Basis of the massachusetts reference dose and drinking water standard for perchlorate

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 118, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 42-48

  Zewdie, Tsedash ^a   Smith, C Mark ^a   Hutcheson, Michael ^a   West, Carol Rowan ^a  

^a Office of Research and Standards   (United States)

Author keywords

Drinking water; Neurodevelopment; Perchlorate; Reference dose; Thyroid

Indexed keywords

DISINFECTANT AGENT; DRINKING WATER; PERCHLORATE;

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IODINE DEFICIENCY; LIFE CYCLE; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POLICY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; SCIENTIST; UNITED STATES;

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; GOVERNMENT AGENCIES; HUMANS; IODIDES; ION TRANSPORT; MASSACHUSETTS; PERCHLORIC ACID; RISK ASSESSMENT; THYROID GLAND; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 77149161403     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900635     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Amitai Y, Winston G, Sack J, Wasser J, Lewis M, Blount BC, et al. 2007. Gestational exposure to high perchlorate concentrations in drinking water and neonatal thyroxine levels. Thyroid 17(9):843-850.
2. Bleichrodt N, Born MP. 1994. A meta analysis of research on iodine and its relationship to cognitive development. In: The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency: Neuromotor, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Educative Aspects (Stanbury JB, ed). Elmsford, NY:Cognizant Communication Co., 195-200.
3. Blount BC, Pirkle JL, Osterloh JD, Valentin-Blasini L, Caldwell KL. 2006a. Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 114:1865-1871.
4. Blount BC, Valenti-Blasini L. 2006. Analysis of perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate and iodide in human amniotic fluid using ion chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 567(1):87-93.
5. Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Ashley DL. 2006b. Assessing human exposure to perchlorate using biomonitoring. J ASTM Int 3(7):1-6.
6. Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Osterloh JD, Mauldin JP, Pirkle J. 2007. Perchlorate exposure of the US population, 2001-2002. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:400-407.
7. Braverman LE, He XM, Pino S, Cross M, Magani B, Lamm SH, et al. 2005. The effect of perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate on thyroid function in workers exposed to perchlorate long-term. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:700-706.
8. Brechner RJ, Parkhurst GD, Humble WO, Brown MB, Herman WH. 2000. Ammonium perchlorate contamination of Colorado River drinking water is associated with abnormal thyroid function in newborns in Arizona. J Occup Environ Med 42:777-782.
9. Bürgi H, Benguerel M, Knopp J, Kohler H, Studer H. 1974. Influence of perchlorate on the secretion of non-thyroxine iodine by the normal human thyroid gland. Eur J Clin Invest 4:65-69.
10. Caldwell KL, Jones J, Hollowell JG. 2005. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002. Thyroid 15(7):692-699.
11. CalEPA. 2004. Public Health Goal for Perchlorate in Drinking Water. Sacramento, CA:California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
12. Caron P, Hoff M, Bazzi S, Dufor A, Faure G, Ghandour I, et al. 1997. Urinary iodine excretion during normal pregnancy in healthy women living in the southwest of France: correlation with maternal thyroid parameters. Thyroid 7:749-754.
13. Crump C, Michaud P, Tellez R, Reyes C, Gonzalez G, Montgomery EL, et al. 2000. Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children? J Occup Environ Med 42:603-612.
14. Dasgupta, PK, Kirk AB, Dyke JV, Ohira SI. 2008. Intake of iodine and perchlorate excretion in human milk. Environ Sci Technol 42:8115-8121.
15. Dasgupta PK, Martinelango PK, Jackson WA, Anderson TA, Tian K, Tock RW, et al. 2005. The origin of naturally occurring perchlorate: the role of atmospheric processes. Environ Sci Technol 39:1569-1575.
16. Delange F. 2000. The role of iodine in brain development. Proc Nutr Soc 59:75-79.
17. - symporter (NIS) mediates electroneutral active transport of the environmental pollutant perchlorate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(51):20250-20255.
18. El Aribi H, LeBlanc YJ, Antonsen S, Sakuma T. 2006. Analysis of perchlorate in foods and beverages by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/ MS). Anal Chim Acta 567:39-47.
19. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 2009. 2004-2005 Exploratory Survey Data on Perchlorate in Food Homepage. Available: http://www.fda.gov/Food/ FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Perchlorate/ ucm077685.htm [accessed 1 December 2009].
20. Gibbs JP, Ahmad R, Crump KS, Houck DP, Leveille TS, Findley JE, et al. 1998. Evaluation of a population with occupational exposure to airborne ammonium perchlorate for possible acute or chronic effects on thyroid function. J Occup Environ Med 40:1072-1082.
21. Gibbs JP, van Landingham C. 2008. Urinary perchlorate excretion does not predict thyroid function among pregnant women. Thyroid 18(7):807-808.
22. Ginsberg GL, Hattis DB, Zoeller RT, Rice DC. 2007. Evaluation of the U.S. EPA/OSWER preliminary remediation goal for perchlorate in groundwater: focus on exposure to nursing infants. Environ Health Perspect 115:361-369.
23. Glinoer D. 2001. Pregnancy and iodine. Thyroid 11:471-481.
24. Gordon G, Bubnis B. 1996. Sodium hypochlorite-bleach stability and filtration [Abstract]. AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference. Boston, MA. Available: http://www.powellfab.com/technical-information/preview/bleach- stability-and-filtration.asp [accessed 22 April 2009].
25. Green RH. 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. New York:John Wiley & Sons.
26. Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, Greer SE. 2002. Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans. Environ Health Perspect 110:927-937.
27. Greiner P, McLellan C, Bennett D, Ewing A. 2008. Occurrence of perchlorate in sodium hypochlorite. J Am Water Works Assoc 100(11):68-74.
28. Howdeshell KL. 2002. A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system. Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 3):337-348.
29. Kelsh MA, Buffler PA, Daaboul JJ, Rutherford GW, Lau EC, Barnard JC, et al. 2003. Primary congenital hypothyroidism, newborn thyroid function, and environmental perchlorate exposure among residents of a Southern California community. J Occup Environ Med 45:1116-1127.
30. Kirk AB, Dyke JV, Martin CF, Dasgupta PK. 2007. Temporal patterns in perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodide excretion in human milk. Environ Health Perspect 115:182-186.
31. Kirk AB, Martinelango PK, Tian K, Dutta A, Smith EE, Dasgupta PK. 2005. Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk. Environ Sci Technol 39:2011-2017.
32. Lamm SH, Braverman LE, Li FX, Richman K, Pino S, Howearth G. 1999. Thyroid health status of ammonium perchlorate workers: a cross-sectional occupational health study. J Occup Environ Med 41:248-260.
33. Lamm SH, Doemland M. 1999. Has perchlorate in drinking water increased the rate of congenital hypothyroidism? J Occup Environ Med 41:409-413.
34. Li FX, Byrd DM, Deyhle GM, Sesser DE, Skeels MR, Katkowsky SR, et al. 2000b. Neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone level and perchlorate in drinking water. Teratology 62:429-431.
35. Li FX, Squartsoff L, Lamm SH. 2001. Prevalence of thyroid diseases in Nevada counties with respect to perchlorate in drinking water. J Occup Environ Med 43:630-634.
36. Li Z, Li FX, Byrd D, Deyhle GM, Sesser DE, Skeels MR, et al. 2000a. Neonatal thyroxine level and perchlorate in drinking water. J Occup Environ Med 42:200-205.
37. MA DEP (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection). 2005. The Occurrence and Sources of Perchlorate in Massachusetts: Draft Report. Available: http://www.mass.gov/dep/cleanup/sites/percsour.doc [accessed 14 January 2009].
38. MA DEP (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection). 2006. Update to "Perchlorate Toxicological Profile and Health Assessment." Available: http://www.mass.gov/dep/toxics/perchlorate-toxicity-061206.pdf [accessed 13 January 2009].
39. 4 and TSH. Environ Health Perspect 117:731-738.
40. Morgan JW, Cassady RE. 2002. Community cancer assessment in response to long-time exposure to perchlorate and trichloroethylene in drinking water. J Occup Environ Med 44(7):616-622.
41. Murray CW, Egan SK, Kim H, Beru N, Bolger PM. 2008. US Food and Drug Administration's Total Diet Study: dietary intake of perchlorate and iodine. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18:571-580.
42. NRC (National Research Council), Committee to Assess the Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion. 2005. Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion. Washington, DC:National Academies Press.
43. Pearce EN, Lazarus JH, Smythe PP, He X, Dall'Amico D, Parkes AB, et al. 2007a. Thyroid function is not affected by environmental perchlorate exposure in first trimester pregnant women [Abstract]. Thyroid 17(suppl):133-134.
44. Pearce EN, Leung AM, Blount BC, Barzafshan HR, He X, Pino S, et al. 2007b. Breast milk iodine and perchlorate concentrations in lactating Boston-area women. J Clin Endocrinal Metab 92:1673-1677.
45. Pedraza PE, Obregon MJ, Escobar-Morreale HF, Escobar Del Rey F, de Escobar GM. 2006. Mechanisms of adaptation to iodine deficiency in rats: thyroid status is tissue specific. Its relevance for man. Endocrinology 147:2098-2108.
46. Pineda-Lucatero A, Avila-Jiménez L, Ramos-Hernández RI, Magos C, Martínez H. 2008. Iodine deficiency and its association with intelligence quotient in schoolchildren from Colima, Mexico. Public Health Nutr 11(7):690-696.
47. Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, Verkerk G, van Son MM, de Vijlder JJ, et al. 1999. Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol 50:149-155.
48. Santiago-Fernandez P, Torres-Barahona R, Muela-Martínez JA, Rojo-Martinez G, García-Fuentes E, Garriga MJ, et al. 2004. Intelligence quotient and iodine intake: a cross-sectional study in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(8):3851-3857.
49. Savin S, Cvejic D, Nedic O, Radosavljevic R. 2003. Thyroid hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid gland of human neonates. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16:521-528.
50. Schumacher JC. 1960. Perchlorates: Their Properties, Manufacture and Uses. American Chemical Society Monograph Series. New York:Reinhold.
51. Schwartz J. 2001. Gestational Exposure to Perchlorate Is Associated with Measures of Decreased Thyroid Function in a Population of California Neonates [PhD dissertation]. Berkeley, CA:University of California, Berkeley.
52. Scinicariello FH, Murray E, Smith L, Wilbur S, Fowler BA. 2005. Genetic factors that might lead to different responses in individuals exposed to perchlorate. Environ Health Perspect 113:1479-1484.
53. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. 1995. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. 3rd ed. New York:Freeman.
54. Steinmaus C, Miller MD, Howd R. 2007. Impact of smoking and thiocyanate on perchlorate and thyroid hormone associations in the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Health Perspect 115:1333-1338.
55. Tellez R, Chacon PM, Abarca CR, Blount BC, Van Landingham CB, Crump KS, et al. 2005. Long-term environmental exposure to perchlorate through drinking water and thyroid function during pregnancy and the neonatal period. Thyroid 963:975-987.
56. Ting D, Howd RA, Fan AM, Alexeeff GV. 2006. Development of a health-protective drinking-water level for perchlorate. Environ Health Perspect 114:881-886.
57. Tran N, Valentín-Blasini L, Blount BC, McCuistion CG, Fenton MS, Gin E, et al. 2008. Thyroid-stimulating hormone increases active transport of perchlorate into thyroid cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294(4):E802-E806.
58. U.S. EPA. 1998. Ambient Water Quality Criteria Derivation Methodology. Human Health Technical Support Document. Final Draft. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
59. U.S. EPA. 1999. Method 314.0 Determination of Perchlorate in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography, Revision 1.0. Cincinnati, OH:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Available: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/pdfs/methods/ met314.pdf [accessed 1 December 2009].
60. U.S. EPA. 2002a. A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes. Risk Assessment Forum. EPA/630/P-02/002F. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
61. U.S. EPA. 2002b. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (Interim Report). EPA-600-P-00-002B. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
62. U.S. EPA. 2002c. Perchlorate Environmental Contamination: Toxicological Review and Risk Characterization (External Review Draft). NCEA-1-0503. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
63. U.S. EPA. 2003. Disposition of Comments and Recommendations for Revisions to "Perchlorate Environmental Contamination: Toxicological Review and Risk Characterization External Review Draft." EPA/600/R-03/031. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
64. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Homepage. Available: http://www.epa.gov/iris/ [accessed 16 January 2009].
65. U.S. EPA. 2005b. Method 331.0: Determination of Perchlorate in Drinking Water by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Revision 1.0. EPA-815-R-05-007. Cincinnati, OH:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/methods/pdfs/methods/met331-0. pdf [accessed 1 December 2009].
66. U.S. EPA. 2008a. Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory for Perchlorate. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/unregulated/pdfs/healthadvisory- perchlorate-interim.pdf [accessed 16 January 2009].
67. U.S. EPA. 2008b. Scientific Analysis of Perchlorate: External Review Draft. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oig/reports/2009/20081230-2008-0010.pdf [accessed 21 April 2009].
68. Valentin-Blasini L, Mauldin JP, Maple D, Blount BC. 2005. Analysis of perchlorate in human urine using ion chromatography an electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 77:2475-2481.
69. Van den Briel T, West CE, Bleichrodt N, Vijver FJVD, Ategbo EA, Hautvast JGA. 2000. Improved iodine status is associated with improved mental performance of schoolchildren in Benin. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1179-1185.
70. Van den Hove MF, Beckers C, Devlieger H, de Zegher F, De Nayer P. 1999. Hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid of human preterm and term newborns: effect of thyroxine treatment. Biochimie 81:563-570.
71. Von Burg R. 1995. Toxicology update: perchlorates. J Appl Toxicol 15:237-241.
72. Vieja DL, Dohan O, Levy, O, Carrasco N. 2000. Molecular analysis of the sodium/iodide symporter: impact on the thyroid and extrathyroid pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 80:1083-1105.
73. Wolff J. 1998. Perchlorate and thyroid gland. Pharmacol Rev 50(1):89-106.
74. Wyngaarden J, Wright B, Ways P. 1952. The effect of certain anions upon the accumulation and retention iodide by the thyroid gland. Endocrinology 50:537-549.
75. Yu KO, Narayanan L, Mattie DR, Godfrey RJ, Todd PN, Sterner TR, et al. 2002. The pharmacokinetics of perchlorate and its effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in the male rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182:148-159.
76. Yu L, Canas JE, Cobb GP, Jackson, WA, Anderson TA. 2004. Uptake of perchlorate in terrestrial plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 58:44-49.
77. Zoeller RT. 2003. Challenges confronting risk analysis of potential thyroid toxicants. Risk Anal 23:143-162.
78. Zoeller RT, Dowling AL, Herzig CT, Iannacone EA, Gauger KJ, Bansal R. 2002. Thyroid hormone, brain development and the environment. Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 3):355-361.