime & E.E. Bangs). USFWS, Ecological Services, 585 Shepard Way, Helena.
    • (2007)
  • 64
    • 84889467909 scopus 로고
    • Wolves for Yellowstone
    • (eds) A report to the United States Congress. Vol IV Research and Analysis. Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
    • Varley, J.D. & Brewster, W.G. (eds) (1992) Wolves for Yellowstone? A report to the United States Congress. Vol IV Research and Analysis. Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
    • (1992)
    • Varley, J.D.1    Brewster, W.G.2
  • 65
    • 28044446296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of harvest, Climate, and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004
    • Vucetich, J.A., Smith, D.W., Stahler, D.R. (2005) Influence of harvest, Climate, and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004. Oikos 11, 259-270.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.11 , pp. 259-270
    • Vucetich, J.A.1    Smith, D.W.2    Stahler, D.R.3
  • 66
    • 3042700327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raven scavenging favours group foraging in wolves
    • Vucetich, J.A., Peterson, R.O. & Waite, T.A. (2004) Raven scavenging favours group foraging in wolves. Animal Behaviour 67, 1117-1126.
    • (2004) Animal Behaviour , vol.67 , pp. 1117-1126
    • Vucetich, J.A.1    Peterson, R.O.2    Waite, T.A.3
  • 68
    • 84920152905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone's Destabilized Ecosystem: Elk Effects, Science, and Policy Conflict
    • Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • Wagner, F.H. (2006) Yellowstone's Destabilized Ecosystem: Elk Effects, Science, and Policy Conflict. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (2006)
    • Wagner, F.H.1
  • 69
    • 84889363941 scopus 로고
    • The Wolves of Yellowstone.
    • Natural Resources Report no. 14. US National Park Service, Washington, DC.
    • Weaver, J. (1978) The Wolves of Yellowstone. Natural Resources Report no. 14. US National Park Service, Washington, DC.
    • (1978)
    • Weaver, J.1
  • 70
    • 30344474612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Yellowstone elk after wolf restoration
    • White, P.J. & Garrott, R.A. (2005) Northern Yellowstone elk after wolf restoration. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33, 942-955.
    • (2005) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.33 , pp. 942-955
    • White, P.J.1    Garrott, R.A.2
  • 71
    • 0242673014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic facilitation by introduced top predators: Grey wolf subsidies to scavengers in Yellowstone National Park
    • Wilmers, C.C., Crabtree, RL., Smith, D.W., Murphy, K.M. & Getz, W.M. (2003) Trophic facilitation by introduced top predators: Grey wolf subsidies to scavengers in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 909-916.
    • (2003) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 909-916
    • Wilmers, C.C.1    Crabtree, R.L.2    Smith, D.W.3    Murphy, K.M.4    Getz, W.M.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.