Generalizing wolf effects across the Greater Yellowstone Area: A cautionary note

Wildlife Society Bulletin

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 1245-1255

  Garrott, Robert A ^a   Gude, Justin A ^a,b   Bergman, Eric J ^a,c   Gower, Claire ^a   White, P J ^d   Hamlin, Kenneth L ^e  

^a MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Alaska Peninsula and Becharof National Wildlife Refuges   (United States)

^c Colorado Division of Wildlife ^*  (United States)

^d NATIONAL PARK SERVICE   (United States)

^e WILDLIFE AND PARKS   (United States)

Author keywords

Canis lupus; Carnivores; Cervus elaphus; Elk; Endangered species; Predator prey; Wolves; Yellowstone

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; PREDATION; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION;

MADISON RIVER; MONTANA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK;

ANIMALIA; CANIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS; CERVUS ELAPHUS; UNGULATA;

EID: 33646091077     PISSN: 00917648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[1245:GWEATG]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. ALLEN, D. L. 1962. Our wildlife legacy. Funk and Wagnalls, New York, New York, USA.
2. AUNE, K. 1981. Impacts of winter recreationists on wildlife in a portion of Yellowstone National Park. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
3. BANGS, E. E., AND S. H. FRITTS. 1996. Reintroducing the gray wolf to central Idaho and Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:402-413.
4. BEAN, M. J., AND M. J. ROWLAND. 1997. The evolution of national wildlife law. Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, USA.
5. BERGMAN, E. J. 2003. Assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
6. BESCHTA, R. L. 2003. Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar valley of Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 13:1295-1309.
7. BOYCE, M. S. 1993. Predicting the consequences of wolf recovery to ungulates in Yellowstone National Park. Pages 234-269 in R. S. Cook, editor. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado.
8. BREITENMOSER, U., C. BREITENMOSER-WÜRSTEN, L. N. CARBYN, AND S. M. FUNK. 2001. Assessment of carnivore reintroductions. Pages 241-281 in J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald, and R. K. Wayne, editors. Carnivore conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
9. BUNNELL, S. D., G. J. WOLFE, AND D. K. CROCKETT. 2002. Recreational use of elk. Pages 701-748 in D. E. Toweill and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American elk: ecology and management. Smithsonian Institution Press and Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C., USA.
10. CARROLL, C., M. K. PHILLIPS, N. H. SCHUMAKER, AND D. W. SMITH. 2003. Impacts of landscape change on wolf restoration success: planning a reintroduction program based on static and dynamic spatial models. Conservation Biology 17:536-548.
11. CRAIGHEAD, J. J., F. C. CRAIGHEAD, JR., R. L. RUFF, AND B. W. O'GARA. 1973. Home ranges and activity patterns of nonmigratory elk of the Madison Drainage herd as determined by biotelemetry. Wildlife Monographs 33.
12. DESPAIN, D. G. 1990. Yellowstone vegetation: consequences of environment and history in a natural setting. Roberts Rinehart, Inc., Boulder, Colorado, USA.
13. DICKSON, T. 2002. Will wolves wipe out Montana's elk? Montana Outdoors 33:8-15.
14. EBERHARDT, L. L., R. A. GARROTT, D. W. SMITH, P. J. WHITE, AND R. O. PETERSON. 2003. Assessing the impact of wolves on ungulate prey. Ecological Applications 13:776-783.
15. GARROTT, R. A., L. L. EBERHARDT, P. J. WHITE, AND J. ROTELLA. 2003. Climate-induced variation in vital rates of an unharvested large-herbivore population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:33-45.
16. GUDE, J. A. 2004. Applying risk allocation theory in a large mammal predator-prey system: elk-wolf behavioral interactions. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
17. HAIGHT, R. G., D. J. MLADENOFF, AND A. P. WYDEVEN. 1998. Modeling disjunct gray wolf populations in semi-wild landscapes. Conservation Biology 12:879-888.
18. HAMLIN, K. L., AND M. S. ROSS. 2002. Effects of hunting regulation changes on elk and hunters in the Gravelly-Snowcrest Mountains, Montana. Report to Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Wildlife Division, Helena, USA.
19. HEBBELWHITE, M., P. C. PAQUET, D. H. PLETSCHER, R. B. LESSARD, AND C. J. CALLAGHAN. 2003. Development and application of a ratio estimator to estimate wolf kill rates and variance in a multiple-prey system. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31:933-946.
20. HORNADAY, W. T. 1913. Our vanishing wild life: its extermination and preservation. Clark and Fritts Printers. New York, New York, USA.
21. HORNOCKER, M. G. 1970. An analysis of mountain lion predation on mule deer and elk in the Idaho Primitive Area. Wildlife Monographs 21.
22. IDAHO LEGISLATIVE WOLF OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE. 2002. Idaho wolf conservation and management plan. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, USA.
23. IRWIN, L. L. 2002. Migration. Pages 493-514 in D. E. Toweill and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American elk: ecology and management. Smithsonian Institution Press and Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D. C., USA.
24. JAFFE, R. 2001. Winter wolf predation in an elk-bison system in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
25. JOHNSON, W. J., E. EIZIRIK, AND G. M. LENTO. 2001. The control, exploitation and conservation of carnivores. Pages 196-219 in J. L. Gittleman, S. M. Funk, D. Macdonald, and R. K. Wayne, editors. Carnivore conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
26. MECH, L. D. 1970. The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, USA.
27. MECH, L. D., AND L. BOITANI. 2003. Conclusion. Pages 341-344 in L. D. Mech and L. Boitani, editors. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
28. MESSER, M. A. 2003. Identifying large herbivore distribution mechanisms through application of fine-scale snow modeling. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA.
29. MILLER, M. L. 2005. The wolf returns to Idaho. Bugle 22:79-83.
30. MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF FISH WILDLIFE, AND PARKS. 2003. Montana gray wolf conservation and management plan final EIS. Montana Department of Fish Wildlife, and Parks, Helena, USA.
31. MUSIANI, M., AND P. C. PAQUET. 2004. The practices of wolf persecution, protection, and restoration in Canada and the United States. Bioscience 54:50-60.
32. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 1997. Wolves, bears, and their prey in Alaska: biological and social challenges in wildlife management. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., USA.
33. NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION SERVICE. 2004. SNOTEL General information website. Available online at: http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/snotel-geninfo. html. Accessed 18 July 2004.
34. NAUGTON-TREVES, L., R. GROSSBERG, AND A. TREVES. 2003. Paying for tolerance: rural citizens' attitudes toward wolf depredation and compensation. Conservation Biology 17:1500-1511.
35. PILS, A. C., R. A. GARROTT, AND J. J. BORKOWSKI. 1999. Sampling and analysis of snow-urine allantoin:creatinine ratios. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1118-1132.
36. PYARE, S., AND J. BERGER. 2003. Beyond demography and delisting: ecological recovery for Yellowstone's grizzly bears and wolves. Biological Conservation 113:63-73.
37. SINGER, F. J. 1991. The ungulate prey base for wolves in Yellowstone National Park. Pages 323-348 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. The greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
38. SMITH, D. W., T. D. DRUMMER, K. M. MURPHY, D. S. GUERNSEY, AND S. B. EVANS. 2004. Winter prey selection and estimation of wolf kill rates in Yellowstone National Park, 1995-2000. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:153-166.
39. SMITH, D. W., R. O. PETERSON, AND D. B. HOUSTON. 2003. Yellowstone after wolves. BioScience 53:330-340.
40. SOULÉ, M. E., J. A. ESTES, J. BERGER, AND C. MARTINEZ DEL RIO. 2003. Ecological effectiveness: conservation goals for interactive species. Conservation Biology 17:1238-1250.
41. UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1987. Restoring America's wildlife: 1937-1987. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., USA.
42. UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1994. The reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. Final Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Helena, Montana, USA.
43. UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, NEZ PERCE TRIBE, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, AND UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WILDLIFE SERVICES. 2004. Rocky mountain wolf recovery 2003 annual report. T. Meier, editor. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Helena, Montana, USA.
44. VALES, D. J., AND J. M. PEEK. 1993. Estimating relations between hunter harvest and gray wolf predation on the Gallatin, Montana and Sand Creek, Idaho elk populations. Pages 118-172 in R. S. Cook, editor. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22, Denver, Colorado, USA.
45. WHITE, P. J., R. A. GARROTT, AND L. L. EBERHARDT. 2003. Evaluating the consequences of wolf recovery on northern Yellowstone elk. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Report YCR-NR-2004-02, Mammoth, Wyoming, USA.
46. WHITE, P. J., AND R. A. GARROTT. 2005a. Yellowstone's ungulates after wolves-expectations, realizations, and predictions. Biological Conservation 125:141-152.
47. WHITE, P. J., AND R. A. GARROTT. 2005b. Vital rates of northern Yellowstone elk after wolf recovery. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33:942-955.
48. WILMERS, C. C., R. L. CRABTREE, D. W. SMITH, K. M. MURPHY, AND W. M. GETZ. 2003. Trophic facilitation by introduced top predators: grey wolf subsidies to scavengers in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Animal Ecology 72:909-916.
49. WOLFE, M. L., J. F. KIMBALL, JR., AND G. T. M. SCHILDWATCHER. 2002. Refuges and elk management. Pages 583-616 in D. E. Toweill and J. W. Thomas, editors. North American elk: ecology and management. Smithsonian Institution Press and Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D. C., USA.
50. WYOMING, GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT. 2003. Final Wyoming gray wolf management plan. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, USA.
51. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 1992. Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United States Congress, Volume IV Research and Analysis, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA.