Post-partum thyroiditis;Tireoidite pós-parto

Acta Medica Portuguesa

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 599-608

  Neves, Celestino ^a   Alves, Marta ^a   Delgado, Luís ^a   Medina, J Luís ^a  

^a University of Porto   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 4; LATENCY ASSOCIATED PEPTIDE; PROLACTIN; THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

CELL DESTRUCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; NATURAL KILLER T CELL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS; PREVALENCE; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; FEMALE; PUERPERAL DISORDER; THYROIDITIS;

FEMALE; HUMANS; PUERPERAL DISORDERS; THYROIDITIS;

EID: 77149174185     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16460758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. ELENKOV IJ, HOFFMAN J, WILDER RF: Does differential neuroendocrine control of cytokine production govern the expression of autoimmune diseases in pregnancy and the postpartum period? Mol Med Today 1997;3:379-383
2. DAVIES TF: The thyroid immunology of the postpartum period. Thyroid 1999;9:675-684
3. HARRIS B, OTHMAN S, DAVIES JA et al: Association between postpartum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies and depression. BMJ 1992;305:152-6
4. MEDINA JL, NEVES C, MAGALHÃES A, PEREIRAMONTEIRO L, MARQUES L. Doenças da tireóide na grávida. Acta Med Port 2002;15:211-220
5. LAZARUS JH, HALL R, OTHMAN S et al: The clinical spectrum of postpartum thyroid disease. Q J Med 1996;89:429-435
6. WALFISH PG, MEYERSON J, PROVIAS JP, VARGAS MT, PAPSIN FR: Prevalence and characteristics of post-partum thyroid dysfunction: results of a survey from Toronto, Canada. J Endocrinol Invest 1992;15:265-272
7. LUCAS A, PIZARRO E, GRANADA ML, SALINAS I, FOZ M, SANMARTI A: Postpartum thyroiditis: epidemiology and clinical evolution in a nonselected population. Thyroid 2000;10:71-7
8. BARCA MF, KNOBEL M, TOMIMORI E, CARDIA MS, MEDEIROS-NETO G: Prevalence and characteristics of postpartum thyroid dysfunction in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 53:21-31
9. POP VJ, DE ROOY HA, VADER HL, VAN DER HD, VAN SON MM, KOMPROE IH: Microsomal antibodies during gestation in relation to postpartum thyroid dysfunction and depression. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993;129:26-30
10. KUIJPENS JL, HAAN-MEULMAN M, VADER HL, POP VJ, WIERSINGA WM, DREXHAGE HA: Cell-mediated immunity and postpartum thyroid dysfunction: a possibility for the prediction of disease? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1959-66
11. NIKOLAI TF, TURNEY SL, ROBERTS RC: Postpartum lymphocytic thyroiditis. Prevalence, clinical course, and long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:221-4
12. LAZARUS JH, OTHMAN S: Thyroid disease in relation to pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;34:91-8
13. GERSTEIN HC: How common is postpartum thyroiditis? A methodologic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1397-1400
14. LAZARUS JH, PREMAWARDHANA LDKE, PARKES AB: Postpartum thyroiditis. Autoimmunity 2002;35:169-173
15. SMALLRIDGE RC: Postpartum thyroid disease. A model of immunological dysfunction. Clin Appl Immunol Rev 2000;1:89-103
16. AMINO N, TADA H, HIDAKA Y, CRAPO LM, STAGNAROGREEN A: Therapeutic controversy: screening for postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1813-21
17. LARSEN PR, DAVIES TF: Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis. In Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS (eds). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology; 10th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company 2003;pp 423-445
18. FELDT-RASMUSSEN U, HOIER-MADSEN M, RASMUSSEN NG, HEGEDUS L, HORNNES P: Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy and postpartum. Relation to postpartum thyroiditis. Autoimmunity 1990;6:211-4
19. STAGNARO-GREEN A: Postpartum Thyroiditis: The Case For Selective Screening. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1819-21
20. IMAIZUMI M, PRITSKER A, UNGER P, DAVIES TF: Intrathyroidal fetal microchimerism in pregnancy and postpartum. Endocrinol 2002;143:247-253
21. NELSON JL: Microchimerism: incidental byproduct of pregnancy or active participant in human health? Trends Mol Med 2002;8:109-113
22. WEETMAN AP: The immunology of pregnancy. Thyroid 1999;9:643-6
23. KLINTSCHAR M, SCHWAIGER P, MANNWEILER S, REGAUER S, KLEIBER M: Evidence of fetal microchimerism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2494-8
24. REBER PM: Prolactin and immunomo dulation. Am J Med 1993;95:637-644
25. DARDENNE M, SAVINO W, GAGNERAULT MC, ITOH T, BACH JF: Neuroendocrine control of thymic hormonal production. I. Prolactin stimulates in vivo and in vitro the production of thymulin by human and murine thymic epithelial cells. Endocrinol 1989;125:3-12
26. REICHLIN S: Neuroendocrinology. In Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR (eds). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 9th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company 1998; pp 165-248
27. OLIVIERI A, DE ANGELIS S, VACCARI V et al: Postpartum thyroiditis is associated with fluctuations in transforming growth factor-β1 serum levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1280-4
28. FLAUMENHAFT R, KOJIMA S, ABE M, RIFKIN DB: Activation of latent transforming growth factor β. Adv Pharmacol 1993;24:51-76
29. WALLICK SC, FIGARI IS, MORRIS RE, LEVINSON AD, PALLADINO MA: Immunoregulatory role of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in development of killer cells: comparison of active and latent TGF-β1. J Exp Med 1990;172:1777-84
30. CHEN W, FRANK ME, JIN W, WAHL SM: TGF-β released by apoptotic T cells contributes to an immunosuppressive milieu. Immunity 2001;14:715-725
31. LETTERIO JJ, ROBERTS AB: Regulation of immune responses by TGF-β. Annu Rev Immunol 1998;16:137-161
32. BRALEY-MULLEN H, CHEN K, WEI Y, YU S: Role of TGFβ in development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice. J Immunol 2001;167:7111-8
33. O'GARRA A, STEINMAN L, GIJBELS K. CD4+ T-cell subsets in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1997;9:872-883
34. LIBLAU RS, SINGER SM, MCDEVITT HO: Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 1995;1:34-8
35. CARRIERI PB, PROVITERA V, BRUNO R et al: Possible role of transforming growth factor-β in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res 1997;19:599-600
36. BECK J, RONDOT P, JULLIEN P, WIETZERBIN J, LAWRENCE DA: TGFβ-like activity produced during regression of exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1991; 84:452-5
37. HAYSLIP CC, FEIN HG, O'DONNELL VM, FRIEDMAN DS, KLEIN TS, SMALLRIDGE RC: The value of serum antimicrosomal antibody testing in screening for symptomatic postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:203-209
38. HALL R: Pregnancy and autoimmune endocrine disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;9:137-155
39. BEEVER K, BRADBURY J, PHILLIPS D et al: Highly sensitive assays of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and to thyroid peroxidase. Clin Chem 1989;35:1949-54
40. PARKES AB, OTHMAN S, HALL R, JOHN R, RICHARDS CJ, LAZARUS JH: The role of complement in the pathogenesis of postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:395-400
41. DE VRIES JE, PUNNONEN J, COCKS BG, DE WAAL MALEFYT R, AVERSA G: Regulation of the human IgE response by IL-4 and IL-13. Res Immunol 1993;144:597-601
42. BRIONES-URBINA R, PARKES AB, BOGNER U, MARIOTTI S, WALFISH PG: Increase in microsomal antibody related IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 titres and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies but not antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity in post-partum thyroiditis with transient hyperthyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 1990;13:879-886
43. KOKANDI AA, PARKES AB, PREMAWARDHANA LDKE, JOHN R, LAZARUS JH: Association of postpartum thyroid dysfunction with antepartum hormonal and immunological changes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1126-32
44. MAGIAKOU MA, MASTORAKOS G, RABIN D et al: The maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the third trimester of human pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol 1996;44:419-428
45. STAGNARO-GREEN A, ROMAN SH, COBIN RH, ELHARAZY E, WALLENSTEIN S, DAVIES TF: A prospective study of lymphocyte-initiated immunosuppression in normal pregnancy: evidence of a T cell etiology for postpartum thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:197-204
46. RICCI M, ROSSI O, ROMAGNANI S, DEL PRETE GF: Etiologic factors and pathogenetic aspects of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Essential role of autoreactive T cells and lymphokine network in the activation of effector systems responsible for tissue lesions. Autoimmunity 1989;2:331-4
47. MOOIJ P, DREXHAGE HA: Autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Lab Med 1993;13:683-697
48. JANSSON R, TOTTERMAN TH, SALLSTROM J. DAHLBERG PA: Intrathyroidal and circulating lymphocyte subsets in different stages of autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:942-6
49. CHAN JYC, WALFISH PG: Activated (Ia) T-lymphocytes and their subsets in autoimmune thyroid diseases: analysis by dual laser flow microfluorocytometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62:403-9
50. JANSSON R, BERNANDER S, KARLSSON A, LEVIN K, NILSSON G: Autoimmune thyroid dysfunction in the postpartum period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:681-7
51. WEGMANN TG, LIN H, GUILBERT L, MOSMANN TR: Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 1993;14:353-6
52. CAIXAS A, ALBAREDA M, GARCIA-PATTERSON A, RODRIGUEZ-ESPINOSA J, DE LEIVA A, CORCOY R: Postpartum thyroiditis in women with hypothyroidism antedating pregnancy? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4000-5
53. MOMOTANI N, NOH J, ISHIKAWA N, ITO K: Relationship between silent thyroiditis and recurrent Graves' disease in the postpartum period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:285-9
54. HIDAKA Y, AMINO N, IWATANI Y et al: Increase in peripheral natural killer cell activity in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity 1992;11:239-246
55. TAMARU M, MATSUURA B, ONJI M: Increased levels of serum interleukin-12 in Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1999;141:111-6
56. SEAMAN WE: Natural killer cells and natural killer T cells. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1204-17
57. MULLER AF, DREXHAGE HA, BERGHOUT A: Postpartum thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in women of childbearing age: recent insights and consequences for antenatal and postnatal care. Endocr Rev 2001;22:605-630
58. OTHMAN S, PHILLIPS DI, PARKES AB et al: A long-term follow-up of postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990;32:559-564
59. AMINO N, TADA H, HIDAKA Y: Autoimmune thyroid disease and pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 1996;19:59
60. AMINO N, MORI H, IWATANI Y et al: High prevalence of transient postpartum thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1982;306:849-852
61. ROTI E, EMERSON CH: Postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:3-5
62. LAZARUS JH, AMMARI F, ORETTI R, PARKES AB, RICHARDS CJ, HARRIS B: Clinical aspects of recurrent postpartum thyroiditis. Br J Gen Pract 1997;47:305-8
63. BURROW GN: Thyroid function and hyperfunction during gestation. Endocr Rev 1993;14:194-202
64. WEETMAN AP: Prediction of postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;41:7-8
65. PREMAWARDHANA LD, PARKES AB, AMMARI F et al: Postpartum thyroiditis and long-term thyroid status: prognostic influence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies and ultrasound echogenicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:71-5
66. BROWNE-MARTIN K, EMERSON CH: Postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1997;40:90-101
67. PEARCE EN, FARWELL AP, BRAVERMAN LE: Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2646-55
68. AMINO N, TADA H, HIDAKA Y: Postpartum autoimmune thyroid syndrome: a model of aggravation of autoimmune disease. Thyroid 1999;9:705-713
69. ROCHESTER DB, DAVIES TF: Increased risk of Graves' disease after pregnancy. Thyroid 2005;15:1287-90
70. LARSEN PR, DAVIES TF: Thyroid Physiology and Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients with Thyroid Disorders. In Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS (eds). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology; 10th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company 2003; pp 331-373
71. LEAROID DL, FUNG HYM, MCGREGOR AM: Postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid 1992;2:73-8
72. CLEARE AJ, MCGREGOR A, O'KEANE V: Neuroendocrine evidence for an association between hypothyroidism, reduced central 5-HT activity and depression. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;43:713-9
73. CLEARE AJ, MCGREGOR A, CHAMBERS SM, DAWLING S, O'KEANE V: Thyroxine replacement increases central 5-hydroxytryptamine activity and reduces depressive symptoms in hypothyroidism. Neuroendocrinol 1996;64:65-9
74. WEETMAN AP, MCGREGOR AM: Autoimmune thyroid disease: Further developments in our understanding. Endocr Rev 1994;15:788-830
75. NICHOLSON WK: Prevalence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction: a quantitative review. Thyroid 2006;16:573-582
76. STAGNARO-GREEN A, ROMAN SH, COBIN RH, ELHARAZY E, ALVAREZ-MARFANY M, DAVIES TF: Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of highly sensitive assays for thyroid antibodies. JAMA 1990;264:1422-5
77. GLINOER D, FERNANDEZ-SOTO M, BOURDOUX P et al: Pregnancy in patients with mild thyroid abnormalities: maternal and neonatal repercussions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:421-7
78. GLINOER D, RIAHI M, GRÜN J-P, KINTHART J: Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1994;79:197-204
79. FUKUSHI M, HONMA K, FUJITA K: Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 1999;341:2016
80. KLEIN RZ, HADDOW JE, FAIX JD et al: Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;35:41-6
81. HADDOW JE, PALOMAKI GE; ALLAN WC et al: Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Eng J Med 1999;341:549-555
82. UTIGER RD: Maternal hypothyroidism and fetal development [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1999;341:601-2
83. CAMPBELL NRC, HASINOFF BB, STALTS H, RAO B, WONG NC: Ferrous sulphate reduces thyroxine efficacy in patients with hypothyroidism. Ann Inter Med 1992;117:1010-13
84. ALEXANDER EK, MARQUSEE E, LAWRENCE J, JAROLIM P, FISCHER GA, LARSEN PR:. Timing and magnitude of increases in levothyroxine requirements during pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 2004;351:241-9
85. JANSEN A, VAN HAGEN M, DREXHAGE HA: Defective maturation and function of antigen presenting cells in type 1 diabetes. Lancet 1995;345:491-2
86. GLINOER D: The systematic screening and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1998;10:403-411
87. DAYAN CM, DANIELS GH: Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 1996;335:99-107
88. SMYTH PA, WIJEYARATNE CN, KALUARACHI WN et al: Sequential studies on thyroid antibodies during pregnancy. Thyroid 2005;15:474-7
89. PREMAWARDHANA L, PARKES AB, JOHN R, HARRIS B, LAZARUS JH: Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in early pregnancy: utility for prediction of postpartum thyroid dysfunction and implications for screening. Thyroid 2004;14:610-5
90. ADAMS H, JONES M, OTHMAN S, LAZARUS JH, PARKES AB, HALL R: The sonographic appearances in postpartum thyroiditis. Clin Radiol. 1992;45:311-5
91. HAYASHI N, TAMAKI N, KONISHI J et al: Sonography of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Ultrasound 1986;14:123-6
92. MARCOCCI C, VITTI P, CETANI F, CATALANO F, CONCETTI R, PINCHERA A: Thyroid ultrasonography helps to identify patients with diffuse lymphocytic thyroiditis who are prone to develop hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:209-213
93. RABER W, GESSL A, NOWOTNY P, VIERHAPPER H: Thyroid ultrasound versus antithyroid peroxidase antibody determination: a cohort study of four hundred fifty-one subjects. Thyroid 2002;12:725-731
94. LANGER JE, KHAN A, NISENBAUM HL et al: Sonographic appearance of focal thyroiditis. Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:751-4
95. MORREALE DE ESCOBAR G, OBREGON MJ, ESCOBAR DEL REY F: Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3975-87
96. MANDEL SJ, SPENCER CA, HOLLOWELL JG: Are detection and treatment of thyroid insufficiency in pregnancy feasible? Thyroid 2005;15:44-53
97. REDMOND GP: Thyroid dysfunction and women's reproductive health. Thyroid 2004;14:5-15
98. POP VJ, DE VRIES E, VAN BAAR AL et al: Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker of impaired child development? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3561-6
99. POP VJ, KUIJPENS JL, VAN BAAR AL et al: Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;50:149-155
100. GLINOER D, DELANGE F: The potential repercussions of maternal, fetal, and neonatal hypothyroxinemia on the progeny. Thyroid 2000;10:871-887
101. HEINDEL JJ, ZOELLER RT: Thyroid hormone and brain development: translating molecular mechanisms to population risk. Thyroid 2003;13:1001-4
102. HOLLOWELL JG, LAFRANCHI S, SMALLRIDGE RC, SPONG CY, HADDOW JE, BOYLE CA: Where do we go from here? - Summary of working group discussions on thyroid function and gestational outcomes. Thyroid 2005;15:72-76
103. MANDEL SJ, SPENCER CA, HOLLOWELL JG: Are detection and treatment of thyroid insufficiency in pregnancy feasible? Thyroid 2005;15:44-53
104. LAFRANCHI SH, HADDOW JE, JOSEPH G. HOLLOWELL JG: Is thyroid inadequacy during gestation a risk factor for adverse pregnancy and developmental outcomes? Thyroid 2005;15:60-71
105. REDMOND GP: Thyroid dysfunction and women's reproductive health. Thyroid 2004;14:5-15
106. POP VJ, DE VRIES E, VAN BAAR AL et al: Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker of impaired child development? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:3561-6
107. POP VJ, KUIJPENS JL, VAN BAAR AL et al: Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;50:149-155