메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 115, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 361-369

Evaluation of the U.S. EPA/OSWER preliminary remediation goal for perchlorate in groundwater: Focus on exposure to nursing infants

Author keywords

Drinking water; Neurodevelopment; Nursing infants; Perchlorate; PRG; Thyroid hormone

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; GROUND WATER; PERCHLORATE; THYROID HORMONE;

EID: 34147124546     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9533     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (62)
  • 2
    • 30944461168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of exposures to perchlorate from consumption of human milk, dairy milk, and water, and comparison to current reference dose
    • Baier-Anderson C, Blount BC, Lakind JS, Naimin DQ, Wilbur SB, Tan S. 2006. Estimates of exposures to perchlorate from consumption of human milk, dairy milk, and water, and comparison to current reference dose. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 69:319-330.
    • (2006) J Toxicol Environ Health Part A , vol.69 , pp. 319-330
    • Baier-Anderson, C.1    Blount, B.C.2    Lakind, J.S.3    Naimin, D.Q.4    Wilbur, S.B.5    Tan, S.6
  • 3
    • 14744271278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. populations: Implication for urinary biologic monitoring measurements
    • Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caulikk SP, Gonalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. 2005. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. populations: implication for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ Health Perspect 113:192-200.
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 192-200
    • Barr, D.B.1    Wilder, L.C.2    Caulikk, S.P.3    Gonalez, A.J.4    Needham, L.L.5    Pirkle, J.L.6
  • 4
    • 33845317579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States
    • Blount BC, Pirkle JL, Osterloh JD, Valentin-Blasini L, Caldwell KL. 2006a. Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 114:1865-1871.
    • (2006) Environ Health Perspect , vol.114 , pp. 1865-1871
    • Blount, B.C.1    Pirkle, J.L.2    Osterloh, J.D.3    Valentin-Blasini, L.4    Caldwell, K.L.5
  • 6
    • 34447531803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Osterloh JD, Mauldin JP, Pirkle JL. 2006c. Perchlorate exposure of the US population, 2001-2002. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500535 [Online October 18 2006].
    • Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Osterloh JD, Mauldin JP, Pirkle JL. 2006c. Perchlorate exposure of the US population, 2001-2002. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol doi: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500535 [Online October 18 2006].
  • 7
    • 20044378314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on thyroid function in workers exposed to perchlorate long-term
    • Braverman LE, He X, Pino S, Cross M, Magnani, B, Lamm SH, et al. 2005. The effect of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on thyroid function in workers exposed to perchlorate long-term. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:700-706.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 700-706
    • Braverman, L.E.1    He, X.2    Pino, S.3    Cross, M.4    Magnani, B.5    Lamm, S.H.6
  • 8
    • 0033886345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ammonium perchlorate contamination of Colorado River drinking water is associated with abnormal thyroid function in newborns in Arizona
    • Brechner RJ, Parkhurst GD, Humble WO, Brown MB, Herman WH. 2000. Ammonium perchlorate contamination of Colorado River drinking water is associated with abnormal thyroid function in newborns in Arizona. J Occup Environ Med 42:777-782.
    • (2000) J Occup Environ Med , vol.42 , pp. 777-782
    • Brechner, R.J.1    Parkhurst, G.D.2    Humble, W.O.3    Brown, M.B.4    Herman, W.H.5
  • 10
    • 0002402564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nature and sources of circulating thyroid hormones
    • 7th ed, Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds, Philadelphia:Lippincott-Raven
    • Chopra IJ, Sabatino L. 2000. Nature and sources of circulating thyroid hormones. In: The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 7th ed. (Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds). Philadelphia:Lippincott-Raven, 136-173.
    • (2000) The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text , pp. 136-173
    • Chopra, I.J.1    Sabatino, L.2
  • 11
    • 0043092167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting neonatal perchlorate dose and inhibition of iodide uptake in the rat during lactation using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling
    • Clewell RA, Merrill EA, Yu KO, Mahle DA, Sterner TR, Fisher, JW et al. 2003. Predicting neonatal perchlorate dose and inhibition of iodide uptake in the rat during lactation using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Toxicol Sci 74:416-436.
    • (2003) Toxicol Sci , vol.74 , pp. 416-436
    • Clewell, R.A.1    Merrill, E.A.2    Yu, K.O.3    Mahle, D.A.4    Sterner, T.R.5    Fisher, J.W.6
  • 12
    • 0034044319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children?
    • Crump C, Michaud P, Téllez R, Reyes C, Gonzalez G, Montgomery EL, et al. 2000 Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children? Occup Environ Med 42:603-612.
    • (2000) Occup Environ Med , vol.42 , pp. 603-612
    • Crump, C.1    Michaud, P.2    Téllez, R.3    Reyes, C.4    Gonzalez, G.5    Montgomery, E.L.6
  • 14
    • 33646361548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of perchlorate in foods and beverages by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS)
    • El Aribi H, LeBlanc YJ, Antonsen S, Sakuma T. 2006. Analysis of perchlorate in foods and beverages by ion chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS/MS). Analytica Chimica Acta 567:39-47.
    • (2006) Analytica Chimica Acta , vol.567 , pp. 39-47
    • El Aribi, H.1    LeBlanc, Y.J.2    Antonsen, S.3    Sakuma, T.4
  • 15
    • 17644420603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA Food and Drug Administration, Available:, accessed 5 November
    • FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 2004. Exploratory Data on Perchlorate in Food. Available: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ clo4data.html [accessed 5 November 2006].
    • (2004) Exploratory Data on Perchlorate in Food
  • 16
    • 34147100173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GAO. 2005. Perchlorate: A System to Track Sampling and Cleanup Results is Needed. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, and Hazardous Materials, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, May, 2005. Washington, DC:Government Accountability Office.
    • GAO. 2005. Perchlorate: A System to Track Sampling and Cleanup Results is Needed. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, and Hazardous Materials, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, May, 2005. Washington, DC:Government Accountability Office.
  • 17
    • 0036211903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of child/adult pharmacokinetic differences from a database derived from the therapeutic drug literature
    • Ginsberg G, Hattis D, Sonawane B, Russ A, Banati P, Kozlak M, et al. 2002. Evaluation of child/adult pharmacokinetic differences from a database derived from the therapeutic drug literature. Toxicol Sci 66:185-200.
    • (2002) Toxicol Sci , vol.66 , pp. 185-200
    • Ginsberg, G.1    Hattis, D.2    Sonawane, B.3    Russ, A.4    Banati, P.5    Kozlak, M.6
  • 18
    • 25844510271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NAS perchlorate review: Questions about the perchlorate RfD
    • Ginsberg G, Rice D. 2005. The NAS perchlorate review: questions about the perchlorate RfD. Environ Health Perspect 113:1117-1119.
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 1117-1119
    • Ginsberg, G.1    Rice, D.2
  • 20
    • 0036719443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: The dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans
    • Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, Greer SE. 2002 Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans. Environ Health Perspect 110:927-937.
    • (2002) Environ Health Perspect , vol.110 , pp. 927-937
    • Greer, M.A.1    Goodman, G.2    Pleus, R.C.3    Greer, S.E.4
  • 21
    • 0028149336 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of variability and uncertainty distributions for practical risk analyses
    • Hattis D, Burmaster DE. 1994 Assessment of variability and uncertainty distributions for practical risk analyses. Risk Anal 14:713-730.
    • (1994) Risk Anal , vol.14 , pp. 713-730
    • Hattis, D.1    Burmaster, D.E.2
  • 22
    • 0345714829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital hypothyroidism: Developmental outcome in relation to levothyroxine treatment variables
    • Heyerdahl S, Oerbeck B. 2003. Congenital hypothyroidism: developmental outcome in relation to levothyroxine treatment variables. Thyroid 13:1029-1038.
    • (2003) Thyroid , vol.13 , pp. 1029-1038
    • Heyerdahl, S.1    Oerbeck, B.2
  • 23
    • 0036089347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system
    • Howdeshell KL. 2002. A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system. Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 3):337-348.
    • (2002) Environ Health Perspect , vol.110 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 337-348
    • Howdeshell, K.L.1
  • 24
    • 0024835315 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics in infants and children. A reappraisal
    • Kearns GL, Reed MD. 1989. Clinical pharmacokinetics in infants and children. A reappraisal. Clin Pharmacokinet 17(suppl 1):S29-S67.
    • (1989) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Kearns, G.L.1    Reed, M.D.2
  • 25
    • 10744221891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary congenital hypothyroidism, newborn thyroid function, and environmental perchlorate exposure among residents of a southern California community
    • Kelsh MA, Buffler PA, Daaboul JJ, Rutherford GW, Lau EC, Barnard JC, et al. 2003. Primary congenital hypothyroidism, newborn thyroid function, and environmental perchlorate exposure among residents of a southern California community. J Occup Environ Med 45:1116-1127.
    • (2003) J Occup Environ Med , vol.45 , pp. 1116-1127
    • Kelsh, M.A.1    Buffler, P.A.2    Daaboul, J.J.3    Rutherford, G.W.4    Lau, E.C.5    Barnard, J.C.6
  • 27
    • 0037345870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An estimation of the daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and other phthalates in the general population
    • Koch HM, Drexler H, Angerer J. 2003. An estimation of the daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and other phthalates in the general population. Int J Environ Health 206:77-83.
    • (2003) Int J Environ Health , vol.206 , pp. 77-83
    • Koch, H.M.1    Drexler, H.2    Angerer, J.3
  • 29
    • 0036225482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between biomarker-based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population
    • Koo J-W, Parham F, Kohn MC, Masten SA, Brock JW, Needham LL, et al. 2002. The association between biomarker-based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect 110:405-410.
    • (2002) Environ Health Perspect , vol.110 , pp. 405-410
    • Koo, J.-W.1    Parham, F.2    Kohn, M.C.3    Masten, S.A.4    Brock, J.W.5    Needham, L.L.6
  • 30
    • 0242415284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perchlorate exposure does not explain differences in neonatal thyroid function between Yuma and Flagstaff
    • Lamm SH. 2003. Perchlorate exposure does not explain differences in neonatal thyroid function between Yuma and Flagstaff. J Occup Environ Med 45:1131-1132.
    • (2003) J Occup Environ Med , vol.45 , pp. 1131-1132
    • Lamm, S.H.1
  • 31
    • 0032930838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has perchlorate in drinking water increased the rate of congenital hypothyroidism?
    • Lamm SH, Doemland M. 1999. Has perchlorate in drinking water increased the rate of congenital hypothyroidism? J Occup Environ Med 41:409-411.
    • (1999) J Occup Environ Med , vol.41 , pp. 409-411
    • Lamm, S.H.1    Doemland, M.2
  • 34
    • 34147151214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lentner C. 1981. Geigy Scientific Tables. 8th ed. 1: Units of Measurement, Body Fluids, Composition of the Body, Nutrition. Basle, Switzerland:Ciba-Geigy Limited.
    • Lentner C. 1981. Geigy Scientific Tables. 8th ed. Vol 1: Units of Measurement, Body Fluids, Composition of the Body, Nutrition. Basle, Switzerland:Ciba-Geigy Limited.
  • 36
    • 34147147038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MADEP Massachusetts Dept of Environmental Protection, Available:, accessed 6 November
    • MADEP (Massachusetts Dept of Environmental Protection). 2006. Perchlorate Fact Sheet. Available: http://www.mass.gov/dep/toxics/ pchlorqa.pdf [accessed 6 November 2006].
    • (2006) Perchlorate Fact Sheet
  • 38
    • 0035565290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of thyroid hormone in fetal neurodevelopment
    • Morreale de Escobar G. 2001. The role of thyroid hormone in fetal neurodevelopment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 14(suppl 6):1453-1462.
    • (2001) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 1453-1462
    • Morreale de Escobar, G.1
  • 39
    • 0024805785 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacology of the perinatal period and early infancy
    • Morselli PL. 1989. Clinical pharmacology of the perinatal period and early infancy. Clin Pharmacokinet 17(suppl 1):13-28.
    • (1989) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 13-28
    • Morselli, P.L.1
  • 40
    • 85032847739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NRC National Research Council, Washington, DC:National Academies Press
    • NRC (National Research Council). 2005. Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion. Washington, DC:National Academies Press.
    • (2005) Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion
  • 41
    • 33745071125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute, Available:, accessed 6 November
    • New Jersey Drinking Water Quality Institute. 2005. Maximum Contaminant Level Recommendation for Perchlorate. Available: http://www.state.nj.us/ dep/watersupply/perchlorate_mcl_10_7_05.pdf. [accessed 6 November 2006].
    • (2005) Maximum Contaminant Level Recommendation for Perchlorate
  • 42
    • 18144370812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of thyroid hormone homeostasis at weaning of Holtzman rats by lactational but not in utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
    • Nishimura N, Yonemoto J, Nishimura H, Ikushiro S, Tohyama C. 2005. Disruption of thyroid hormone homeostasis at weaning of Holtzman rats by lactational but not in utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Sci 85:607-614.
    • (2005) Toxicol Sci , vol.85 , pp. 607-614
    • Nishimura, N.1    Yonemoto, J.2    Nishimura, H.3    Ikushiro, S.4    Tohyama, C.5
  • 43
    • 0141890035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital hypothyroidism: Influence of disease severity and L-thyroxine treatment on intellectual, motor, and school-associated outcomes in young adults
    • Oerbeck B, Sundet K, Kase BF, Heyerdahl S. 2003. Congenital hypothyroidism: influence of disease severity and L-thyroxine treatment on intellectual, motor, and school-associated outcomes in young adults. Pediatrics 112:923-930.
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.112 , pp. 923-930
    • Oerbeck, B.1    Sundet, K.2    Kase, B.F.3    Heyerdahl, S.4
  • 44
    • 15244346652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary Analyses of Perchlorate in Selected Natural Materials and Their Derivative Products
    • 03-314. Available:, accessed 6 November
    • Orris GJ, Harvey, GJ, Tsui DT, Eldrige JE. 2003. Preliminary Analyses of Perchlorate in Selected Natural Materials and Their Derivative Products. USGS Open File Report 03-314. Available: http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/ open-file/of03-314/OF03-314.pdf [accessed 6 November 2006].
    • (2003) USGS Open File Report
    • Orris, G.J.1    Harvey, G.J.2    Tsui, D.T.3    Eldrige, J.E.4
  • 45
    • 33645891683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of adaptation to iodine deficiency in rats: Thyroid status is tissue specific. Its relevance for man
    • Pedraza PE, Obregon MJ, Escobar-Morreale HF, Escobar Del Rey F, de Escobar GM. 2006. Mechanisms of adaptation to iodine deficiency in rats: thyroid status is tissue specific. Its relevance for man. Endocrinology 147:2098-2108.
    • (2006) Endocrinology , vol.147 , pp. 2098-2108
    • Pedraza, P.E.1    Obregon, M.J.2    Escobar-Morreale, H.F.3    Escobar Del Rey, F.4    de Escobar, G.M.5
  • 46
    • 0034990759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a pharmacokinetic model to assess chlorpyrifos exposure and dose in children, based on urinary biomarker measurements
    • Rigas ML, Okino MS, Quackenboss JJ. 2001. Use of a pharmacokinetic model to assess chlorpyrifos exposure and dose in children, based on urinary biomarker measurements. Toxicol Sci 61:374-381.
    • (2001) Toxicol Sci , vol.61 , pp. 374-381
    • Rigas, M.L.1    Okino, M.S.2    Quackenboss, J.J.3
  • 47
    • 0037928768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid gland of human neonates
    • Savin S, Cvejic D, Nedic O, Radosavljevic R. 2003. Thyroid hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid gland of human neonates. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 16:521-528.
    • (2003) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab , vol.16 , pp. 521-528
    • Savin, S.1    Cvejic, D.2    Nedic, O.3    Radosavljevic, R.4
  • 49
    • 28844454531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital hypothyroidism: Comparison of initial T4 dose and time to reach target T4 and TSH
    • Selva KA, Harper A, Downs A, Blasco PA, Lafranchi SH. 2005. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital hypothyroidism: comparison of initial T4 dose and time to reach target T4 and TSH. J Pediatr 147:775-780.
    • (2005) J Pediatr , vol.147 , pp. 775-780
    • Selva, K.A.1    Harper, A.2    Downs, A.3    Blasco, P.A.4    Lafranchi, S.H.5
  • 51
    • 26944478884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term environmental exposure to perchlorate through drinking water and thyroid function during pregnancy and the neonatal period
    • Tellez R, Chacon PM, Abarca CR, Blount BC, Van Landingham CB, Crump KS, et al. 2005. Long-term environmental exposure to perchlorate through drinking water and thyroid function during pregnancy and the neonatal period. Thyroid 963:975-987.
    • (2005) Thyroid , vol.963 , pp. 975-987
    • Tellez, R.1    Chacon, P.M.2    Abarca, C.R.3    Blount, B.C.4    Van Landingham, C.B.5    Crump, K.S.6
  • 52
    • 33745101085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a health-protective drinking water level for perchlorate
    • Ting D, Howd RA, Fan AM, Alexeeff GV. 2006. Development of a health-protective drinking water level for perchlorate. Environ Health Perspect 114:881-886.
    • (2006) Environ Health Perspect , vol.114 , pp. 881-886
    • Ting, D.1    Howd, R.A.2    Fan, A.M.3    Alexeeff, G.V.4
  • 53
    • 34147192149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. EPA 2002. Child-specific Exposure Factors Handbook [interim final]. EPA/600/P-00/002B. Washington, DC:Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
    • U.S. EPA 2002. Child-specific Exposure Factors Handbook [interim final]. EPA/600/P-00/002B. Washington, DC:Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  • 54
    • 34147119685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Available:, accessed 6 November
    • U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2005. IRIS File for Perchlorate. Available: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/1007.htm [accessed 6 November 2006].
    • (2005) IRIS File for Perchlorate
  • 55
    • 17644362380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of perchlorate in human urine using ion chromatography an electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
    • Valentin-Blasini L, Mauldin JP, Maple D, Blount BC. 2005. Analysis of perchlorate in human urine using ion chromatography an electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 77:2475-2481.
    • (2005) Anal Chem , vol.77 , pp. 2475-2481
    • Valentin-Blasini, L.1    Mauldin, J.P.2    Maple, D.3    Blount, B.C.4
  • 56
    • 0032702916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid of human preterm and term newborns: Effect of thyroxine treatment
    • van den Hove MF, Beckers C, Devlieger H, de Zegher F, De Nayer P. 1999 Hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid of human preterm and term newborns: effect of thyroxine treatment. Biochimie 81:563-570.
    • (1999) Biochimie , vol.81 , pp. 563-570
    • van den Hove, M.F.1    Beckers, C.2    Devlieger, H.3    de Zegher, F.4    De Nayer, P.5
  • 57
    • 0036274768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quantity of thyroid hormone in human milk is too low to influence plasma thyroid hormone levels in the very preterm infant
    • van Wassenaer AG, Stulp MR, Valianpour F, Tamminga P, Ris Stalpers C, de Randamie JS, et al. 2002. The quantity of thyroid hormone in human milk is too low to influence plasma thyroid hormone levels in the very preterm infant. Clin Endocrinol 56:621-627.
    • (2002) Clin Endocrinol , vol.56 , pp. 621-627
    • van Wassenaer, A.G.1    Stulp, M.R.2    Valianpour, F.3    Tamminga, P.4    Ris Stalpers, C.5    de Randamie, J.S.6
  • 58
    • 10344265942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: A possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries
    • Vermiglio F, Lo Presti VP, Moleti M, Sidoti M, Tortorella G, Scaffidi G, et al. 2004. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: a possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6054-6060.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 6054-6060
    • Vermiglio, F.1    Lo Presti, V.P.2    Moleti, M.3    Sidoti, M.4    Tortorella, G.5    Scaffidi, G.6
  • 59
    • 0024413234 scopus 로고
    • Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis
    • Vulsma T, Gons MH, de Vijlder JJ. 1989. Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. N Engl J Med 321:13-16.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 13-16
    • Vulsma, T.1    Gons, M.H.2    de Vijlder, J.J.3
  • 60
    • 0036354637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacokinetics of perchlorate and its effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in the male rat
    • Yu KO, Narayanan L, Mattie DR, Godfrey RJ, Todd PN, Sterner, TR, et al. 2002. The pharmacokinetics of perchlorate and its effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in the male rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 182:148-159.
    • (2002) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.182 , pp. 148-159
    • Yu, K.O.1    Narayanan, L.2    Mattie, D.R.3    Godfrey, R.J.4    Todd, P.N.5    Sterner, T.R.6
  • 61
    • 14944380405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone and brain development: Environmental influences
    • Zoeller RT. 2005. Thyroid hormone and brain development: environmental influences. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 12:31-35.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes , vol.12 , pp. 31-35
    • Zoeller, R.T.1
  • 62
    • 8544225040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of thyroid hormone action in the developing brain: Clinical observations and experimental findings
    • Zoeller RT, Rovet J. 2004. Timing of thyroid hormone action in the developing brain: clinical observations and experimental findings. J Neuroendocrinol 16:809-818.
    • (2004) J Neuroendocrinol , vol.16 , pp. 809-818
    • Zoeller, R.T.1    Rovet, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.